The metalliferous mining region of south-west England

By H G Dines, ARSM, AMICE with petrographical notes by J Phemister, MA, DSc and addenda and corrigenda by K E Beer, BSc

Bibliographical reference: Dines, H G. 1956 [1988 reprint]. The metalliferous mining region of south-west England. Economic Memoir of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.

British Geological Survey. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office 1956 1988 reprint

First published 1956 by HMSO. Second impression with amendments 1969. Third impression with further amendments 1988 issued by BGS. Printed in the United Kingdom for BGS by Derry and Sons Ltd, Nottingham C5 8/88 ISBN 0 85272 104 8. Crown copyright 1956. Addenda and corrigenda © NERC 1988

The British Geological Survey carries out the geological survey of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the latter as an agency service for the government of Northern Ireland), and of the surrounding continental shelf, as well as its basic research projects. It also undertakes programmes of British technical aid in geology in developing countries as arranged by the Overseas Development Administration.

The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council.

Preface

This account of the mining geology of south-west England summarizes the geological information gained during the long history of mining in the counties of Cornwall, Devon and west Somerset.

The region covered is classical ground, for it coincides with the territory in which De la Beche commenced geological surveying in 1820. When, later, he was commissioned to colour geologically the Ordnance Survey one-inch maps, his work in the south-west of England was the first to be published, and his 'Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset', 1839, was the first memoir published by the Geological Survey. Previous accounts of the mining district, notably by Borlase in 1758 and Pryce in 1778, had appeared, but De la Beche's Report was the first treatment of the geology and of the ore deposits based on scientific concepts supported by geological mapping.

Not for more than 60 years was the official geological survey resumed in this district. At the turn of the century it had become clear that complex and fundamental problems in the stratigraphy, metamorphism and petrology, as well as the mining activity of the region, required further scientific investigation. Accordingly, detailed mapping on the six-inch scale was put in hand under Clement Reid, and the following members of the staff took part in the resurvey: G. Barrow, H. Dewey, E. E. L. Dixon, J. S. Flett, J. B. Hill, D. A. MacAlister, W. Pollard, J. B. Scrivenor, R. L. Sherlock, W. A. E. Ussher and B. S. N. Wilkinson. The petrographic study of the igneous and metamorphic rocks and of the ore deposits was undertaken by Flett, whilst the mining side of the work was for the most part carried out by MacAlister.

The resurvey covered most of Cornwall and the southern part of Devon. It thus dealt with the greater part of the metalliferous region. Results were published in the one-inch sheet memoirs, each with a mining appendix, but no regional treatment of the mining geology was attempted. Several publications on the south-western region, some from the more technical mining standpoint, had appeared between De la Beche's work and completion of the resurvey, the most important being those by Henwood in 1843 and Collins in 1912.

Wartime investigations of mineral deposits by the Geological Survey during 1914–18 were published in the series of 'Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain'. From this work it became clear that further investigation was essential and, to this end, periodical visits were made to mining districts by Survey officers. The south-western region was visited from time to time by Mr. H. G. Dines during the years 1921–35, and in 1938 he was instructed to commence a thorough study of the mining geology under the superintendence of Mr. T. Eastwood, then Assistant Director. For brief periods Mr. Dines was assisted by Dr. S. Buchan (1942) and Mr. J. A. Robbie (1942–3) in the field, and in the office he had the assistance of several of his colleagues in the work of plotting mine workings from the plans in the Mining Records Office. Reductions from the plans were chiefly to the six-inch scale, but in the more intensively mined districts of western Cornwall 25-inch scale maps were used; mine sections have been reduced consistently to a scale of 200 ft. to the inch.

In 1933 Mr. Dines had propounded his theory of 'emanative centres', a concept that has proved a valuable tool in the unravelling of many hitherto puzzling problems relating to the distribution of tin, copper and lead-zinc ores. The general conclusion reached by Mr. Dines as a result of his official investigations is that though it is improbable that many rich individual deposits are still to be found near surface, planned systematic prospecting in some areas is likely to lead to the discovery of hidden ore bodies. Under present economic conditions, a revival of mining on a scale such as existed 50 or 100 years ago cannot be anticipated but it is possible that by improvement in beneficiation of low-grade ores a greatly increased activity might be expected. There is scope for planned underground exploration and grounds for hope that this will result in discoveries which will prolong production on a scale sufficient to preserve the west of England mining tradition.

For ease of treatment the region has been divided into 14 districts, and under each of these are grouped and described the individual mining works or properties. The account of each mine contains all the information it has been possible to obtain from past records, from examination of the ground and, where possible, from the workings. The accounts of the various mines do not provide a mining report upon the property, but they set forth the known facts from which inferences may be drawn, thus giving a geological foundation upon which just mining appraisal may be based. Throughout the memoir great care has been taken in quoting the many figures of distance, depth, length of drives, angles of bearing and underlie and outputs. It has, however, not been practicable, because of the time and expense involved, to check all these figures to their ultimate sources. Petrographical descriptions and notes by Dr. James Phemister and a few by Professor K. C. Dunham, formerly Chief Petrographer to the Geological Survey and Museum, are incorporated in the text.

Throughout the periods of field work much assistance was given both by professional men and by persons who take an interest in the industry. Many who have mine plans in their possession, as listed in the Catalogue of Plans of Abandoned Mines (Mines Department) vol. ii, 1929, have freely given facilities for examination of them. In acknowledging the assistance so extensively afforded, we wish to offer thanks especially to the following gentlemen : the late E. H. Davison, of the Geological Department of the Cambome School of Mines, and his successor Mr. J. Robson; the late Lt.-Col. J. V. Ramsden, C.M.G., D.S.O., of Bridford Barytes Mine, who supplied information on the mines of Devonshire which he had collected from many sources and by his own investigations; Mr. H. St. L. Cookes, of Bideford Black Mine, for supplying information and specimens collected during his investigations of mines in north Devon and west Somerset; and Mr. J. H. Trounson, of South Crofty Mine and Chairman of the Cornish Mining Development Association, for information, useful discussion and advice. In carrying out underground inspection of mines, every facility was afforded by the late C. V. Paull (South Crofty Mine), Mr. D. D. Belcham (formerly of East Pool Mine, now of South Crofty), Mr. W. E. Sevier (formerly of Geevor Mine), Mr. J. H. Bennetts (formerly of Wheal Reeth, now of Geevor) and Mr. J. B. Fern (formerly of Polberro Mine). Thanks are due also to Col. F. F. Oats, formerly of Levant Mine; Mr. E. M. Cunnack, Helston, for the loan of the late R. J. Cunnack's manuscript notebook; Mr. D. W. Saunders, formerly of South Crofty, for the loan of many letters, books and reports by the late W. Thomas; Mrs. Giles Oats, for permission to see notes, reports and mining maps by the late Col. G. Oats; Mr. Edgar Trestrail, Redruth, for the loan of plans, reports and prospectuses of many mines; Mr. L. F. Caunter, Liskeard, for permission to see reports and plans; Mr. M. Gregory, Cam Brea, for advice and comment; Mr. A. K. Hamilton Jenkin, for useful discussion and for information contained in The Cornish Miner; Mr. C. C. James, Penzance, Mr. A. Trevena, Redruth, and Lt.-Cmdr. P. H. G. Richardson, R.N., all of whom lent their own tabulated information relating to mines in various districts; and to the Estate Agent for the Duchy of Bedford Estate, Tavistock, the Bailiff of the Duchy of Cornwall Estates, Liskeard, and the Agent for Tehidy Minerals Limited, for permission to inspect plans and reports of mines on these estates and holdings; also to the mining engineers employed by the Non-Ferrous Mineral Development Control, particularly Mr. R. H. Skelton, who supplied information acquired by them during the wartime investigations of the Control. Appreciation of the help given by the following gentlemen, now deceased, is also to be recorded: Josiah Paull (South Crofty) for a view of all the reports on mines in the west of England written by him, and C. F. Barclay, Yelverton, for the loan of reports and plans made by him during a survey, with others, of the south-western part of Devon and elsewhere.

W. J. Pugh, Director. Geological Survey Office, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, S.W.7 28th February, 1953

Preface to 1969 reprint

The first publication of this Memoir in 1956 anticipated the current intensified search for economically workable deposits of tin and other ores in south-west England, and the Memoir has been in steady demand.

At the present time the immense task of revision cannot be undertaken and the Memoir is therefore being reprinted without change, except for the insertion of a list of additions and corrections. This list has been compiled by Mr. E. A. Edmonds from the personal communications, records and published works of Mr. K. E. Beer, Mr. P. Best, Mr. J. Brooke, Mr. D. G. Broughton, Mr. H. St. L. Cookes, Dr. W. R. Dearman, the late H. G. Dines, Mr. B. W. Hester, Mr. A. K. Hamilton Jenkin, Mr. J. H. Trounson and Mr. B. T. Walsham, whose generous assistance is cordially acknowledged.

K. C. Dunham Director Institute of Geological Sciences Exhibition Road South Kensington London, S.W.7 15th May, 1969

Preface to 1988 reprint

In the thirty years since its first publication this Memoir has been in constant demand from an ever-widening range of mining, mineral, exploration, industrial archaeological and caving interests. So much so that it has now been out of print too long.

During this usage several errors and omissions have been reported to the Geological Survey. Collected and compiled by Mr K. E. Beer, they appear at the end of Volume II of the Memoir. (They are also available separately.) The generous assistance of all contributors to this list is gratefully acknowledged.

It is certain that other mistakes remain undetected or unrecorded. Further, it would clearly be desirable to update descriptions of mines worked and incorporate the results of exploration undertaken since 1956. However, the total and fundamental revision needed cannot be contemplated at the present time. In consequence the Memoir is reprinted from the 1956 version without change, and enlarged Addenda and Corrigenda at the end of Volume II supersede those from the 1969 reprint.

F. Geoffrey Larminie, OBE Director British Geological Survey Keyworth 1 September 1988

Note 2018 for this web version

Text from the 1988 Addenda/corrigenda has been incorporated into the main body of text for this web version. Grid references for the mines have been added. These have been derived from a number of sources but special thanks are given to Mike Gill of the Northern Mines Research Society who provided a list of mines and their Grid References.

Chapter 1 Introduction

The region selected for this memoir, comprising Cornwall, the southwestern and northern parts of Devon and the western part of Somerset, embraces the metallogenic province associated with the granitic intrusions of south-west England. The region coincides more or less with the country covered by De la Beche's report (1839). That part which lies north of an E.-W. line passing about a mile north of Launceston is represented by the Old Series, One-inch Geological Maps (hand-coloured) Nos. 20, 21, 22 (part), 25 (part), 26, 27 and 29, all of which were published or revised in 1839. In this northern area the New Series, One-inch Geological Maps No. 295 (Quantock Hills) and No. 325 (Exeter) were published as colour-printed editions, respectively, in 1907 and 1912. South of the E.-W. line the country was almost completely resurveyed on the 6-inch scale between 1899 and 1913 and is covered by the following New Series, One-inch Geological Maps, which are accompanied by memoirs : 335 (Trevose Head), 336 (Camelford), 337 (Tavistock), 338 (Dartmoor), 339 (Newton Abbot), 346 (Newquay), 347 (Bodmin), 348 (Plymouth), 349 (Ivybridge), 350 (Torquay), 351 with 358 (Penzance), 352 (Falmouth), 353 (Mevagissey), 355 (Kingsbridge), 356 (Start Point) and 359 (Lizard).

For convenience in the present work the region has been divided into 14 districts (see Key Map). Districts 1 to 7 are practically contiguous, their boundaries being determined by geological considerations, while the boundaries of the remainder are determined by the distribution of the mines. The memoir deals only with the hydrothermal mineral deposits; alluvial deposits, apart from the details of a few that have been worked comparatively recently or in conjunction with mines, are not discussed in a general way.

In this classical ground, mining had commenced many centuries before the science of geology was born, and observations made in the region have played an important part in the building up of that branch of the science known as mining geology and of theories on ore-deposition. Since the beginning of the scientific study, accounts of the mines and the mineral deposits have been published from time to time. In addition to publications relating to individual deposits or to some aspect or other of ore-deposition (many of which are referred to in the sequel), there are outstanding works dealing with the region as a whole or with large parts of it. Borlase (1758) and Pryce (1778) recorded many facts and points of interest, most of which afford valuable records, though some are merely curious. Thomas (1819) has left many useful notes relating to mines, lodes, etc. in the important area between Camborne and Chacewater. De la Beche's report (1839), the first memoir of the Geological Survey, deals mainly with the geology of the region but includes a considerable amount of information on the mines and mineral deposits. Henwood's chief work (1843) represents an enormous amount of painstaking care in the collecting and tabulating of details relating to lodes calculated to be of value to the mining geologist. Symons (1884) gives a brief but very clear account of the physical aspects of mineralization that could hardly be improved upon today. Collins 'Observations' (1912), perhaps the best known work, contains not only a comprehensive treatise on the geology of the mineral deposits, but also an account of over 1,800 mines with a large number of which he was personally familiar. Between De la Beche's time and the beginning of the 20th century, little attention was paid by the Geological Survey to mining work in the west of England, but the sheet memoirs, based on the 6-inch survey made between 1899 and 1913, contain accounts of the mines and minerals within the area covered by each sheet. These accounts are largely by D. A. MacAlister, who traced the lodes in the field, reduced lode positions from mine plans on to the 6-inch geological maps, figured a large number of mine sections in the memoirs and compiled statistics of outputs. His Part II of the memoir on the Geology of Falmouth and Truro (1906), dealing with the most important mining district, namely that of Camborne and Redruth, though essentially written for that particular district, might also apply in a general way to the whole mineral field. During the 1914–18 war attention was given by the Survey to certain minerals then in demand, and a series of memoirs under the general title 'Special Reports on the Mineral Resources of Great Britain' were published. Certain of these deal with the following west of England ores: copper, arsenic, antimony, lead, zinc, tungsten, manganese, iron, barytes and fluorspar.

The geology of the region is fully dealt with in the various sheet memoirs as well as by Collins (1912) and other authors, and the general theories of ore-deposition and the relation of ores to the igneous rocks, etc. have often been expounded in the literature of mining geology during the last few decades. It is, therefore, considered sufficient for the needs of the present memoir to give only a brief outline of these subjects and to confine the account mainly to the explanation of the mineral deposits, and to the extent of the individual workings in so far as these are known. For the history of mineral production the reader is referred to the works of historians (see Rickard 1932, vol. I, pp. 291–354; Jenkin, 1927), and, for past yields of tin and copper, to papers by Collins (1892, 1895), and of tin, copper and other minerals to MacAlister (1906, pp. 306–14; 1907; 1921). These authors have summarized and tabulated records which give the annual outputs as far back as possible. Collins, by estimation, goes back to the 12th century, while MacAlister starts in the 18th century and continues his records up to 1905 for Cornwall and to 1913 for Devon. Yields for the 20th century from individual mines are given, where known, in the present memoir.

MacAlister grouped statistics by parishes, and the following list is given to show how the parishes are distributed amongst the districts of this memoir. Districts 1 to 10 are in Cornwall, 11 is shared by Devon and Cornwall, 12 and 13 are in south-west Devon while 14 is in north Devon and west Somerset.

St. Just District. Madron, Morvah, St. Just, Sancreed, Zennor.
St. Ives District. St. Ives, Towednack, Uny Lelant, Zennor.
Gwinear District. Crowan, Gwinear, Gwithian, Phillack, St. Erth.
Mount's Bay District. Breage, Germoe, Ludgvan, Marazion, Mawgan, Paul, Penzance, Perranuthnoe, St. Erth, St. Hilary, Sithney.
Wendron and Falmouth District. Constantine, Crowan, Falmouth, Wendron.
Camborne, Redruth and St. Day District. Camborne, Gwennap, Mogan, Kenwyn, Kea, Redruth.
St. Agnes District. Cubert, Kenwyn, Newlyn, Perranzabuloe, St. Agnes.
St. Austell District. Bodmin, Ladock, Lanivet, Lanlivery, Luxulian, Roche, St. Austell, St. Blazey, St. Columb Major, St. Dennis, St. Enoder, St. Ewe, St. Mewan, St. Stephen in Brannel, St. Winnow, Tywardreath, Withiel.
Wadebridge District. Camelford, Egloshayle, Endellion, Minster, Padstow, St. Breward, St. Issey, St. Kew, St. Minver, St. Teath, Tintagel, Wadebridge.
Liskeard District. Altarnun, Cardinham, Lanreath, Linkinhorne, Liskeard, Menheniot, North Hill, St. Cleer, St. Neot, Warleggan.
Callington and Tavistock District. In Cornwall: Callington, Calstock, Launceston, Lezant, St. Mellion, South Hill, Stoke Climsland. In Devon: Bere Ferrers, Brentor, Buckland Monachorum, Coryton, Lamerton, Lewtrenchard, Lydford, Marystow, Marytavy, Meavy, Milton Abbot, Petertavy, Plympton St. Mary, St. Stephen, Shaugh Prior, Sydenham Damerel, Tavistock, Walkhampton, Whitchurch.
Dartmoor and Teign Valley District. Ashburton, Bovey Tracey, Bridford, Buckfastleigh, Chagford, Christow, Dartington, Harford, Hennock, Holne, Ilsington, Lustleigh, Lydford, Manaton, Newton Abbot, North Bovey, Wolborough.
Okehampton District. Belstone, Okehampton, South Tawton.
North Devon and West Somerset District.

The large number of parishes embraced by this district are not listed as there are no memoirs of New Series sheets except No. 295 (Quantock Hills) and in this the mines mentioned are not located under parishes.

References

BORLASE, W. 1758. The Natural History of Cornwall. Oxford.

CANTRILL, T. C., R. L. SHERLOCK and H. DEWEY, 1919. Iron Ores (Contd). Sundry unbedded ores of Durham, East Cumberland, North Wales, Derbyshire, Isle of Man, Bristol District and Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. ix.

CARRUTHERS, R. G. and R. W. POCOCK. 1922. Fluorspar. Mem. Geol. Surv.. MM. Resources, vol. iv, 3rd edit.

COLLINS, J. H. 1892. Seven Centuries of Tin Production in the West of England. Trans. Mining Assoc. and Inst. Corn., vol. iii, pp. 173–93.

COLLINS, J. H. 1895. Four centuries of copper production in the west of England . Miners Assoc., and Inst. Corn., vol. 6, pp. 209–42.

COLLINS, J. H. 1912. Observations on the West of England Mining Region. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. xiv.

DAVISON, E. H. 1914. The Geological History of Cornish Tin Lodes. Trans. Corn. Inst. Eng., vol. ii, pp. 161–92.

DE LA BECHE, H. T. 1839. Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset. Mem. Geol. Surv.

DEWEY, H. 1920. Arsenic and Antimony Ores. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. xv.

DEWEY, H. 1921. Lead, Silver-Lead and Zinc Ores of Cornwall, Devon and Somerset. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. xxi.

DEWEY, H. 1923. Copper Ores of Cornwall and Devon. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. xxvii.

DEWEY, H. and H. G. DINES. 1923. Tungsten and Manganese Ores. Mem. Geol. Sum, Min. Resources, vol. i, 3rd edit.

HENWOOD, W. J. 1843. On the Metalliferous Deposits of Cornwall and Devon. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. v.

JENKIN, A. K. H. 1927. The Cornish Miner. 2nd edit., 1948. London.

JONES, W. R. 1925. Tinfields of the World. London.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1906. In The Geology of Falmouth and Truro and of the Mining District of Cambome and Redruth (Sheet 352), Mem. Geol. Surv.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1907. Total Quantity of Tin, Copper and other Minerals produced in Cornwall, particularly with regard to the Quantities raised from each Parish. Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1906, pp. 132–9.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1921. Total Quantity of Tin, Copper and other Minerals produced in Devonshire, particularly with regard to the Amounts raised from each Parish. Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1920, pp. 96–102.

MOISSENET, L. 1877. Observations on the Rich Parts of the Lodes of Cornwall, their form and their relation with the directions of the stratigraphic systems. (Trans. J. H. Collins.) London.

PRYCE, W. 1778. Mineralogia Cornubiensis, a Treatise on Minerals, Mines and Mining. London.

RICKARD, T. 1932. Man and Metals, a history of mining in relation to the development of civilization. New York and London.

SPARGO, T. 1865. The Mines of Cornwall and Devon: Statistics and Observations. London. SYMONS, B. 1884. Sketch of the Geology of Cornwall with special reference to its Mineral Wealth. In A Gazetteer of Cornwall by R. Symons, Penzance.

THOMAS, C. 1867. The Mining Fields of the West; being a practical exposition of the Principal Mines and Mining Districts in Cornwall and Devon. London.

THOMAS, R. 1819. Report on a Survey of the Mining District of Cornwall from Chacewater to Camborne. (Accompanied by a map and section.) London.

WILSON, G. V., T. EASTWOOD, R. W. POCOCK, D. A. WRAY and T. ROBERTSON, with H. G. DINES. 1922. Barytes and Witherite. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. ii, 3rd edit.

Chapter 2 Geology

By far the greater part of the region is composed of slaty shales and mudstones with subordinate bands of grit and conglomerate which are all embraced by the local name 'killas'. In the main these strata are of Devonian age, but in the northern part, between the latitudes of Launceston and Barnstaple they include also Culm Measures of Carboniferous age; both systems contain contemporaneous beds of lava and tuffs and pene-contemporaneous sills, dykes and bosses of basic greenstone. In the east, about Torquay, Exeter and the Quantock Hills, the Palaeozoic killas is overlain by sandy and conglomeratic Permian and Triassic strata.

The Palaeozoic rocks had been subjected to earth movements that produced folding, cleavage and jointing with a roughly E.N.E. trend, when, in late Carboniferous or early Permian times, granite was injected forming large bosses or cupolas ranging over a length of 125 miles along this trend. The chief bosses are those of Scilly Isles, Land's End, Carnmenellis, St. Austell Moor, Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor. Each has an aureole of thermally metamorphosed killas.

On the consolidation of the crust of the granite, fissures were opened up along the same general E.N.E. lines of weakness and some of these became filled with quartz porphyry, forming the dykes locally known as 'elvans'. Later, emanations from the magma resulted in the deposition of lode minerals, chiefly of tin and copper ores in fissures with an E.N.E. trend, though some occur in fissures coursing E.S.E. (called 'caunter' lodes). For simplicity the lodes of these two trends are usually referred to as E.-W. lodes. The final stage of mineralization is represented by ores of lead, zinc and iron, which occur in places as peripheral deposits in E.-W. lodes, but chiefly in fissures ranging roughly N.-S. (crosscourses), which post-date the E.-W. lodes. Subsequent erosion has laid bare the granite bosses and the fissured mineral-bearing ground around them.

In depth, both the metallic and the gangue minerals are distributed in the lodes with a zonal arrangement, presumably controlled by temperatures and pressures existing when the emanations were released from the magma. Thus, some minerals which crystallize out at higher temperatures and pressures than others, occupy the deeper zones of the fissures. The order of deposition of the principal metallic minerals from below upwards is—tin, copper, zinc, lead, iron. The vertical range of the zones varies from place to place. Dewey (1925) gives a depth of 2,500 ft. to both the tin and the copper zones respectively and 1,500 ft. for the lead-zinc zone. There is, of course, some overlapping of the zones, those of lead and zinc especially being telescoped so as nearly to coincide. Also, the zones of accessory minerals such as ores of tungsten and arsenic are superimposed upon the others. Tungsten occurs generally at the top of the tin zone and base of the copper zone, while arsenic though often associated with tungsten, extends upwards throughout the copper zone. The gangue minerals are similarly zoned, for whereas quartz is present at all depths and was deposited during several stages, tourmaline is more or less confined to the deeper part of the tin zone, while chlorite occurs throughout the remainder of that zone and continues up into the overlying copper zone. Fine-grained masses and felted aggregates of these last two minerals in lodes are known to the Cornish miner as 'peach', blue and green respectively. Fluorspar is often present as an original constituent fairly deep in the tin zone and extends upwards through the copper zone and into the lead-zinc zone. It is present also in the deep zones as a filling in later openings that dislocate the original lode material. Calcite and other carbonates with barite belong chiefly to the lead-zinc and the iron zones.

The above very brief statement of the sequence of events and phases of deposition of the ores during the period of igneous activity of the region conforms to the generally accepted theories of ore-deposition as proved, not only in south-west England, but also in most other metallogenetic provinces throughout the world. The zonal arrangement is well established, but the relationship of the mineral deposits to the granite masses or cupolas is not so close as is generally supposed, for, though the tin and copper lodes are in some places situated on the margins of granite bosses and the zinc, lead and iron lodes at some distance from them, this is by no means the general rule. Tin lodes occur as far from granite outcrops as some of the lead-zinc lodes (e.g. at Wheal Jane, east of St. Day which is situated well beyond the aureole of thermal metamorphism), while iron lodes occur within the granite (e.g. Ruby Mine and Treffry Consols in the St. Austell district). It is true that tin and copper lodes occur at the granite margin at three once-important mining centres, namely, Camborne, St. Ives and St. Just, but it would appear that the economic importance of these centres has added weight to the observations made on the conditions prevailing there, with the result that generalizations have been based on these special cases. From evidence afforded by the whole region it is clear that the theory postulating that the mineral deposits are closely related to the granite bosses and that the zones are approximately parallel to the granite surface is not strictly true.

After the intrusion of the granite into the sedimentary rocks and the consequent heating of the country, the temperature was highest in the granite and fell gradually towards the then surface of the ground. Planes of uniform temperature in the rocks were, therefore, roughly parallel to the granite-killas contact in depth, but, upwards, became flatter and more horizontal or nearly parallel with the land surface. The isothermal planes, therefore, sloped at gentler angles than the granite-killas contacts and were closer together above the summits of the cupolas than above the troughs between them. Disregarding the unknown effects of pressure, the upper and lower limits of any particular mineral zone can be regarded as representations of isotherms within the country rocks at the time of crystallization of that particular mineral. That the zones, and therefore the isotherms, have a gentler slope than the adjacent granite surface is shown in a number of cases where we have sections of lodes crossing the granite margin, as at Levant and Geevor mines (Figure 2), Botallack Mine (Figure 6) and Dolcoath Mine (Figure 17), in this latter case the lode is oblique to the granite margin).

As the mineralizing solutions or vapours escaped upwards and outwards from the still molten granite core, through suitable channels in the consolidated granite crust and in the overlying sedimentary rocks, the high temperature minerals (cassiterite, wolfram, tourmaline, etc.) crystallized out in a zone where pressure and temperature permitted, while the minerals that crystallized at lower temperatures remained in solution until they had reached cooler zones above. The latter minerals thus had a greater distance to travel upwards, and, it would appear, more opportunity to migrate laterally, for their upward velocities would be reduced in each higher zone where fissuring was probably freer. It is probable that galena and blende remained in solution considerably longer than chalcopyrite, awaiting the fall in temperature that would 'fix' them in their appropriate zones. This supposition is supported by the fact that whereas galena and blende are found frequently in the higher parts of copper lodes coursing about E.-W., they occur also in the later formed N.-S. fissures or crosscourses. The question as to whether lead and zinc came up in solutions at the same time as tin and copper or at a later time, does not affect this view, which is based on the assumption that the mineralizing solutions of all the various minerals were derived from the same source. Each depth zone, therefore, has a wider lateral distribution than the one below, a fact clearly brought out by the distribution of the ores of south-west England (see Dines 1934).

So little is known of the behaviour of complex solutions under great pressures and high temperatures that it is impossible to visualize the chemical nd physical processes that governed crystallization during the upward passage through the fissures. It is clear, however, that the mineral-bearing solutions emanated from the still liquid core of the granite only in certain restricted places and that the ores, rather than being distributed around actual granite bosses, are located around certain restricted 'emanative centres' which are themselves not necessarily directly related to the bosses. Cassiterite (as well as other high temperature minerals), being the first to crystallize out from the solutions, is obviously found located near the emanative centres; it therefore acts as an indicator of the positions of these centres.

The conditions necessary for the formation of an emanative centre are clear. Firstly, the country rock must have been suitably fissured to receive the solutions. Secondly, the country rock must have been at the requisite temperature gradient for the deposition of the ores in their respective zones. Thirdly, the fissures must have been connected with the source of the mineral-bearing solutions. The fissures in which deposition eventually occurred in killas country may have been formed before the intrusion of the granite, and, in any case, they and the fissures in the granite were formed before the arrival of the mineral-bearing solutions. The granite supplied the heat that gave the necessary temperature gradient to the country. The deep-seated channels that permitted the release of the solutions or vapours must have been formed after the consolidation of the crust or hood of the granite and at a time when the metallic elements had segregated from the magma and were accumulated under pressure in the still liquid core, and may even have been due to the pressure developed by them (see Emmons 1934).

With a few minor exceptions the ores do not favour any particular country rock. Their distribution was determined by the three conditions enumerated above and, provided each of these was present, emanative centres may occur equally well in the centre of a granite boss, on the margin of a boss or in killas country at a distance from granite, as shown diagrammatically in (Figure 1). In some cases emanative centres have the appearance of being connected with elvan dykes as at Clifford Amalgamated Mines (Figure 27) and Wheal Jane, both east of St. Day. This is due to the fact that both the dykes and the emanative centre are situated in an area of crustal weakness when deep-seated fissuring took place , first to release the elvan magma and later the ore-bearing solutions.

Since the ores of each depth zone in upward succession have a wider lateral distribution than the one below, it will be seen that the sequence of the depth zones can only be complete at an emanative centre. Away from the centre the lower zones are missing though the higher ones may be present. This accounts for the fact that workable bodies of tin ore are not found everywhere below the copper zone even where the latter may be well developed, as in the case of the Roskear and Seton mines, north of Camborne, and Devon Great Consols near Callington. Similarly lead and zinc deposits may exist without the underlying copper zone even where ores of these occur in E.-W. lodes as at the Chiverton group of mines, east of St. Agnes.

The recognition of the restriction of tin deposits to the emanative centres is important in the future exploration of the region. The haphazard reopening of old tin mines is unlikely to lead to satisfactory results unless the mine is favourably situated in regard to a centre. It should, however, be emphasized that the only evidence for an emanative centre is that afforded by past workings for tin. Centres, as yet undetected, may possibly occur, but there are no means of locating these other than prospecting in unproved ground, and no known clues by which an emanative centre can be detected by other means. Again, it should be stressed that the actual shape, extent and size of an emanative centre carrying tin deposits can only be known in so far as existing mine workings have proved it. The maps (Figure 3a) and (Figure 3b) show the distribution of known emanative centres throughout the region, as indicated by the presence of cassiterite deposits, and also the surrounding, more widespread copper and lead-zinc deposits. The size and shape of the patches representing the centres is no indication of their importance. By far the most important is that of Camborne, north of the Cam Brea granite mass. The centres that cover larger areas as, say, those on Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor are of far less importance from the production standpoint for they represent only the lower parts of tin lodes occurring within the granite masses, the upper parts of which have been eroded. A discussion on suitable places for prospecting would be out of place in this memoir, but, as an example, attention may be drawn to the emanative centre on the coast of St. Agnes. In the emanative centre at St. Just, the lodes are often at right angles to the coast, and workings for tin have followed them for up to about a mile under the sea. At St. Agnes, however, the lodes are parallel with the coast, and though very rich tin deposits have been worked up to the coastline, no crosscut has been driven beyond. It seems most unlikely that the boundary of the St. Agnes emanative centre coincides with the coast, and probable that satisfactory results might be obtained from investigations seawards in this locality.

Lodes

Earlier writers have recorded the trends of lodes in compass direction vectorially, but, with the irregularities of strike that occur in individual lodes, it is doubtful whether such representation serves a useful purpose from the economic standpoint. In (Figure 4a) and (Figure 4b) are shown the general lode trend throughout the greater part of the region as proved in underground workings, and the various district sketch maps illustrate the lode trend in each of the 14 districts sufficiently clearly for general study. As previously stated, the general trend of alignment of the granite masses, of elvan dykes and of the lodes is E.N.E. and this direction was determined chiefly by earth movements initiated before and continuing after the emplacement of the granite. Many mining geologists hold that lode fissures are brought into being by the actual upthrusting of the sedimentary rocks by the granite cupolas and assume that in the case of an elongated mass the lodes will be parallel to its major axis while in the case of a circular mass they will be radial. This hardly seems applicable in south-west England. The elongated mass of Cam Brea, with lodes running parallel to its longer axis has been cited as a case in point. Yet these lodes maintain their trend beyond the immediate confines of the Carn Brea mass for miles in either direction and even enter the adjacent Land's End mass at right angles to its margin, and are tangential to the Carnmenellis mass, of which Cam Brea is only a small satellite. It seems clear, therefore, that both the form of Cam Brea and the lode trend were determined by pre-existing conditions. In addition to the general E.N.E. trend, lodes crossing this in a direction E.S.E., known as caunter lodes, are fairly prevalent. The name caunter, however, is locally applied loosely to any lode crossing the general trend at a more or less acute angle, and in some rare cases has even been used to refer to a lode that underlies contrary to the usual underlie of a locality. All the districts are traversed by N.-S. trending crosscourses which post-date the more E.-W. lodes and are occasionally mineralized with low temperature minerals.

The normal E.N.E. lode trend is very persistent in the area from St. Just to St. Agnes. The only important variations are groups of caunter lodes coursing E.S.E. or S.E. on the edge of and near the centre of the Land's End granite mass, and also in the killas of the coastal belt west of the Godolphin granite in Mount's Bay district. Throughout the St. Ives, Gwinear, Camborne and St. Agnes districts, apart from a few caunter lodes, as around Leedstown, the E.N.E. trend is almost unbroken, but ceases north-east of St. Agnes, where the Ferran Iron Lode courses E.S.E. and there are a number of N.-S. crosscourses carrying lead and zinc ores. From St. Austell district eastwards, the average trends are more easterly than in the country to the west. Near the centres of the granites of St. Austell Moor, Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor, all lodes maintain the E.N.E. direction, but in the surrounding killas they seem to follow, more or less, the directions of the granite margins and here may have been due to the upthrust of the granite; this phenomenon is, perhaps, most marked along the southern edge of St. Austell Moor. The lodes to the north of St. Austell Moor and in the Wadebridge district, however, belong mainly to the crosscourse series and have yielded lead, zinc, antimony and iron ores. South of Bodmin Moor the lodes range more nearly east and west and this trend obtains across the mineralized belt connecting Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor, through the ground occupied by the small granite cupolas of Kit Hill and Gunnislake. Traced westwards, these latter lodes pass into the faulted granite margin on the south-eastern corner of Bodmin Moor, showing that the movement that produced these fissures occurred after the consolidation of the granite or that earlier formed fissures were extended later into the granite. To the south, in the Bere Alston neighbourhood, there are some important N.-S. lead lodes. Eastward, the E.-W. lode-trend continues across the southern part of Dartmoor and beyond into the Ashburton neighbourhood. On either side of Dartmoor there are N.-S. lead lodes, while around its northern edge there are copper deposits, generally parallel with its margin, though these are, in some cases, impregnations of certain bands of country rock and not true fissure lodes.

The majority of the lodes dip at angles steeper than 20° from the vertical. There are, however, a few 'flat' lodes which dip at 45° or less, notably at Wheal Kitty, West Wheal Kitty and Polberro Mine, in the St. Agnes district and the Great Flat Lode, south of Carn Brea.

It is difficult, in most cases, to determine whether lode fissures are faults or merely fractures, since there are usually no distinctive beds or changes in texture of the rocks to serve as a clue to the amount and direction of movement of the walls. In a few cases, lodes passing from granite to killas country dislocate the contact. The best examples are in the Phoenix and Caradon mines of the Liskeard district where the throw is considerable and here, near the margin of the granite, whether the lodes underlie north or south, the hangingwall is usually killas and the footwall granite.

In the complex systems of lodes throughout the region as a whole, there is no sure criterion as to the respective ages of the lode fissures, and each group of intersections requires individual consideration. Lodes have been classified according to age, direction and dip by Carne (1822), and subsequent writers have found only small points on which to differ from his grouping (see Collins 1912, pp. 352, 378). The fissures appear to have been formed and in some cases cross-faulted before the advent of the mineralizing solutions. Some of those which cross, either in the line of strike or on the dip, and appear to heave others, may not necessarily be of later date. It is well known that a fault fissure may be deflected or refracted from its course on passing through a dyke of harder rock than the country, a phenomenon that has given rise to the supposition, in some cases erroneous, that some elvans have displaced lodes. In the same way it seems that, in a number of cases where lodes cross, an apparently heaved lode may be later than the lode that appears to do the heaving, owing to extreme refraction caused by the open fissure of the first formed. This is shown in some cases by the mineral contents, thus, an apparently unfaulted lode may contain a certain mineral suite, while another, apparently faulted by it, has a different suite which may be found to pass along the first lode between the points of junction with the dislocated parts of the second. This state of affairs occurs where Cudna Reeth and Crowns lodes cross the Hazard Lode of Botallack Mine, St. Just. The problem is, of course, open to other interpretations, thus, Collins (1912, p. 140) suggests that the sequence of events was: (1) the formation of the Cudna Reeth fissure; (2) the formation of the Hazard fissure, faulting the former and becoming mineralized; (3) reopening of and deposition of another set of minerals in the Cudna Reeth fissure and in that part of the Hazard Lode that lies between the two heaved parts of the Cudna Reeth Lode.

In the case of the north-dipping and south-dipping lodes of the Camborne neighbourhood (see (Figure 16)) a simple interpretation of the faulting leads to the conclusion that the north-dipping fissures were heaved by those dipping south, but, in this case, the area may have been the seat of large-scale and intensive shattering of the country rocks and, in point of time, the two sets of fissures may have been contemporaneous and pre-date the mineralization. It is not known whether the ridges in the underground surface of the granite in this locality are due to faulting or to an irregular form of the granite cupola.

Crosscourses

Crosscourses have a general N.-S. trend and usually consist of a belt of country, often many feet wide, in which there are a number of roughly parallel fissures. This, in places, results in the E.-W. lodes faulted by them being cut up into a number of dislocated blocks between the two parts of maximum heave. Crosscourses are more persistent in strike, more nearly vertical and traceable over longer distances than E.-W. lodes. At surface they affect the drainage of the land, often determining the course of streams, while underground they are frequently a source of water trouble in that they afford easy passage of water into working mines from abandoned ones, and even from the sea. The crosscourse fissures are generally clay filled due to comminution of country rock, but where mineralized the chief constituent is banded white quartz, in places up to 20 ft. wide, occasionally with pyrite. In a few localities they contain economic minerals. The most important part of the region for crosscourses embraces the Wadebridge district, the northern part of the St. Austell district and the northeastern part of the St. Agnes district, where the N.-S. lodes carry zinc, lead, silver, antimony, arsenic and iron ores. Other important occurrences are north of Tavistock and south of Callington where the N.-S. lodes carry lead ores with fluorspar and in the Teign valley, east of Dartmoor, where lead ores occur with barytes. Small amounts of cobalt, nickel and uranium ores have been recovered from crosscourses south of St. Austell Moor. In some areas where N.-S. lodes have been worked, E.-W. fissures have locally been termed 'crosscourses', but this is contrary to the general rule.

The crosscourses are, in nearly every case, definitely of late formation, for not only do they heave lodes of normal and taunter trend, but, where mineralized, they carry a suite of low temperature minerals. The N.-S. wolfram lode at Castle-an-Dinas Mine, north of St. Austell Moor, which is mineralized with a high temperature suite and, moreover, clearly pre-dates the local granite, is regarded as belonging to an earlier period at least than the crosscourse stage. Since crosscourses are only rarely mineralized, they have not been explored to anything like the same extent as the other lodes. Some observers assign a Tertiary age to them (see De la Beche 1839, p. 311; Collins 1897, p. 311; Hill 1901, p. 586; MacAlister 1906, p. 157), but there is no conclusive evidence for this. Since their mineral content has every appearance of belonging to the granitic episode they probably represent the final stage of that mineralization, when some of the earlier E.-W. lodes were reopened to receive their final influx of mineralizing solutions (see Finlayson 1910, p. 291). The silver ore in the crosscourse of Herland Mine of the Gwinear district, for instance, was confined to the vicinity of the intersection with an E.-W. lode, as if the solutions that deposited the ore in the crosscourse had found their way into it through the original E.-W. lode in depth. That all crosscourses may not be of precisely the same age is supported by the fact that when two intersect, one may heave the other. Clay-filled crosscourses are referred to as 'fluccans', and the clayey matter in them, as well as that found occasionally near the walls of E.-W. lodes, is termed 'fluccan'. Owing to their usually soft or shattered nature, crosscuts have often been driven in them and, for this reason they have been, in some cases, known as 'guides', a term not used to-day. In St. Ives district crosscourses are known as 'trawns', and in St. Agnes district, where they are often quartz-filled, as 'gossans' though this word is strictly applicable only to the weathered parts of lodes.

Slides

This name is used to refer to faults, formed subsequent to mineralization, that trend more or less E.-W. and have a flat underlie. They are usually under 3 ft. in width and are filled with clay, and heave both the lodes and the crosscourses.

Mineralization

The lodes are essentially fissure veins and are frequently accompanied by an alteration and mineralization of the wall-rock, locally called 'capel'. Wall-rock mineralization is usually confined to a foot or so on either wall, but, in places, the capel may be wider and, particularly in granite country, may form irregular masses of ore known as 'carbonas', as in the St. Ives district. Occasionally ores occur in nearly horizontal deposits known as 'floors' which are usually arranged in tiers, due to mineralization along horizontal tear-faults joining two vertical veins or to mineralization along horizontal joint planes in granite country. Other than the capel alongside lodes, killas country is rarely mineralized, but in the Okehampton district some altered beds of garnet rock are impregnated with sulphide ores; there are sulphide impregnations at Virtuous Lady Mine, south of Tavistock, and an unusual example of cassiterite in killas at Parka Mine, west of St. Austell. Stockworks, consisting of numerous interlaced or parallel veinlets occur both in killas, as at the Mulberry and Prosper openworks of the St. Austell district, and in granite, as at Cligga Head, St. Agnes, and Hemerdon Wolfram Mine, north-east of Plympton. In some cases lodes pass through elvan dykes as a number of small parallel cracks, the mineralization of which gives rise to a small stockworks within the elvan as at Parbola Mine in the Gwinear district.

The character of the country rock has little effect upon the deposition of tin and copper ores and their associated minerals, except that harder rocks afford cleaner and more open fissures than the softer ones. Apart from the cases mentioned below, these minerals appear to favour no particular country. It has been claimed that, since some ore shoots pitch in the direction of the dip of the enclosing sedimentary rocks, they must therefore follow certain beds in preference to others. This, however, appears, in most cases, to be due to the fact that the dip of the sediments is generally away from the granite bosses, while, as shown above, the mineral zones, determined by temperature gradient, themselves pitch in this direction. While it is true that many minerals show no preference for particular rock types, the country rock has an effect in the case of tungsten ores in that whereas wolfram is the principal primary mineral of tungsten in granite and killas country, scheelite occurs where lodes pass through greenstone country, as at Wheals Jewell and Friendship, in the Tavistock neighbourhood and Maudlin Mine in the St. Austell district. The lead lode worked at Chiverton Mine, St. Agnes district, was more productive in argillaceous than in arenaceous killas country (Figure 32), and another case of an ore being restricted to horizons bordered by beds of a certain type is that of the manganese ore which seems to be more or less confined to chert beds in the Culm Measures, as in the ground north of Callington and Tavistock. This latter ore, however, occurs as irregular ramifying strings hardly to be regarded as true lodes, and may not be attributable to the granitic mineralization, but, more probably, originated earlier from the greenstone intrusions in the Culm Measures, or else by alteration resulting in the segregation of indigenous manganese oxide deposited in the chert beds.

Lodes may be simple fissures filled with minerals, generally showing banding parallel to the walls and with vughs at the centre as in the case of North Lode, Geevor Mine, St. Just (Figure 9) or of a composite nature, either due to brecciation of the country rock, giving rise to a lode consisting of fragments of impregnated country rock interlaced by numerous small veins, or to a series of infillings due to successive reopening of the fissure as in the case of the lodes of South Crofty Mine, Camborne, shown in (Figure 18) (Figure19) (Figure 20), (Figure 21) (Figure 22). In addition to the lode structures figured in this memoir, many have been figured and described by earlier authors whose works are quoted in appropriate places in Chapters IV and V.

Since mine workings in depth are usually abandoned because of the falling off of values or because of insufficient values to offset the increasing costs of hoisting and pumping that arise with increasing depth, the nature of the changes in lode character in depth are not easily studied. Lodes occurring near the centre of granite masses represent the lowest parts of mineralized fissures because here the tin zone attained its highest elevation relative to present-day sea level on account of the disposition of the temperature zones within the granite (see (Figure 1)). The lodes in these places are seldom wider than a foot or so and usually consist of groups of small, more or less parallel, veins in greisenized granite as at Ding Dong Mine, St. Just, and elsewhere. This suggests that in depth the lodes split or branch.

Alteration of the country rock alongside the lodes may take various forms; for example, granite, by alteration of the feldspars and micas may be tourmalinized, or chloritized, or greisenized, and each type of alteration is usually accompanied by some silicification and some impregnation by cassiterite or chalcopyrite; the latter usually fills cavities or cracks but the former is deposited within the pseudomorphs of the feldspars and micas. In rare cases, complete pseudomorphs of cassiterite after feldspar occur, as at Wheal Coates, St. Agnes, but generally the impregnation cassiterite is variable in amount and of fine grain, being sometimes difficult to recover economically by gravity mill methods. Carbonas, though sometimes large in extent are seldom of high grade ores. Beyond the altered granite walls adjoining lodes, the country is often irregularly kaolinized. Modifications of killas adjacent to lodes are less frequent, but the alteration takes the form of silicification or tourmalinization—the latter following the more argillaceous laminae—along with sporadic impregnations of cassiterite, either disseminated or filling cracks and partings. In greenstone the hydrothermal alteration results in garnetization and the formation of other lime-bearing minerals such as axinite, fluorspar and epidote.

When lode material is examined either macroscopically or microscopically, the minerals are seen to have been deposited in a certain order. The sequence may vary from lode to lode, but it has been established that the order of deposition is similar to the order of arrangement of the depth zones (see Flett 1903; Cronshaw 1912). Wolfram, cassiterite and mispickel precede chalcopyrite, which is followed by blende and galena, while the latest metallic minerals are siderite, haematite and pyrite. The gangue minerals show a similar correspondence with the depth zones, being formed in the order: tourmaline, feldspar, chlorite, fluorspar, barite and carbonates; quartz persists through nearly all the stages of mineral deposition. Fluorspar, though occasionally present as a primary constituent along with cassiterite and chalcopyrite, occurs also as veins filling the last opening of the fissure, its usual position in the depth zones being in the upper part of the copper zone and in the lead-zinc zone (see Dewey 1925).

Secondary alteration of the lode minerals above the ground-water level has been complete throughout the region. The depths to which it takes place are variable owing to irregularities in the depth to water table. While secondary minerals resulting from the oxidation of unstable primary minerals are still to be found, the secondary zones, both of leaching and of enrichment, have long since been worked away. Perhaps the results of weathering can now best be studied only in the iron lodes, which have not been so extensively and thoroughly worked in depth as the others. Here, siderite, which is usually encountered in the bottoms of iron ore workings, is replaced in the weathered zone by limonite and manganese oxides.

The alluvial deposits of the region were not of high grade, the tin content of the 'pay-dirt' being usually much less than that of the poorest of the worked lodes. This, combined with the sporadic and irregular occurrence, characteristic of alluvials, renders any that may remain unprofitable for exploitation today, except, perhaps in a small way. Alluvial tinstone is, however, freer from objectionable gangue minerals than that of lode ores.

References

CARNE, J. 1822. On the Relative Age of the Veins of Cornwall. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. ii, pp. 49–128.

COLLINS, J. H. 1871. Handbook to the Mineralogy of Cornwall and Devon. Truro.

COLLINS, J. H. 1897. On the origin and development of ore deposits in the West of England. Chapter V.

COLLINS, J. H. 1912. Observations on the West of England Mining Region. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. xiv.

CRONSHAW, H. B. 1912. Structure and Genesis of some Tin-lodes occurring in the Camborne District of West Cornwall. Trans. Inst. Min. Met., vol. xxx, pp. 408–67.

DE LA BECHE, H. T. 1839. Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset. Mem. Geol. Surv.

DEWEY, H. 1925. The Mineral Zones of Cornwall. Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xxxvi, pp. 107–35.

DINES, H. G. 1934. The Lateral Extent of the Ore-shoots in the Primary Depth Zones of Cornwall. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. xvi, pp. 279–96.

EMMONS, W. H. 1934. On the Origin of Certain Systems of Ore-bearing Fractures. Amer. Inst. Min. Met. Eng., No. 561.

FINLAYSON, A. M. 1910. The Metallogeny of the British Isles. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lxvi, pp. 281–98.

FLETT, J. S. 1902. Note on some Brecciated Stanniferous Veinstones from Cornwall. Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1901, pp. 154–9.

HILL, J. B. 1901. The Plutonic and Other Intrusive Rocks of West Cornwall in relation to the Mineral Ores. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. xii, pp. 546–615.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1906. In The Geology of Falmouth and Truro and of the Mining District of Camborne and Redruth (Sheet 352). Mem. Geol. Surv.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1908. Geological Aspects of the Lodes of Cornwall. Econ. Geol., vol. iii, pp. 363–80.

SYMONS, B. 1884. Sketch of the Geology of Cornwall, with special reference to its Mineral Wealth. In A Gazetteer of Cornwall by R. Symons, Penzance.

Chapter 3 Economic minerals

THE principal economic minerals of south-west England are, of course, tin and copper ores and considerable amounts of ores of lead, zinc, silver, arsenic, antimony, sulphur, iron and manganese have also been raised. Uranium was a product of some importance during the latter half of the last century and wolfram has been during the present, but neither of these ores has been produced in large amounts. Minerals of bismuth, cobalt, nickel, etc. have only been obtained in insignificant quantities and also very small but unknown amounts of gold. The region, as a whole, has not been an important producer of spar minerals, but fluorspar and barite have been raised in economic amounts.

Tin

The chief ore-mineral is the oxide, cassiterite, commonly known as 'tinstone'. Varieties known as 'wood' tin and 'toad's-eye' tin are comparatively rare. The sulphide of tin, copper and iron, known as stannite, also occurs in some lodes but is not of economic importance. In hand specimens of ore, cassiterite may occasionally be seen as black crystals with adamantine lustre. Granular or massive cassiterite is also to be found, but more often the mineral is disseminated through the gangue in a fine state, not easily detected by the unaided eye. The gangue minerals associated with cassiterite are tourmaline, chlorite and quartz. Wolfram and mispickel are often present in the higher parts of the tin zone.

Separation of cassiterite from the ore is affected by fine grinding or crushing and gravity separation, wolfram and iron-oxides of similar specific gravity to cassiterite being removed magnetically and residues of sulphides by calcining or flotation. Some impurities cannot be separated, however, and the resulting concentrates, known as 'black tin', generally contain under 65 per cent of metallic tin. The smelted metal is referred to as 'white tin'.

The date of the discovery of tin in the west of England is not known, but it was being produced about 2,500 years ago. The early workings were probably in alluvial deposits but there seems little doubt that workings along the lode outcrops or gossans were in progress in very distant times. The exposures of lodes cropping out in cliff faces as at St. Just and St. Agnes, led to exploitation by adit levels, and deep mining inland above ground-water level seems to have commenced about the 15th century.

Collins (1892) estimates that the annual yield of metallic tin during the early part of the 13th century was about 120 tons, of which Devon produced about three-quarters, and in the early part of the 14th century nearly 600 tons. The increase was largely from Cornwall, for Devon then contributed only about one third. There seems to have been a fall in output towards the end of the 14th century and, as far as can be estimated, only some 450 tons were produced yearly, Devon again supplying about one third. From the latter part of the15th century to the beginning of the 17th, the annual yield seems to have fluctuated around 450 tons, the Devon output gradually declining until in the early 1600's it was only about one sixth of the total. Hunt (1884, p. 823), however, gives a much higher yield for this period. In the 17th century there was a rise of over 1,000 tons. This may have been partly due to a demand for tin for the manufacture of pewter ware and partly to the introduction of explosives for blasting. From this time, records are more certain and show an increase in output which reached 3,000 tons a year by the middle of the 18th century, Devon producing some 50 tons. Following a fall to about 2,500 tons in the early part of the 19th century, there was a steady increase due in some measure to the development of steam pumping engines which permitted mining at deeper levels. In 1850, the output totalled 6,000 tons, and by 1870, when the tin-plate industry reached a peak, 10,000 tons was attained which was about half the world yields. A decline then set in and by 1890 the figure had fallen to 8,000 tons which was followed by a sudden drop to 4,000 tons in 1900 (see MacAlister 1906, p. 307) and again to only a few hundred tons in 1920. After the post 1914–18 war slump there was a recovery to 2,000 tons, a figure that has been maintained, more or less, since (see (Figure 5)).

The total yield from Cornwall and Devon is estimated to be considerably over 2,000,000 tons of metallic tin. The relative importance of the mining areas around the five chief granite masses in recent years is shown by the proportion of the total output produced: Land's End 21, Carnmenellis 67, St. Austell Moor 7, Bodmin Moor 3 and Dartmoor 2 per cent (see also Davies 1919; and table on p. 32). On the Scilly Isles there are a few ancient surface workings, but the amount of tin obtained there is not known.

Tin is used chiefly in the manufacture of tin-plate, and in smaller amounts in alloys. With lead, in various proportions, it forms pewter or solder, and, with the addition of bismuth or cadmium, 'fusible' metals which melt below the boiling point of water. Its addition to copper results in alloys harder and tougher than that metal such as bronze, gun metal, bell metal, etc.; the further addition of phosphorus increases the resistance to wear and gives phosphor bronze, used for machine bearings. Tin is only used in the pure metallic state as tinfoil wrappings and for tubes used in certain chemical apparatus.

Copper

The chief ore is the primary copper-iron sulphide, chalcopyrite, once popularly known as 'yellow copper ore', though the rich secondary sulphide, chalcocite, referred to by earlier writers as 'grey copper ore' has been found in large quantities and has constituted the principal ore at some mines. This mineral, owing to its common occurrence in the locality, has also been given the name 'Redruthite'. The carbonates, azurite and malachite, and the oxides, melaconite or black copper ore and cuprite or red copper ore, have also been found in abundance in the zone of secondary alteration. Many other products of weathering occur and are referred to in the details of mines in Chapters IV and V. Perhaps the most prolific mines, in so far as the variety of minerals is concerned, are those of the St. Just district, especially Botallack, which attracted the attention of mineralogists in the early part of the 19th century. The gangue minerals associated with copper ores are mainly quartz, sometimes with chlorite and fluorspar, but the latter is usually a late arrival occupying cracks within the lodes. Pyrite is also present, often in large proportion, and its decomposition to limonite in the gossans results in the formation of 'earthy brown iron ore' so frequently referred to by early writers. Mispickel is a common associate of chalcopyrite. Since the copper deposits were exhausted during the 19th century no ore-bodies remain exposed for study to-day.

In dressing the ores, the sulphides were cobbed and hand-picked, large masses being separated from disseminated lode-stuff and waste. The first was ready for the smelter and the second, after crushing and sizing, was concentrated by various methods of gravity separation. The industry had declined before flotation had been brought to perfection. The Elmore flotation plant erected at Tywarnhayle in 1906 was apparently the first of its kind in the west of England; it was intended to separate complex sulphide ores, but the project was not a success. Flotation cells are now used to separate the small amount of sulphides associated with tin ore. Precipitation on scrap-iron is used in some cases for the recovery of copper from low-grade tailings and dump material.

The copper industry did not develop so early as that of tin. Bronze-age celts found in the district were probably made from local copper, but systematic mining for copper does not appear to have commenced before the 16th century and it continued only in a small way until the 18th. Copper mining then began in earnest and for the first half of the 19th century more than 40 per cent of the world's output was obtained from Cornwall and Devon, and Britain was the largest producing country. The peak was reached about 1860 when something like 15,500 tons of metal were produced annually (see (Figure 5)). A rapid decline then set in and by the end of the century the output was negligible. The mines of Devon seem to have lagged behind those of Cornwall and it was not until 1855 that the former county contributed one third of the total amount; by 1870 it was producing nearly half, and in 1886 slightly exceeded the Cornish yield. After that date the two counties produced roughly equal amounts yearly. To-day, the recovery from the whole region, as a by-product from the tin mines, is usually less than 50 tons of copper metal a year. The metal content of the copper concentrates has varied considerably at each mine, and has shown a general tendency to decrease, probably due to the working away of richer secondary ores above the primary zone. Collins (1895, p. 299) shows that, on the average, at the end of the 18th century it was 12 per cent and during the 19th century it fell from 9.6 to 6.5 per cent. Some of the mines have produced concentrates with considerably less than this latter figure, while, on the other hand, a few others have reached as much as 20 per cent.

Copper was one of the earliest metals known to man, and has always been an important commodity. Next to iron, it is the most valuable of the base metals. The greater part of the copper used to-day is taken up by the electrical industry, and much of the remainder is used in the alloys brass and bronze. In most of its uses copper has no substitute, though in some it is being replaced by aluminium.

Arsenic

Arsenic is a constituent of many sulphide minerals, but the only one of economic value in the west of England is mispickel or arsenopyrite, the sulpharsenide of iron. It is locally known as 'mundic', a term formerly used to include both pyrite and mispickel, the latter being distinguished as white mundic Mispickel contains up to 46 per cent of arsenic, but when the content falls below 20 per cent it is not of sufficient value to work. The mineral is a primary sulphide and occurs in the sulphide zone mainly associated with chalcopyrite and pyrite, but occasionally with cassiterite in the upper part of the tin zone. Though generally found in lodes of E.-W. trend it is known to occur in crosscourses as at Treore, near Wadebridge, and is present in the sulphide impregnation deposits of Virtuous Lady, Tavistock, and in the Okehampton district. It is fairly stable, and is not affected by weathering to the same extent as iron and copper sulphides though in some gossans the secondary mineral scorodite, hydrated ferrous arsenate, is to be found.

Mispickel is generally worked as a by-product to copper and tin, and though in a few mines it has been the predominant mineral, as at Calstock and Danescombe mines, none has been worked solely as an arsenic concern except during the 1914–18 war when some old copper mines were reopened for the purpose.

Though often sold in its natural state as 'arsenical pyrites', the ore is usually treated. After crushing and concentration it is calcined and the vapours passed through chambers or flues where arsenic oxide settles as a grey powder known as arsenic soot or 'crude arsenic'. The crude arsenic contains from 80 to over 90 per cent of As₂O₃ along with certain impurities such as carbon and sulphur compounds. It is often sold in this form but at South Crofty Mine is refined by further calcining and gives, in the collection chambers, white or translucent crystals that are subsequently ground to a fine white powder, known as 'refined arsenic' or 'white arsenic', containing 99.5 per cent As₂O₃. The refining process does not greatly increase the As₂O₃ content, and, therefore, in order to economize space, the outputs of these products from the various mines described in Chapters IV and V are usually referred to simply as 'arsenic'.

In the early part of the 19th century, mispickel was regarded as an undesirable constituent of the lode-stuff and often large masses were left standing in the stopes on copper lodes. With a demand for arsenic in the chemical industry attention was given to arsenic deposits and by 1870 a number of mines were raising mispickel as a by-product and several had installed their own flues for the collection of the crude oxide. It is stated that at this time about half a dozen mines in the Callington and Tavistock district, including Devon Great Consols, Okel Tor, Gawton and Friendship, were producing half the world's output (see Toll 1938). Between 1902 and 1907, a fall in price caused a slump in production, but with a subsequent demand, output again increased and continued during the 1914–18 war when the price was high. At this period several old mines in which mispickel was known to have been left were reopened, and dumps were worked over. Production continued until the post-war slump of 1920–21, but in 1923 a further demand for arsenic for insecticide in American cotton-fields again raised price and output. This boom, however, ceased in 1925, since when the arsenic industry has only been maintained as a subsidiary of tin works.

Cornwall and Devon are the only counties in Great Britain that have yielded arsenic in quantity. From 1870 to 1902, the annual output varied between 4,000 and 8,000 tons of arsenic oxide. In 1903–4, only a little over 900 tons was produced each year, but the output increased gradually to over 2,000 tons for the years between 1914 and 1926. Since then there has been a steady decline. From 1931 to 1936, the output stood between 100 and 200 tons and has now fallen to less than 100 tons.

Apart from its use in insecticides, arsenic is used in the glass industry for decolourizing, as a preservative to prevent decay in vegetable matter, in medicine, and for a number of other uses.

Sulphur

Pyrite, or iron pyrites, the sulphide of iron, was once locally known as 'mundic', a term which included also mispickel, but to-day is restricted, by some at least, to mispickel only. The mineral is widely distributed throughout the lodes of the region and is usually associated with the other sulphide ores. It also occurs as a late arrival, being found as crystals encrusting the insides of vughs in lodes, and, with white quartz, in the crosscourses. In the gossan or weathered parts of lodes it is readily decomposed and gives rise to earthy brown iron ore. In some mine workings its decomposition has resulted in the generation of heat, as at Duchy Peru Mine on the Perran Iron Lode. Pyrite has been recovered in economic amounts from mines in all the districts except those of St. Just, in the west, and Dartmoor and Okehampton, in the east. It is usually a by-product, though some small mines have produced larger tonnages of this than of other minerals. The chief producing districts have been those of Callington and Camborne. The largest outputs have come from Wheal Jane and West Wheal Jane, east of St. Day, which have, between them, raised over 60,000 tons. The next mines in the importance of their pyrite production are Okel Tor Mine, Devon Great Consols, Prince of Wales Mine and Wheal Friendship, all in the Callington and Tavistock district.

Pyrite, which may contain up to 53 per cent of sulphur, is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid; the demand for it seems to have commenced shortly before 1850 and the tonnages produced are mainly confined to the succeeding 25 years, during which some 150,000 tons are recorded from about 70 different mines. The presence of arsenic, which is common in the pyrite of this region, renders it unsuitable for the manufacture of sulphuric acid which is to be used in sugar refining.

Tungsten

Wolfram, the chief tungsten mineral, is an isomorphous mixture of manganese and iron tungstates. In some cases the manganese content may be sufficiently low to bring the mineral into the range of iron tungstates known as ferberite. Scheelite, or calcium tungstate, also occurs, under certain conditions, in sufficient quantities to be recovered as an ore. Wolfram is often present in the lodes as large sheaf-like aggregates of black crystals up to 2 or 3 inches long, and is nearly always coarse-grained. It is a common associate of cassiterite, generally in the upper part of the tin zone, and is often found intimately inter-grown with mispickel. Unlike cassiterite, it is rarely found in the impregnated country adjoining the lodes, and, though normally a constituent of E.N.E. lodes, is present in a N.-S. lode as at Castle-an-Dinas Mine in the St. Austell district. Scattered throughout the region are occurrences of white quartz and wolfram usually occupying irregular fissures or in lens-like masses as for example at Hawk's Wood, Wheal Vincent and elsewhere on the east side of Bodmin Moor. Deposits of a similar nature fill horizontal fissures in granite country around Robinson's Shaft of South Crofty Mine, Camborne. These latter pre-date the nearly vertical tin lodes, and there is other evidence, though scanty, suggesting that these occurrences may perhaps represent an earlier stage of mineralization than the tin lodes. Complex Lode of South Crofty and the Castle-an-Dinas lode may belong to this group.

Wolfram was once an undesirable gangue mineral in tin lodes, since, owing to its similar specific gravity it was impossible to separate it from cassiterite and penalties were imposed by smelters on a content of more than 3 per cent of the mineral in the concentrates. About the middle of the 19th century the Oxland process, in which wolfram was converted to sodium tungstate, was introduced to effect separation, but in recent years the slight magnetic quality of wolfram has been utilized in magnetic separation. Owing to its friable nature much is carried away in slimes on milling and, where fine crushing has to be resorted to, little more than 50 per cent of the wolfram content of the ore is recoverable. The variable amount of tungsten in the ore necessitates concentrates being valued at so much per 'unit', a unit being 1 per cent of WO₃ present. Mill concentrates normally contain from 60 to 70 per cent of WO₃.

Production in the west of England has never been large in comparison with other tungsten producing countries. The first yields were recorded in 1858, but its recovery was not seriously commenced until around the beginning of the 20th century. Between 1910 and 1919, the average annual yield for the region was about 250 tons, but from 1920 to 1934 was only 41 tons, fluctuating between 1 ton and a little over 100 tons, according to demand. Since 1934 there has been a fairly steady yearly yield of about 200 tons of concentrates.

Apart from its use as a metal filament for electric lamps, the main use of the metal is in alloys; it hardens steel and bronze and, with cobalt and chromium, forms an alloy unaffected by organic acids that is used for surgical instruments; it replaces platinum to some extent in electrical apparatus. Tungsten is also used as a mordant in dyeing and printing, as a pigment and, in the form of sodium tungstate, for fireproofing inflammable materials.

Zinc

Blende, or zinc sulphide, sometimes known as sphalerite, and popularly as 'black jack', is the chief ore. The carbonate, calamine, and the silicate, hemimorphite, are also found but not in large quantities. Blende occurs mainly in N.-S. crosscourses, in association with galena, but workable quantities have also been met with in copper lodes, as in the Seton and Roskear mines, north of Camborne, and in some of the St. Day mines; its position here is near the top of copper lodes or at lower levels where it fills cracks formed in the original lode-stuff. Thick masses of blende coat the walls of the Perran Iron Lode where it appears to have been deposited before the iron ore; the mines on this lode have been amongst the largest producers of zinc. The concentrates produced in the region may contain 20 to 45 per cent of metal.

Until the early part of the 19th century, blende was frequently discarded or cast upon the dumps, which have subsequently been worked over for its recovery. The maximum amounts were produced between 1850 and 1885, and production continued in a small way, chiefly from dumps, until 1911. The most important district was that of St. Agnes, which raised 75 per cent of the total of 85,000 tons, produced in the region. The Gwinear, Camborne, St. Austell, Callington and Dartmoor districts have produced small amounts.

Metallic zinc contains certain metals as impurities, chiefly lead, cadmium and iron, and in the market is graded according to purity. Commercial standard zinc, or spelter, contains upwards of 98 per cent of zinc and not more than 1.5 per cent of lead. For special purposes it is refined by distillation. The principal use of the metal is for galvanizing iron, but a considerable amount is used as plain or perforated zinc sheets. It is alloyed with copper for brass. Zinc white, the oxide, is used as a pigment and the sulphate and chloride are used in the textile industry.

Lead

Galena, or lead sulphide, is the principal ore; its alteration products, the carbonate, cerussite, and the chlorophosphate, pyromorphite, occur in the weathered parts of lodes. The ore lies chiefly in N.-S. crosscourses and is often accompanied by blende. It also occurs in lodes of E.-W. trend, as at the Chiverton mines, St. Agnes. In places, therefore, it may be found in the higher parts of copper lodes, though its occurrence here is not so frequent as that of blende, and in one instance, Budnick Consols, St. Agnes, it is found in association with cassiterite, though probably of a later period of deposition than that mineral. Galena often carries some silver, as sulphide, and has constituted the most important source of silver from the region. The silver content varies from place to place within the lodes, and is said to have been generally higher in the upper levels. The average silver content of all the ore produced was about 40 oz. to the ton of lead, but as much as 170 oz. has been recorded, though in some cases the high figures may have been due to bad lead smelting. The weathering of galena in the gossans has resulted in the formation of secondary silver ores, including native silver. Lead lodes have often been found to deteriorate and eventually die out in depth, but in a few instances lead has given place to copper in depth. The lead workings in the St. Agnes district do not much exceed 140 fms. in depth, though Wheal Mary Ann, near Liskeard, has reached 300 fms. and copper ores were not encountered.

The gangue minerals of the lead zone vary from place to place but quartz is always present. In the St. Agnes district, fluorspar and barite occur but are rare. In the Liskeard district, fluorspar has not been found at Herodsfoot mine, though dolomite is recorded, but in the nearby mines of Wrey, Ludcott and Trelawny, purple, green and colourless fluorspar is present as well as calcite, crystals of barite and siderite, the last filling vughs in the lode. In Bere Old Mines of the Callington district fluorspar has been encountered in sufficient quantities to be worked, and some siderite occurs. In the Teign Valley Mines fluorspar is present towards the south and barite to the north.

The lead workings date back many centuries. The Bere Old Mines were active in the 13th, and the mines of the Mount's Bay district in the 16th century; some of these were worked chiefly for their silver content. The period of maximum output was in the earlier half of the 19th century. Between 1845 and 1850 the annual output averaged over 10,000 tons of ore. From then onwards there was a gradual decline, the yield falling below 1,000 tons in 1878 and ceasing in 1887. During this whole period (1845 to 1886) 251,813 tons of lead ore containing 5,721,153 oz. of silver were raised in Cornwall and 59,236 tons of lead with 1,341,597 oz. of silver from Devon. Since that time, apart from a few tons raised in 1892, 1896 and 1903, there has only been about 725 tons produced during the period 1905 to 1908, some of which has come from dumps. The metallic content of lead ore concentrates has ranged between 60 and 75 per cent. Lead has been produced in nearly all the districts of the region, but chiefly in those of St. Agnes, Liskeard and Callington.

Lead has provided pipes and sheets since Roman times and is still largely used for these purposes. Large amounts are used for sheathing electric cables and for accumulator plates. With tin and antimony it is alloyed for white metal for anti-friction bearings, for printers' type metal, for pewter and for soft solders, and with tin and bismuth for fusible metals. It is also used as a constituent of bronzes. White lead, the carbonate, and red lead, the oxide, are used as pigments and many other compounds are utilized in industry.

Silver

Galena may contain varying amounts of silver, ranging from nothing up to over 170 oz. per ton of lead, and has been the chief source of silver from the west of England. The variation is rapid and the silver content often changes considerably from place to place in a lode. Small amounts have been recovered from copper sulphides and also from true silver ores which include native silver, often present in the gossans of lead lodes, the sulphide, argentite, the silver-antimony sulphides, stephanite and pyrargyrite, and the chloride, cerargyrite. These ores are usually found in crosscourses, frequently associated with ores of bismuth, cobalt, nickel and antimony.

The chief silver districts have been St. Agnes, St. Austell, Liskeard and Callington, where the bulk of the production has come from lead ore. Silver has been reclaimed from copper ores at Levant, in St. Just, at Credis and Tregonna in the Wadebridge district, and at Prince of Wales Mine, Callington. The best known silver-ore occurrences are at Rosewarne and Herland, near Gwinear, and Wheal Newton, Callington.

Much silver is believed to have been obtained from the region in mediaeval times, when the lead lodes were exploited chiefly for their silver content. The first discovery of true silver ores appears to have been that at Wheal Mexico, St. Agnes, in 1788, though the deposits were not extensive. The amounts raised in recent times have been insignificant, but during the 19th century the chief producing mines were the Chivertons, Cargoll and East Wheal Rose of St. Agnes, Herodsfoot, Wrey, Ludcott, Mary Ann and Trewetha of Liskeard, and the Bere Old Mines of Callington. Perran Silver Mine, near Marazion, was active between 1903 and 1907. Collins (1904) estimates that 2,000 tons of true silver ore were raised in the 19th century.

Antimony

The minerals of this metal include the sulphide, antimonite, the sulphide of lead and antimony, jamesonite, and of copper and antimony, bournonite. They occur in N.-S. crosscourses, usually scattered on the fringe of the mineralized areas beyond the lead and zinc deposits, and are, in places, associated with galena, occasionally in workable quantities. Some of the ores carry gold. The occurrences are small, consisting chiefly of thin strings or veins of mineral running through crushed killas country, with, here and there, small bunches of ore. The sites of some of the workings on these small ore-bodies cannot now be traced.

The chief locality is the Wadebridge district, and there are two mines about 6 miles S.S.E. of Callington. The recorded output of the region does not much exceed 300 tons, but may have been considerably more since the ore was chiefly exploited in the 18th century, or earlier. From 1915 to 1918 about 10 tons of ore was produced from lead mines.

Antimony is used in alloys for anti-friction metal, for printers' type metal and for hardening lead. It is also used as a colouring agent for glass, pottery (lustre-ware), pigments, and dyes, in medicines, as a mordant and for eye-shade cosmetic.

Iron

The chief sources of iron in the region are the lodes of Exmoor, and those in and around the St. Austell granite mass and extending north into the Wade-bridge district and west into the St. Agnes district. With the exception of the lodes of Exmoor and the Perran Iron Lode, St. Agnes, which course E.S.E., these occur mainly in N.-S. crosscourses, and, though usually in killas country, are to be found also near the centre of the granite as at Ruby Mine, Wheal Edith and Treffry Consols. The workable ore-bodies are often over 10 ft. wide and widths between 20 and 30 ft. are not uncommon. Very few have been worked below the water-table and only the weathered zones of the lodes are, therefore, exposed. There is little doubt that the primary mineral of the Perran Lode was the carbonate known as siderite, chalybite, or spathic ore, for this has been proved in the bottoms of some of the workings and the hydrated oxide, limonite, which has constituted the chief ore, contains some unweathered cores of this mineral. Siderite has also been raised from a number of other iron lodes, and it was probably the original constituent of most of the lodes of the St. Austell and the North Devon and West Somerset districts, although a few, which are usually associated with greenstone, contain magnetite as at South Terms Mine and at Tower Consols, near Roche. The ore obtained from the iron lodes has often been referred to as haematite, but it is chiefly limonite or brown haematite; gothite is also occasionally present. In the Dartmoor granite there are a number of lodes carrying a variety of specular ore, known as micaceous haematite either as a main constituent, as at Great Rock Mine, or in association with cassiterite, as at Birch Tor. Deposits of magnetite in killas at Haytor and Smallacombe, east of Dartmoor, appear to be bedded ores, and these and other deposits referred to as lodes, as at South Terras Mine, are associated with a mineral assemblage that suggests hydrothermal action by basic igneous rocks or green-stones. In addition to the above-mentioned iron deposits, a number of mines have sold iron ore from the gossans of sulphide lodes, notably at Wheal Jane near St. Day.

The iron lodes of Cornwall, though referred to by writers as far back as the 17th century, were not worked until the early part of the 19th. Owing to the low prices commanded by the ore and the distance of the deposits from furnaces, combined with the difficulty of working vertical ore bodies, as compared with the large replacement deposits of the north of England and the bedded ores of the Midlands, none of the workings on the lodes has been carried far below adit level. The output of ore between 1855 and 1865 fluctuated between 24,000 and 87,000 tons per annum. In 1867 it had fallen to 37,000 tons, but by 1875 had risen to 87,000 tons, after which date the yield declined. Since 1884, about 6,500 tons in all has been raised. The metallic content of the ores is given under the description of the mines; it ranges between 48 and 65 per cent.

In addition to use in the iron and steel industry (the spathic ore, which often contains some manganese, being particularly suitable for the latter) some of the ore raised, especially that from the gossans, has been used for pigments. The micaceous haematite of Dartmoor is still used for making a rust-resisting paint of metallic-grey colour; its original use was as pounce.

Manganese

The manganese ores of the west of England occur chiefly in the cherty beds of the Culm Measures, where they consist of irregular, ramifying or roughly lens-shaped masses of the black oxide pyrolusite or wad, and occasionally of the silicate, rhodonite. The principal area for these ores is the northern part of the Callington and Tavistock district. In addition to these deposits there are iron lodes in the area north of St. Austell Moor in which manganese occurs as oxide and silicate, probably resulting from the alteration of siderite.

There are no large ore bodies in the region. The deposits in the Culm chert beds are notoriously patchy and irregular and have produced only a few hundred tons each. The chief period of working appears to have been about the middle of the 19th century, but Chillaton and Hogstor Mine continued active until 1907, producing altogether about 50,000 tons. The lodes north of St. Austell Moor are essentially iron lodes with only small amounts of manganese ore; they have not been extensively worked.

The chief use of manganese is as an alloy with steel and with bronze. The former requires an ore containing at least 40 per cent of metallic manganese, while for the latter only ores with a low iron content are suitable. The oxide is used as an oxidizing agent in certain chemical processes, including the decolouring of glass. Manganese compounds are used as brown, green and violet colouring agents in glass, pottery dyes and paints.

Rarer minerals

Uranium, in the form of the oxide pitchblende and its alteration products autunite (calcium uranite) and torbernite (copper uranite), known as the 'uranites', as well as zippeite, a hydrated uranium sulphate, are found in tracesin most parts of the region (see Dines 1930, p. 213). They occur in association with low-temperature minerals such as those of iron, cobalt, nickel, bismuth and occasionally with lead and zinc ores, and are, therefore, found mainly in crosscourses, but are also present in some lodes of normal trend. The secondary minerals are also found lining joints in granite. In the early part of the 19th century, pitchblende, which occurs usually in the massive form, was found to be affecting adversely the quality of copper concentrates at Wheal Trenwith, and much ore was subsequently discarded.

The earliest use of uranium was to impart a yellowish-green colour to glass, and most of the outputs from 1845 onwards were sold for this purpose. Since the discovery of the radioactive properties of radium, the uranium minerals have been much sought for in mines of the region and a number of occurrences have been found, though most turned out to be of no economic value. The chief producers were Wheal Trenwith, St. Ives, and South Terras Mine, St. Austell. Small outputs, measurable in hundredweights rather than tons, have been recorded at three other mines, Wheal Owles at St. Just, East Pool Mine near Camborne, and St. Austell Consols. The total output of uranium ore for the region is not known, but probably does not much exceed 2,000 tons.

Bismuth, chiefly as small flakes of the native metal, and also as the sulphide, bismuthine, is frequently found in the region. Native bismuth occurs in crosscourses, probably as a weathering product of the sulphide. It is also found in lodes of normal trend, but its mode of occurrence is not known since it is usually detected as small particles in sand table and jig concentrates. The sulphide occurs in lodes, often lining vughs as at Fowey Consols, St. Austell, but is more frequent in crosscourses, and is usually associated with cobalt and nickel ores and occasionally with silver and uranium ores. Only four mines are known to have recovered bismuth ore and only one of these, East Pool Mine, Camborne, has a recorded output, namely of one ton of mixed bismuth, cobalt and nickel ore.

Cobaltoccurs as the arsenides, smaltite and erythrine, and as the sulpharsenide, cobaltite, as well as in oxide form, and is found mainly in crosscourses associated with nickel and bismuth ores. Though the minerals have been recorded at about a dozen mines, only about six have raised the ore. The outputs are known only in a few cases. Dolcoath Mine is believed to have produced a few tons, and East Pool Mine has a recorded output of 4L tons. In the St. Austell district, Dowgas Mine has yielded 4 tons and St. Austell Consols about 250 tons of mixed cobalt and nickel ores.

Nickel, which generally occurs in close association with cobalt, is present in the form of the arsenides, kupfernickel and chloanthite, and the sulphide, millerite. The chief producers have been St. Austell Consols with 61 tons of nickel ore in addition to the mixed cobalt and nickel ores mentioned above, Fowey Consols with 8 tons and East Pool Mine with 4 tons.

Molybdenumoccurring as the sulphide, molybdenite, has been found in a few localities but is only known to have been recovered at Drakewalls (Drake Walls) near Callington, though the amount obtained is not recorded.

Goldin small grains has been recovered in practically every alluvial tin deposit in Cornwall and Devon, and one nugget from the Carnon Valley weighed 1 oz. 18 dwt. 8.6 grains (Collins 1904, pp. 103, 106). The source was probably the gossans of copper lodes, for many fragments found were attached to vein quartz, and assays of chalcopyrite and pyrite from copper lodes often show a gold content. Levant Mine, St. Just, produced from its copper ores 4 oz. of gold, as well as some silver. Gold is present in the antimony sulphides of the Wadebridge district, notably at Treore Mine, and has been found native in adjacent alluvials; it has also been recorded in crosscourses at Wheal Sparnon, Redruth, in Woolf's Crosscourse in the Mount's Bay district and at Bampfylde and Britannia mines in North Devon. The metal seems never to have been systematically recovered. Picking of gold from the alluvial tin during concentration was apparently, at one time, considered the privilege of the 'streamers'. It is doubtful whether the sulphide ores, other than those of antimony, were assayed for their gold content before sale to the smelters.

Spar minerals

Barite, or barium sulphate, is not widely distributed in the west of England. It occurs as an occasional gangue mineral in small groups of crystals in some lodes, especially those of lead and zinc, but is only known in workable quantities in the N.-S. lodes of the Teign Valley in the extreme east of the region where it occurs in massive banded form in lodes up to many feet wide.

The quality of the mineral varies, not so much according to its purity as to its colour, white being more in demand than pink or iron-stained varieties. Ground to a fine powder it has many uses including the manufacture of paints and distempers, and as a filling to give weight and body to papers and shoddy cloths, etc. It is also used in making artificial marble and as a refractory material. Barium compounds are generally made from the carbonate, witherite, of which there are no deposits in the region. The known yield of barite comes only from Bridford Mine in the Teign Valley, and the output is given under the description of that mine.

Fluorspar, or calcium fluoride, is a common spar mineral in some of the lead lodes, and may occur in workable quantity in some copper lodes where it occupies fissures formed during a late stage in the mineralization. When associated with copper ore it is usually massive and of green colour, though some rare specimens are indigo blue, but in the lead lodes it often shows crystal forms, chiefly cubes, sometimes large, and may be green, purple, brown or colourless.

Fluorspar has been exploited in copper lodes in the Camborne district, at South Crofty Mine and near St. Day at West Wheal Damsel, Poldice and other mines. The chief centre of production, however, was in the Callington district where it occurs in lead lodes of the Bere Old Mines. Trelawny, Wrey and Ludcott mines, in the Liskeard district, contain fluorspar but do not appear to have marketed any. The recorded outputs are incomplete, but the region has never been a large producer. The Camborne district is known to have yielded over 1,500 tons between 1815 and 1893, and the Bere Old Mines over 3,000 tons between 1845 and 1886. The chief uses of the mineral are as a flux in metallurgical operations, in the manufacture of enamel and glassware and of hydrofluoric acid and other chemicals.

Alteration products

Ochre, an earthy hydrated iron oxide, has been recovered at about a score of mines throughout the region; it is formed by the decomposition of pyrite and accumulates in the cavities of gossans. When washed out, either naturally or artificially, the coarse and gritty particles are removed, and a fine paste of yellow, brown or red colour suitable for pigments results. In some cases irony gossans and iron lodes have been worked especially for ochre, as at Indian Queens Mine, St. Austell, but in some cases the material collects in the bottom of adits and is periodically removed, as at the County Adit of the St. Day district which opens into the Carnon Valley at Bissoe Pool.

A number of ochre workings exploit decomposed basic or pyroclastic rocks, as at Larrick and Halwell in the Liskeard district.

The production of ochre as a by-product is usually intermittent, and tonnages are not large. The recorded output for the whole region is about 7,000 tons, though this is probably much below the true figure.

Umber is a term commercially applied to ochre of dark brown shades, but in a stricter mineralogical sense refers to a mixture of hydrated oxides of iron and manganese with some silica and alumina. It may result from the decomposition of limestone as at Devon and Cornwall Umber Works near Dartmoor. Umber is recorded as having been produced at nine of the mines

Fullers'Earth isa complex hydrated aluminium silicate, of non-plastic clay-like texture, which possesses certain properties such as the ability to absorb grease from wool or cloth and also colouring matter from liquids.

Adjacent to some lodes, the killas country beyond the capel is in places altered to a pale grey or buff, friable shale with a smooth talc-like feel. This is particularly well developed along parts of the Perran Iron Lode particularly at Treamble Mine; though not fullers' earth in a mineralogical sense, it is being sold, after special treatment, for certain fullering purposes.

China Clayor kaolin, an alteration product of the granite, is a result of pneumatolitic action upon feldspar. The china clay industry, however, being distinct from that of ore mining, does not come within the scope of the present memoir.

The following table gives the outputs of various minerals for each of the districts, expressed as a percentage of the total recorded production of the whole region. It indicates the outstanding importance of the Camborne, Redruth and St. Day district in so far as tin and copper are concerned, the importance of the Callington and Tavistock district in arsenic, pyrite and lead production and of the North Devon and West Somerset district in iron-ore output.

Districts	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur (Pyrite)	Lead	Iron
1. St. Just	12.7	2.2	1	–	*	*
2. St. Ives	4.9	*	–	*	–
3. Gwinear	0.9	5.2	0.1	0.3	0.1	*
4. Mount's Bay	6.7	4.5	0.7	*	*	0.1
5. Wendron and Falmouth	3.3	0.1	–	–	*	–
6. Camborne, Redruth and St. Day	53.2	52.6	39.8	42.2	1.8	1.3
7. St. Agnes	5.6	3.8	*	2.8	25.4	9
8. St. Austell	6.8	10	*	41	0.2	27.8
9. Wadebridge	–	*	–	1.8	0.9	*
10. Liskeard	3.3	7.9	0.2	0.5	25.1	4
11. Callington and Tavistock	2.2	12.8	57.5	47.6	38.3	1.4
12. Dartmoor and Teign Valley	0.5	*	0.4	0.4	7.1	6.4
13. Okehampton	*	*	*	*	–	–
14. North Devon and West Somerset	–	*	–	–	*	50
* = less than 0.1 per cent

List of mines and minerals produced

In the following tables the ores are shown as far as possible in their order of importance at each mine, that indicated by figure 1 in the columns being the chief mineral produced, and so on. In cases where the output is large the figure is printed in heavier type. The tonnage figure above which an output qualifies for the heavier type is a purely arbitrary one and is based on the general level of outputs from west of England mines. The tonnages chosen are as follows: tin 1,000, copper 5,000, arsenic 2,000, sulphur (pyrite) 500, zinc 750, lead 500, wolfram 200, manganese 1,500, iron 2,000 and silver 100,000 oz. Minerals which are rare or which have been produced only in small amounts are given in the last column of ores by symbols thus: Gold—Au, Cobalt—Co, Nickel—Ni, Bismuth—Bi, Molybdenum—Mo, Antimony—Sb, Uranium—U, Fluorspar—F, Barytes—Ba, Ochre—Oc, Umber—Um, Fullers' Earth—Ful. Owing to the paucity of records for district 14, North Devon and West Somerset, it has been omitted from the following analysis.

The lists of mine names given in the tables do not agree exactly with the names of the mines described under the corresponding districts in Chapter IV (Vol. I) and Chapter V (Vol. II), because some of the names given in the tables are of mines about which we have no further information beyond output, and, on the other hand, some of the names in the chapters are of mines with no recorded output or had no production before 1912, when the records for individual mines ceased to be shown in the Mineral Statistics of the Home Office.

1. St Just district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Lead	Silver	Iron	Others
Argus	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Augusta	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bal	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Balleswidden	1	2	–	–	–	–	–
Balleswidden, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Balleswidden, New	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bellan	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Boscaswell and B. Downs	1	2	–	–	–	–	–
Boscaswell, East	1	2	–	–	–	–	–
Boscean	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bosorne and Ballowal United	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bosorne, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bostraze	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bostraze, West	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Boswedden	1	2	–	–	–	3	–
Bosworgy	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Botallack	1	2	3	–	–	–	–
Botallack, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cape Cornwall	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carne	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carn Galver	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carnyorth	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Castle	1	2	–	–	–	3	–
Cock	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cunning	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ding Dong	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ding Dong, West	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Edward	2	1	–	–	–	–	–
Geevor	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hobboys	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Kelynack	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Levant	2	1	3	–	4	–	Au
Levant, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Morvah Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Owles	1	2	3	–	–	–	Bi, U
Parknoweth	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pendeen Consols	2	1	–	–	–	–	–
Penzance Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Just Amalgamated	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Just United	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Just United, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Spearn	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Spearn Consols	1	2	–	–	–	–	–
Spearn Moor	1	2	3	–	–	–	–
Trevagean, Great	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Venton	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Widden	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Yankee Boy	1	–	–	–	–	–	–

2. St Ives district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur	Zinc	Others
Balnoon Consols	l	–	–	–	–	–
Billia Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–
Brea Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–
Carnellow	1	–	–	–	–	–
Carrick Du	2	1	–	–	–	–
Durloe	1	–	–	–	–	–
Georgia	1	–	–	–	–	–
Goole Pellas	1	–	–	–	–	–
Hawkes Point	2	1	? 3	–	–	Oc, ? Co, Ni
Kitty	–	1	–	–	–	–
Lelant Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–
Margaret	1	–	–	–	–	–
Margaret, East	1	–	–	–	–	–
Margaret, West	1	–	–	–	–	–
Margery	2	1	–	3	–	–
Mary	1	2	–	–	–	–
Mary and Trencrom	1	–	–	–	–	–
Mary, West	–	1	3	–	2	–
Providence	2	1	–	–	–	–
Providence, East	1	–	–	–	–	–
Providence, South	1	–	–	–	–	–
Providence, West	1	2	–	–	–	–
Providence United	1	–	–	–	–	–
Reeth	1	–	–	–	–	–
Rosewall Hill and Ransom United	1	–	–	–	–	–
St. Ives Consols	1	2	–	–	–	U
St. Ives Wheal Allen	1	–	–	–	–	–
Sarah	1	–	–	–	–	–
Sisters	1	2	–	–	–	–
Speed	–	1	–	–	–	–
Speed, South	1	2	–	–	–	–
Treloweth	–	1	–	–	–	–
Trelyon Consols	1	2	–	–	–	–
Trencrom	1	2	–	–	–	–
Trenwith	2	1	–	–	–	U
Worvas Downs	1	–	–	–	–	–

3. Gwinear district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur	Zinc	Lead	Silver
Alfred, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Alfred Consols	2	1	–	–	4	3	–
Alfred Consols, East	–	I	–	3	2	–	–
Alfred Consols, West	–	1	–	–	3	2	4
Angarrack	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Anne	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Boiling Well	–	1	–	–	3	2	4
Carpenter	4	1	–	–	2	–	3
Clowance	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Copper Bottom	2	1	–	–	–	–	–
Drewollas	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Duffield	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Elizabeth	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Emily	–	1	–	–	3	2	–
Gilmar	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Rose-in-Valley	2	1	–	–	–	–	–
Hender	2	1	–	–	–	–	–
Kayle	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Lambo	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Lucy	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lucy, West	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mellanear	3	1	–	4	2	–	–
Parbola	1	2	–	–	–	–	–
Providence	1	2	–	–	–	–	–
Providence, West	1	2	–	–	–	–	–
Relistien	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Rosewarne, East	2	1	–	–	–	–	3
Rosewarne, New	2	1	–	–	–	–	–
Rosewarne, New West	1	–	2	3	–	4	–
Rosewarne, North	–	1	2	–	–	–	–
Rosewame and Herland United	2	1	4	–	3	–	5
Rosewarne Consols	2	1	–	–	–	–	–
St. Andrew	2	1	–	–	3	–	–
Squire	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Treasury	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Tremayne	1	2	–	–	–	–	–
Trevaskis	2	1	–	–	–	–	–
Trungle	–	–	–	–	1	2	3
Unity Consols	2	1	3	–	–	–	–
Unity, North	–	1	–	–	–	–	–

4. Mount's Bay district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur	Tungsten	Zinc	Lead	Silver	Iron
Abraham Consols	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Anna	1	–	–	–	–	2	–	–
Binner Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Binner Downs	3	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	2
Binner Wood	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bolton	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bosence	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carbona	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carn Perran	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Caroline	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carzise	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carzise, West	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carzise and West Maria	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Chippendale	–	1		–	–	–	–	–	–
Cock, East (Garth Mine, Penzance)	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Curtis	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crenver, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crowan Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Darlington	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	3	–
Emma	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fenwick	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fortune, Great (Breage)	1	2	3	–	4	–	–	5	–
Fortune, Great (Ludgvan)	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fortune, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fortune, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Garth	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Georgia	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gilbert	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Godolphin	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Godolphin, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Godolphin, West	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Godolphin Bridge	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Great Western	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Great Work	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Great Work, New	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Great Work, North	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Great Work, Old	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Great Work, South	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Great Work, West	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grey	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grylls	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grylls, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grylls, Great	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grylls, New	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grylls, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grylls, West	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grylls, Wheal Florence	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gurlyn	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Guskas	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gwallon	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gwenda (possibly Gwedna or Gwedna Godolphin - the latter did not produce Silver)	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–
Gwin and Singer	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Halamanning	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Halamanning, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hampton	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Julia	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Keneggy	–	1		–	–	–	–	–	–
Kidney	–	1	–	–	–		–	–	–
Lady Gwendolen	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Leeds		1
Leeds and St. Aubyn	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Leedstown Consols	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lemon	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lewis	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Marazion Mines	2	1	3	4	–	–	5	6	–
Metal	1
Millpool	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Nancegollan	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Nanturras	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Neptune	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Neptune, Old	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Neptune, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Osborne	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Paul Downs	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Penberthy Crofts	2	1	–	–	–	–	3	–	–
Penhale	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Penrose	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Perran Silver	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Pool	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Prosper United	2	1	3	4	–	–	5	6	–
Prospidnick	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–
Reeth	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Retallack	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Rib	–	–	–	–	–	2	1	3	–
Rodney	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Rospeath	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Aubyn and Grylls	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Shepherds United (merger of four companies: Old Shepherds, East Wheal Rose, Mount's Bay Consols and Tresavean)	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sithney Wheal Buller	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sithney and Carnmeal	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Speedwell	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Strawberry	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sydney Cove	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sydney Godolphin	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tindene	1	–	2	–		–	–	–	–
Tindene, South	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tolvaddon	2	1	–	–	–	4	3	–	–
Tolvaddon, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trebarvah	2	1	–	–	–	5	4	6	3
Tregembo	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tregembo, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trenow Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trevarthian Downs	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trevelyan	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trevelyan, West	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treven	–	1	–	–	–		2	–	–
Trevena	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trewavas	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trewidden Bal	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Unity	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Vaddon	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Verrant	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Virgin	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Vor, Great	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Vor, New and Metal	1
United	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Wellington	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

5. Wendron and Falmouth district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur	Zinc	Lead	Silver	Iron	Others
Anna Maria	–	1	–	–	–	–	2	–	–
Balmynheer	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Basset and Grylls	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Boswin	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Brogden	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Calvadnack	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Clinton	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Combellack	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Enys	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Frances, New	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Garlidna	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lovell	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lovell, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lovell, Great	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lovell, New	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lovell, South	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Magdalen	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Medlyn Moor	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Penrose	–	3	–	–	2	1	–	–	–
Polhigey	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Polhigey Moor	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Retanna Hill	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Roskrow United	–	3	2	1	–	–	4	–	Ni, U.
Swanpool	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Trannack	–	1	–	–	2	–	–	–	–
Trevenen	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treworlis	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trumpet, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trumpet Consols	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trumpet Consols, New	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Vyvyan	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Wendron Consols	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Wendron United	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Wendron, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

6. Camborne, Redruth and St. Day district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur	Tungsten	Zinc	Lead	Silver	Iron	Others
Agar	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Baddern, Great	2	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Bamcoose	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Basset	1	2	–	–	–	–	3	4	–	–
Basset, East	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Basset, North	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Basset, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Basset, West	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bell	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bell Vean	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bissoe Bridge	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bissoe Pool	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bolenowe	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Boscawen	–	1	2	–	–	3	–	–	–	–
Boys	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Brewer	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Briggan	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bucketts	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Buller	2	1	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Buller, North	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Buller, West	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Buller and Beauchamp	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Busy	3	1	2	4	5	–	6	7	–	–
Camborne Consols	2	1	3	4	–	–	–	–	–	–
Camborne Vean	2	1	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cardrew	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cardrew and Prussia United	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carharrack and Maid	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carn Brea, East	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carn Brea, South	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carn Brea and Tincroft	2	1	3	–	4	–	5	–	–	–
Carn Camborne	2	1	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carvannel	–	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cathedral	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Chance	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Chance, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Clifford, West	–	1	–	–	–		–	–	–	–
Clifford Amalgamated	5	1	4	2	–	3	–	–	–	–
Clyjah and Wentworth	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	F
Comford	2	1	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Condurrow	2	1	3	4	–	–	–	–	–	–
Condurrow, South	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Condurrow, West and South Tolcarne	2	1
Consolidated Mines	4	1	3	2	–	5	–	–	–	–
Cooks Kitchen, New	1	2
Copper Hill	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crane and Bejawsa	–	1	–	–	–	–	2	3	–	–
Creegbrawse and Penkevil	2	1	4	3	–	5	–	–	–	Oc
Crofty, East	2	1	–	–	–	3	–	–	–	–
Crofty, North	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crofty, South	2	1	3	5	4	–	–	–	–	F
Cupid	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	F
Damsel	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	F
Damsel, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Damsel, North	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Damsel, West	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	F
Daniell	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	Oc
Derrick	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Dolcoath	2	1	3	5		4		6		Co, Ni, Bi
Dolcoath, New	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Dolcoath, North	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Dolcoath, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Downs, East	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Downs, Great North	3	1	2		3
Downs, North	2	1	–	–	3	–	–	–	–	–
Druid's	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Emily Henrietta	–	1	3	–	–	2	–	–	–	–
Falmouth	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Falmouth, East	–	4	–	–	–	2	1	3	–	–
Falmouth	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Consolidated	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Falmouth and Sperries	–	3	1	–	–	4	5	6	2	–
Forest	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Frances, South	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Frances, West	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gerry	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gorland	3	1	4	–	2	–	–	–	–	F
Grambler and St. Aubyn	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	F
Grambler, North	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grenville, West	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grenville United	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gustavus	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hallenbeagle	2	1	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Harmony and Montagu	2	1
Harriet	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Henry	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hope	3	1	–	–	–	4	2	–	–	–
Jane	1	8	7	2	–	4	5	6	3	Oc
Jane, North	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	3	2	–
Jane, West	3	5	2	1	–	4	6	7	8	–
Jewel	2	1	–	–	–	–	3	–	–	–
Jewel, West	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Killifreth	1	2	3	4	–	–	–	–	–	Oc
Maria	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mary	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Moyle	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mount Wellington	1	–	–	? 2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Nangiles	2	3	5	1	–	4	–	–	6	Oc
Nelson	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Park-an-chy	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–	–
Pedn-an-Drea	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Peevor	1	4	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Peevor, West	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pendarves United	2	1	3	4	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pennance	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Penstruthal	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Penstruthal, North	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Penstruthal, South	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Perseverance	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	F
Pink	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Plenty	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Poldice	2	1	3	5	4	6	7	–	–	Oc
Poldice, West	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	Oc
Pool, East and Agar	1	2	3	5	4	–	–	–	–	U, Co, Bi, Ni
Pool, North	4	1	3	–	–	2	–	–	–	–
Prosper	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Providence	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Prussia	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Raven	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Redruth Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Rose	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Roskear	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Roskear, North	2	1	3	–	–	4	–	–	–	–
Roskear, South	2	1	3	–	–	4	–	–	–	–
St. Aubyn United	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	F
St. Day United	2	1	3	5	4	6	7	–	–	Oc, F
Seton	2	1	3	4	–	5	–	–	–	F
Seton, New	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Seton, Violet	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Seton, West	2	1	3	4	–	5	–	–	–	–
Seymour	–	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–
Spamon	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Co
Spamon, East	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sperries	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Spinster	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Squire	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Stray Park	2	1	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Stray Park, West	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Susan	–	1	–	–		–	–	–	–	–
Tehidy	–	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tincroft	2	1	3	–	–	–	4	–	–	–
Ting Tang	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tolcarne	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tolgullow United	1	3	2	–	–	–		–	–	Oc
Tolgus	–	1	–	–	–			–	–	–
Tolgus, East	2	1	–	3	–	4	–	–	–	–
Tolgus, Great North		1
Tolgus, South	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tolgus, Great South	2	1
Tolgus, West	3	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–
Tolgus United	2	1	–	–	–	3	–	–	–	–
Trefusis	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tregajorran	–	I	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
Treleigh Consols	–	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–
Treleigh Wood	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tresavean	2	1	4	3	–	–	5	–	–	–
Tresavean Barrier	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treskerby	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treskerby, East	–	1	–	–		–	–	–	–	–
Treskerby, North	2	1	3	4	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trethellan, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tretharrup	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treviskey	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trevoole	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
Tryphena	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Unanimity	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
United Mines	3	1	4	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Unity	1	–	2	–	–	–	3	–		–
Unity Wood	2	1	3	4	–		5	–	–	–
Uny	1	2	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	Oc
Virgin	–	1	–		–	–		–	–	–
Virgin, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

7. St. Agnes district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur	Tungsten	Zinc	Lead	Silver	Iron	Others
Albert	2	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Anna	–	–	2	3	–	1	–	–	–	–
Betsy		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Blue Hills	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Blue Hills, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Budnick, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	–	–
Budnick Consols	2	1	–	–	–	4	3	5	6	–
Burra Burra	–	2	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Burrow and Butson	–	2	–	–	–	1	3	–	–	–
Callestock Moor, Great							1
Callestock Vean	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Cargoll	–	5	–	4	–	3	1	2	–	–
Cargoll, South	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Charles	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Charlotte	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Charlotte, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Charlotte, Great	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Charlotte, New	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Chiverton	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Chiverton, East	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	3	–	–
Chiverton, Great South	–	5	3	6	–	4	1	2	–	–
Chiverton, New	–	–	4	5	–	1	2	3	–	–
Chiverton, North	–	–	–	4	–	1	2	3	_	–
Chiverton, West	–	4	–	–	–	3	1	2	–	–
Chiverton Consols, Great	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Chiverton Moor	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Chiverton Valley	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Chiverton Wheal
Rose	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Clarence	4	1	–	–	–	–	2	3	–	–
Cliff Down	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Clifton	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cligga Head	2	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Coates	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Coit	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Constance	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Cubert	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Cubert United	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Deer Park	–	–	–	–	–	2	3	–	1
Devonshire	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Droskyn	2	1	–	–	3	–	–	–	–	–
Duchy Peru	–	4	–	3	–	2	5	–	1	Oc, Um
Ellen	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ellen, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ellen, South	–	1	–	3	–	2	4	–	–	–
Fortune, Good	1	2	–	–	3	–	–	–	–	–
Friendly	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Garras	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Garras, South	–	–	–	3	–	–	1	2	–	–
Golden	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Golden, East	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Gravel Hill	–	–	–	–		2	–	–	1	–
Hallenbeagle, North	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Kitty	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Kitty, West	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Leisure	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
Leisure, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Leisure, Great		1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Liberty	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lushington	1	–	–	2	–	3	–	–	–	–
Lydia	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mexico	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Mount	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	3	1	–
Music	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Nancekuke	3	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Newquay Consols	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Oxnamsland	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Penhaldarva	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Penhale	–	4	–	–	–	–	1	3	2	–
Penhalls	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Penwinnick	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Perran	2	1	–	–	–	–	3	–	–	–
Perran Mines	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Perran Bay	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Perran Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Perran St. George	3	1	–	2	6	4	5	–	–	–
Perran Silver-Lead Consols	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Perran United	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Perran Vale (could equally be in Mount's Bay district)	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Perran Wheal Virgin	–	3	–	2	–	–	1	4	–	–
Perran Wheal Vivian	–	–	–	–	–	2	1	–	–	–
Phoenix	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Pink, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Polberro	1	2	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Polberro, West	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Polbreen	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Polbreen, West	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Primrose	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Prince Royal	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Prudence	2	1	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
Prudence, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Prudence, South	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pye	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ramoth	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Reen	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Retallack, Great	–	–	–	–	–	2	3	4	1	–
Retallack, North	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Rock	2	1	–	–		–	–	–	–	–
Rose	2	–	–	–	–	–	1	4	3	–
Rose, East	–	4	–	5	–	3	1	2	–	–
Rose, New	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Rose, North	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Rose, Old	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Rose, South	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Rose United	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Agnes, New	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Agnes Consols	2	1	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. George	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. George, South	–	–	3	–	–	2	1	–	–	–
St. George, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Seal Hole, North	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
Shepherds, Old	–	–	–	–	–	3	1	2	–	–
Sparrow	–	1		–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Towan	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Towan, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treasure	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treamble	–	–	–	–	–	4	2	3	1	Ful
Trevaunance	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trevaunance Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trevaunance United	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Turnavore	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tywarnhayle	4	1	3	–	–		2	–	–	–
United Hills	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Valley	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Wentworth Consols	–	–	–	–	–	2	1	–	–	–

8. St. Austell district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur	Tungsten	Zinc	Lead	Silver	Iron	Manganese	Others
Alviggan and Burngullow	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Appletree	–	1	–	2	–	3	4	–	–	–	–
Beam	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Belowda	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Benallack and Trewheala	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Bigbees	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Blackhay	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Blencowe	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bodinnick	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Bodmin Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	2	3	–	–	–
Boscame	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Boscoppa	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
Boscundle	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Boscundle, New	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Boskillian (is probably correctly Boskellin)	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Brynn	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bryn Royalton	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bunny	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bunny, North	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Burney House	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Bumgullow	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	2	–	–
Carclaze	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carvath United	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carthew Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Castle-an-Dinas	–	–	2	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Castle-an-Dinas (old)	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Chance	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Ni
Charlestown and Cuddra	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Charlestown United	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Chypraze	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Chytane	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Clanfurze	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Colbiggan and Rosewarrick	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Coldvreath	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Commerce	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Comubia	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Criggan	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Criggan Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crinnis	–	1	–	2	–	–	3	5	4	–	–
Crinnis, East	3	1	–	2	–	4	–	–	–	–	–
Crinnis, Great	–	1	–	3	–	–	2	4	5	–	–
Crinnis, Great and Carlyon	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crinnis, New	1	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
Crinnis, West	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crowhill	–	–	–	1	–	–	2	3	–	–	–
Cuddra	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cuddra, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cuddra, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Dowgas	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Co, Bi, F, Oc–
Duke of Cornwall	–	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–	–
Edith	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Eliza, West	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Eliza Consols	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fatwork and Virtue	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fortescue (Lostwithiel)	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Fortescue (St. Stephen)	1	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
Fowey Consols	4	1	–	2	–	3	–	–	–	–	Ni
Fowey Consols, New	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fowey Consols, South	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fowey Consols, West	2	1	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Garker and Pentruff	1	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Glynn	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Gover	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Hallow	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	–
Hewas	1	2	–	–	–	–	3	4	–	–	–
Hewas, Great	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Hewas United, Great	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Indian Queens	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	Oc,Um
Jacob	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
James	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Kekewich	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Kerrow Moor	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Knightor	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Ladock	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Lady Rashleigh Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lanescot	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lanivet Consols	4	1	–	5	–	2	–	–	3	–	–
Lanjew	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Lesquite	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Marshall	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mary Louise	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Maudlin	1	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Menadarva and Bathern's	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Menadue	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Menear	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Messer	3	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–	–
Mineral Court	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mulberry	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mulberry, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mulvra	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Nanstallon	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Ninnis Down	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Par Consols	2	1	–	3	–	4	–	–	–	–	–
Par Consols, West	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Parka	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Parka Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Parkwyn	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pembroke	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pembroke and Boscundle	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pembroke, New	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pencorse Consols	–	–	–		–	1	2	3	–	–	–
Pengelly	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Ni
Penhale Moor	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Penrose	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pentruff	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Polgooth	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Polgooth, South	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Polmear	7	1	4	2	–	3	5	6	–	–	–
Polmear, South	–	2	–	4	–	1	3	5	–	–	–
Polyear	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Prideaux	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Prideaux Wood	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Prideaux Wood, South	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Prosper and Mitchell	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Providence	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Regent	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Reperry	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Restinnis	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Restormel Royal	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Retew	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Retire	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Roche Rock	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	I	–	–
Rocks	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Royalton	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ruby	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Ruthvoes	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	Oc, Um, Ni, Co, U
St. Austell Consols	1	–	4	2	–	–	3	–	–	–	–
St. Austell Hills	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Dennis Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Dennis Crown	l	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Enoder Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Shelton	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Stennagwyn	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	U
Strickstenton	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Terras	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Terras, South	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	U, Oc, Um
Tinhill	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Toldish	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Toldish (Indian Queens)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Tower Consols	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Treffry Consols	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Trefullock	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tregullan	–	2	–	–	–	3	–	–	1	–	–
Tregonetha	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Tregoss	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tregrehan Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treliver	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Tremore	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Trenoweth	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Trenoweth, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trerank	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Trethurgy	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Tresibble	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Tretoil	3	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–	–
Trevarran United	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treverbyn	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Trewartha	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Trewolvas	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Tristram	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trugo	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Co
Ventonwyn	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Vivian, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Westdowns	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Woodclose	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Woodley	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–

9. Wadebridge district

Mines

Tin

Copper

Arsenic

Sulphur

Tungsten

Zinc

Lead

Silver

Antimony

Iron

Manganese

Others

Bodannon

–

Boys

–

Bray

–

Buttern Hill

–

Carnewas

–

Credis

–

? 3

–

Cuddrabridge (not recorded under this title but as Trevone Consols)

–

Guttbridge

–

Highmoor

–

Legossick

–

Molesworth

–

Onslow Consols, Great

–

Pawton

–

Pendoggett

–

Pengenna

–

Penhale

–

Pentireglaze

–

Poltreworgy

–

Polzeath

–

Porthilly

–

Porthilly, North

–

RoseTresungers

–

Roughtor

–

Trebetherick

–

Treburgett

–

Trefresa

–

Tregardock

–

Tregelles

–

Treglyn

–

Tregonna

–

Tregorden

–

Treknow

–

Trelow

–

Treore

–

Treroosal

–

Trevinnick

–

Trewetha

–

Whitewell

–

10. Liskeard district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur	Tungsten	Zinc	Lead	Silver	Manganese	Others
Agar	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ambrose Lake	1	2	5	–	–	–	3	4	–	–
Annie	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Beneathwood		–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Beriow	–	3	–	–	–	2	1		–	–
Bickton Wood	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Bodithiel	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Botelet	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Butterdon	–	–	–	–	–	–	1		–	–
Cannaframe	2	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Caradon, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	–
Caradon, Great	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Caradon, New South	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Caradon, New West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Caradon, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Caradon Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Caradon Great Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	2	–	–	–
Caradon Hill	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Caradon Wood	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Cargibbitt	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Carn Vivian	3	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Carpuan and Bowden	1	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–
Craddock Moor	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Darley	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gill	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Glasgow Caradon Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Consols
Gonamena	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Goodaver	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Goonzion	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Halvana	1	–		–	2	–	–	–	–	–
Halwell	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Oc
Hammet	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hardhead	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hayford	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Herodscombe	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Herodsfoot	–	3	–	–	4	–	1	2	–	–
Herodsfoot, North	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Hobb's Hill	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hony	–	–		–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Hooper	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hurstock	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Ida	–	–	–	–	–	–	I	–	–	–
Jane, East	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Kilham	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Larrick	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Oc
Legossick	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lemame	2	–	1	3	4	–	–	–	–	–
Lewannick Hill	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Ludcott	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Luskey	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Marke Valley	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mary	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mary Ann	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Norris	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Northwood	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Penhawger	–	–	–	–	–	–	I	–	–	–
Phoenix, East	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Phoenix, South	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Phoenix, West	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Phoenix United	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Pollard	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Prosper	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Rosedown, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Neot	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sharptor, West	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Slade	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sicily							1
Silver Vein	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	1	–	–
Sisters	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trebeigh	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Treburland	1	–	–		2	–	–	–	–	–
Tregeagle	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tregune	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trehane	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Trelawny	–	–	2	3	–	–	1	4	–	–
Trelawny, North	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Tresellyn	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Treveddoe	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trewetha	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Trewint	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Vincent	1	–	2	–	3	–	–	–	–	–
Wilhelmina	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	–
Wrey, North, and Julia	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Wrey Consols	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–
Wrey and Ludcott United	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–

11. Callington and Tavistock district

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Sulphur	Tungsten	Zinc	Lead	Silver	Iron	Manganese	Others
Allerford	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Anderton	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Anna Maria	2	1	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Arthur	2	1	3	4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Battishill Down	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Bedford Consols	–	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bedford United	4	1	2	3	5	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bedford, South, and East Gunnislake	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Benny	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Betsy	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Betsy, North	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–
Borrington											–
Consols	–	–	3	–	–	5	1	4	2	–	–
Borringdon Park	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Bottle Hill	2	1	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bottle Hill, East	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Bowden Common	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Brothers	4	5	2	–	–	–	3	1	–	–	–
Buller	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Burra Burra (Devon)	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Callington Consols	1	4	3	2	–	–	5	6	–		–
Callington United	5	1	2	6	–	–	3	4	–	–	–
Calstock	–	–	3	1	–	–	2	–	–	–	–
Calstock and Danescombe	4	3	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Calstock United	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Calstock Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cardwell	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Carpenter	–	1	–	–	–	2	3	4	–	–	–
Chillaton and Hogstor	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Colcharton	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Collacombe	–	1	–	3	–	2	–	–	–	–	–
Collacombe, West	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	3	–	–	–
Coombe	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cornish, New	–	2	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Cornwall Great											–
Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Coryton	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Cotehele Consols	–	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crebor	4	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crebor, East	–	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crebor, North	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crebor, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crelake	–	1	2	4	–	–	3	5	–	–	–
Crowndale	4	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crowndale, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Crowndale, South	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Danescombe Valley	3	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Deerpark (alternatively Deer Park)	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Devon Mine	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Devon and Cornwall United	–	–	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Devon and Courteney Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	2	–	–	–	–
Devon Consols, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Devon Great Consols	4	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	Oc
Devon United	2	1	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Devon United, North	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Devon United Great	4	1	–	2	–	–	3	–	–	–	–
Dimson	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Downgate Consols	2	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Drakewalls (alternatively Drake Walls)	1	3	2	–	6	–	4	5	–	–	Mo
Duchy Great Consols	–	1	3	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Edgcumbe	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Edward	–	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Emily	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	Sb
Emma	–	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Emmens United	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Excelsior	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Florence	1	–	2	–	–	–	3	4	–	–	–
Florence, North	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Florence Consols	–	–	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fortune	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	2	–	–	–
Foxhole	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Franco	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Friendship	6	1	2	3	8	5	4	7	–	–	–
Friendship, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Friendship, North	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Friendship, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Furzehill	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Gatherley	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Gawton	4	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
George	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Grace	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Great Consols, New	3	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Greystone	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Greystone Wood	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	–	1	–
Gunnislake Clitters	2	1	4	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	Oc
Harris	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Harrowbarrow	2	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hawkmoor	2	1	–	3	4	–	–	–	–	–	–
Haye Valley	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hemerdon Ball	2	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hemerdon Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hillbridge Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hingston Down	4	1	3	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Holmbush	–	1	2	–	5	–	3	4	–	–	F
Huckworthy Bridge	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Jewell	1	–	2	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
Kelly Bray	–	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Kelly Bray, East	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–		–
Kingston Consols	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	3	–	–	–
Kit Hill United	1	3	4	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Kitts	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Lady Bertha	4	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Langford	–	4	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	3	–
Lewtrenchard	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Lidcott	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Lifton	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Little Duke	–	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lopes	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Lydford Consols	–	–		–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Maria and Fortescue	–	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Maria, West, and Fortescue	4	1	–	2	–	–	3	–	–	–	–
Martha	3	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Martha, New	–	1	2	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
Martha, West	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mary Emma	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Mary Hutchings	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Monkstone	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Narracot	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Newton	5	–	1	2	–	–	–	3	–	4	–
Okel Tor	4	1	3	2	–	–	5	–	–	–	–
Pencrebar Wood	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Pillaton	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–	–	Sb
Prince Arthur	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Prince of Wales	1	2	4	3	–	–	–	5	–	–	–
Prince of Wales, West	1	–	2	–	–		–	–	–	–	–
Ramsdown	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Rattlebrook	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Redmoor	3	1	4	–	–	–	2	5	–	–	–
Rixhill	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Robert	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Robert, North	1	–	–	2	–	–	3	–	–	–	–
Russell, East	2	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Russell, New East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Russell United	2	1	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
St. Stephen	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Shaugh	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Sheba Consols Great	–	1	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sidney	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Silverhill	–	2	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Silver Valley	2	3	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Sisters	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–
Sortridge, Great	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sortridge, Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sortridge Consols, East	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sortridge Consols, West	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sydenham and Lee Wood	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Tamar Mines	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Tamar Consols	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	F
Tamar Consols, East	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	F
Tamar Consols, South	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	F
Tamar Valley	–	–	–	3	–	–	1	2	–	–	F
Tamar Valley, New	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	F
Tavistock United	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Tavy Consols	4	1	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Trebullett	–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	Sb
Trehill	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Virtuous Lady	–	1	–	2	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ward	1	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–
Ward, South	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Westcott	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
West of England	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Whitchurch Downs Consols	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–
Whitstone	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	Oc
Williams	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Willsworthy	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Wonwood	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Wooladon	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Yennadon	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Yeoland Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

12. Dartmoor and Teign Valley District

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Zinc	Lead	Silver	Iron	Manganese	Others
Adams	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Alter	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Amery	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Ashton	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Atlas	1	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	–
Bachelor's Hall	1		–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bagtor	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bennah	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Birch Allers	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Birch Tor and Vitifer	1	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	–
Bridford		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Ba
Brookwood	–	1	2	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bulkamore	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Bushdown	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Caroline	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Combe	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Dartmoor Consols	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Devon and Cornwall Umber	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Urn
Devon Tin	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Druids	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Eleanor, Great	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Exmouth	–	–	–	3	1	2	–	–	–
Exmouth, South	–	–	–	–	1	2	–	–	–
Eylesbarrow	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Frankmills	–	–	–	–	1	2	3	–	F
Gobbet	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Golden Dagger	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Harehill Plantation	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Hawkmoor	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Haytor	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	Oc, Urn
Headland	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hemsworthy	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hensroost and Hexworthy	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Holne Chase	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Ivybridge Consols	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Kelly	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Lawrence and Anna Maria	–	–	–	2	1	–	–	–	–
Moorwood	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Owlacombe and Stormsdown	2	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–
Reed	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–
Riley	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Roborough	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	Urn
Rock, Great	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Scanniclift Copse	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Shaptor	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Silverbrook	–	–	–	1	2	3	–	–	–
Smallacombe	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	Oc, Urn
Stancombe	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Vitifer, East	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Vitifer, West	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Whiddon	2	3	–	–	–	–	–	1	–
Whiteworks, Great	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Wolborough	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Wray	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–
Yamer	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–

13. Okehampton District

Mines	Tin	Copper	Arsenic	Lead	Manganese
Belstone	–	1	–	–	–
Emily	–	1	–	–	–
Fanny	–	2	–	1	–
Ford	–	1	2	–	–
Forest	1	2	3	–	–
Gooseford	–	–	1	–	–
Halstock	–	–	–	1	–
Maria	–	–	–	1	–
Newton St. Cyres	–	–	–	–	1
Ramsley	–	1	–	–	–
Sourton	–	1	–	–	–
Upton Pyne	–	–	–	–	1
Zeal Consols	–	1	–	–	–

References

CANTRILL, T. C., R. L. SHERLOCK and H. DEWEY. 1919. Iron Ores (contd.). Sundry unbedded ores of Durham, East Cumberland, North Wales, Derbyshire, The Isle of Man, Bristol District and Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Mem. Geol. Sum, Min. Resources, vol. ix.

CARRUTHERS, R. G., and R. W. POCOCK. 1922. Fluorspar. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. iv, 3rd edit.

COLLINS, J. H. 1892. Seven Centuries of Tin Production in the West of England. Trans. Mining Assoc. and Inst. Corn., vol. iii, pp. 173–93.

COLLINS, J. H. 1895. Four Centuries of Copper Production in the West of England. Trans. Miners Assoc. and Inst. Corn., vol. vi, pp. 210–42.

COLLINS, J. H. 1904. The Precious Metals in the West of England. Journ. Roy. Inst. Corn., vol. xvi, pp. 103–19.

COLLINS, J. H. 1912. Observations on the West of England Mining Region. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. xiv.

COLLINS, J. H. 1916. Tin and Tungsten in the West of England. 83rd. Ann. Rep. Roy. Corn. Poly. Soc., New Series Vol. 3, Pt. 2, pp.89–99

DAVIES, G. M. 1919. Tin Ores. Imp. Inst. Monographs.

DEWEY, H. 1920. Arsenic and Antimony. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. xv.

DEWEY, H. 1920. 1921. Lead, Silver-Lead and Zinc Ores of Cornwall, Devon and Somerset. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. xxi.

DEWEY, H. 1920. 1923. Copper Ores of Cornwall and Devon. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. xxvii.

DEWEY, H. 1920. and H. G. DINES. 1923. Tungsten and Manganese Ores. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. i, 3rd edit.

DINES, H. G. 1930. Uranium in Cornwall. Mining Mag., vol. xlii, pp. 213–16.

FOWLER, P. W. 1880. A History of the Trade in Tin. London.

HUNT, R. 1884. British Mining. London.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1906. In The Geology of Falmouth and Truro and of the Mining District of Camborne and Redruth (Sheet 352). Mem. Geol. Surv.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1921. Total Quantity of Tin, Copper and other Minerals produced in Devonshire. particularly with regard to the Amounts raised from each Parish. Sum. Prog. Geol. Surv. for 1920, pp. 96–102.

TOLL, R. W. 1938. The Arsenic Industry in the Tavistock District of Devon. Sands. Clays and Minerals, vol. iii, pp. 224–7.

WILSON, G. V., T. EASTWOOD, R. W. POCOCK, D. A. WRAY, T. ROBERTSON, and H. G. DINES. 1922. Barytes and Witherite. Mem. Geol. Surv., Mineral Resources, vol. ii, 3rd edit.

Chapter 4 Details of the mines in west Cornwall

The names of over 1,500 mines in the west of England are known, but the sites of many of the workings have long since been forgotten and comparatively few have any authentic scientific account of their deposits. Some mines were merely prospects and many have lost their identity through amalgamation and absorption or by grouping and regrouping under different bands of adventurers or companies. Some attempt has been made in the accounts that follow to indicate such changes as are known to have thus taken place.

Although the number of mines known to have existed in the region is large, it is probable that not more than 400 or so were active at any one time and, compared with the large mines that have been active during recent years, their individual outputs were not great. In 1862, when mining activity was about at its peak, the Cornwall and Devon Mining Directory (J. Williams, London) gives a list of 397 mines in the region of which 319 were in work and 200 were producing tin as well as other minerals. Fifty years later, the number of active mines was 70 of which 45 were tin-producers. As shown in the graph of outputs of tin (Figure 5) the yield of that metal about 1862 was in the neighbourhood of 10,000 tons a year, while, in 1912, it was about 5,000 tons though less than one quarter of the number of mines were then raising tin ore.

1 St. Just district

Introduction

The St. Just mining district is situated on the Land's End peninsula and consists of granite with a narrow strip of thermally metamorphosed killas and greenstone along parts of the western seaboard (Map 1). The chief characteristic of the district, which distinguishes it from the others in Cornwall and Devon is the prevalent lode-strike of N.W.-S.E., whereas elsewhere the trend is predominantly E.-W. or E.N.E.-W.S.W. The largest emanative centre and the economically most important part of the district is in the Botallack-Pendeen area, where the lodes cross the granite-killas contact almost at right-angles. This, however, does not signify that the mechanism of fissure formation is related to upheaval caused by the emplacement of the granite, for the same main trend occurs also at the small emanative centres at Ding Dong and Balleswidden which are located near the centre of the granite mass and, moreover, the elvan dyke that crosses the granite from Sennen to Porth Curnow (south of the present district) also strikes in this direction.

The district is one of historical interest in the annals of mining. Cornish tin working is believed to have commenced somewhere between 2000 and 1000 B.C., though there is no conclusive evidence. According to Greek and Roman literature tin was an important commodity on the Continent from 1000 B.C. onwards and the tin trade was probably in progress at that time from Cornwall, which seems to have had a monopoly from about 600 B.C. to 100 B.C. when the Romans discovered tin in Spain which eliminated the necessity for sea transport. History records the tin trade as having been carried on on the island of Ictis which has been identified with the islet of St. Michael's Mount, just east of the peninsula (though some authorities dispute this identity). Finds of ancient relics, such as Bronze Age celts and objects of later date, are more prolific in the Land's End peninsula than elsewhere in Cornwall, and afford additional evidence pointing to the conclusion that the early scenes of tin production were in this neighbourhood.

The first workings were probably in alluvial deposits and there seems little reason to doubt that crop mining to shallow depths was in progress in very early times. The district is also historically important in that, here, cliff mining was probably first developed. The lodes trend more or less at right angles to the coast and, for a given length of coast line, there are probably more lodes exposed in the cliffs here than anywhere else in the world. At St. Just an adit driven on a lode from sea level will unwater some 300 to 400 ft. of backs. The only other places in Cornwall where cliff outcrops occur are between St. Agnes and Perranporth and in St. Austell Bay, but here the lodes are not at right angles to the cliffs and the cliff outcrops not so numerous. Inland, deep mining from shafts, with the consequent water difficulties, did not commence until the 15th century; the cliff mines of St. Just, which were active during mediaeval times, are, therefore, a link between crop mining on the one hand and deep mining on the other.

The St. Just district has been the second largest producer of tin after the Camborne, Redruth and St. Day district, but its copper production has been comparatively low. Apart from arsenic and very small amounts of iron ore no other minerals have been produced.

Botallack-Pendeen

This area, a coastal strip up to 1.25 miles wide, extends 5 miles N.E. from Aire Point (2 miles S.W. of St. Just) to Morvah. The country rock is granite, overlain to the north-west by highly metamorphosed killas and greenstone, the crop of which, up to 0.25 mile wide, skirts the granite and forms rugged cliffs for a distance of some 3.5 miles from Cape Cornwall to just beyond Pendeen Watch. The lode trend is generally N.W.-S.E. or nearly at right-angles to the granite-killas contact, but some lodes with N.-S. trend intersect the others, and though referred to locally as guides or crosscourses, some carry high-temperature ores of tin and copper and in this respect differ from true crosscourses, which, where mineralized, usually carry low-temperature ores of lead, zinc and iron. Occurrences of these latter minerals in the present area are not abundant and are found in the N.W.-S.E. lodes.

The mineral zones pitch in the same direction as the granite-killas contact but at a much gentler angle and, in following the ore shoots away from the granite mass, the mine workings have been carried beneath the sea (see Figure 2, Figure 6 and Figure 10). On land, the tin zone occurs in granite, generally to comparatively shallow depth, and the copper zone in the overlying metamorphic rocks, but traced seawards, both zones occur within the latter country rock, presumably a considerable distance above the granite contact. In parts, coast erosion has removed the metamorphic deposits and the cliffs are formed of granite, as around Porth Nanven. In these places the tin lodes represent the lower part of the zone, as is evidenced by the shallow depth to which payable values extend and the patchy and sporadic distribution of the cassiterite in the lodes. On the analogy of the conditions occurring farther north, it seems that in the lodes worked around Porth Nanven, e.g. at Wheal Hermon, Bellan Mine, etc., riches should be sought by following the north-west-pitching ore shoots of the tin zone seawards and in depth. In the present area, examples of tin floors occur and have been described, but the lodes, apart from Henwood's tabulated records (1843), have not been very fully dealt with in the early literature on the area. In the early part of the last century the mineral deposits attracted the attention of mineralogists who have recorded a large number of mineral species, but the economic minerals present are practically confined to those of tin, copper and arsenic; only insignificant amounts of lead, zinc, cobalt, bismuth, antimony and uranium ores occur (see Carne 1822b, pp. 300–5). Small nuggets of gold have turned up in the now long abandoned alluvial workings.

The area is an ancient one from the mining standpoint and many of the mines, after commencing as individual concerns, have been amalgamated into groups which, in turn, have changed from time to time, so that some of the mines have passed from one group to another. According to published records, the chief tin producer was the Levant group, with an output of over 26,000 tons of black tin, and the Botallack group that yielded over 15,000 tons was second, while other important tin mines were the Wheal Owles group, Geevor Mine, St. Just Amalgamated or St. Just United and Boscaswell Downs Mine. The chief copper producers were also Levant (over 130,000 tons of copper ore) and Botallack (over 24,000 tons), but the only other outstanding copper mines seem to have been Pendeen Consols and Boscaswell Downs. Arsenic, also, was raised chiefly at Levant and Botallack and a small amount also from Wheal Owles and Geevor Mine. The area seems to have been at the peak of its productivity in the latter half of the 19th century. Mines that have been active during the 20th century are Geevor, Levant, Botallack, Hermon, Bellan, Boscaswell Downs and Pendeen Consols; the last two due to an unsuccessful reopening. The only mine active to-day is Geevor, in which, though the mine is on the coast, the tin lodes, so far, have only been exploited in granite country.

Boscregan

This name is given here to cover a group of old workings on either side of the valley 350 yds. N.W. of Nanjulian farm, 1.25 miles S.W. of St. Just (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.). Worked as South Levant in 1862, then as St. Just Consols in 1862–68, returning 2 tons of black tin in 1864. On the northern slopes of Carn Mellyn, south of the valley, a lode courses N.E. and another N. 15° W. The latter has been worked opencast and an old gunnis, 200 yds. W. by S. of the corn mill in the valley, exposes at its higher or southern end a pillar of lode material left above the old stopes; close examination is difficult, but near the excavations are fragments of veinstone of dark, blue-green peach, largely of tourmaline traversed by veinlets of white quartz and pieces of wallrock of tourmalinized granite with deep red feldspars; the granite country, generally, is grey. On the north side of the valley, on Carn Clougy, there is a lode coursing E.-W. and another E. 35° N.; there are old shafts on the former. Farther north, crossing Carn Polpry in Wheal Bull, a lode courses a few degrees south of east and, about 250 yds. N., another, coursing E. 25° S., called Durloe Lode, is the westward extension of the lode worked in Wheal Diamond half a mile E., in the Morvah-Sancreed area; there are shafts on this lode between Hendra and Little Hendra. These lodes are crossed by two iron lodes or crosscourses trending a few degrees west of north. Where the more western of these crosses the cliffs on the south side of Gribba Point it is seen to consist of a band of decomposed granite, probably due to alteration of the walls of the original fissure. There are old surface workings on the iron lodes and the lane between Boscregan and Hendra is metalled with siliceous iron ore.

Letcha

[SW 36685 28635] On Letcha Cliff, north of Gribba Point and 1 mile S.W. of St. Just (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.), several narrow tourmaline-quartz lodes, trending E. 25° S. in granite country, were worked by shafts to a distance of 400 yds. inland from the cliff edge and by adits driven in the cliff face near high-water mark. Latterly the property, previously known as Wheal Oak, was included with Wheal Hermon, to the north. There are no records of output.

Hermon

[SW 35755 30640] 0.75 mile S.W. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 73 N.W. Was once part of Wheal Letcha and was also known as Wheal St. Just. Country: granite.

On Hermon Hill, at the northern end of Letcha Cliff and on the southern side of Nanven valley, this old mine operated on several lodes trending about E. 20^° S. and nearly vertical; they crop out on the cliffs south of Porth Nanven and, at low tide, can be traced across the foreshore when it has been cleared of sand and shingle by storms; here they appear as thin quartz-tourmaline veins. The lodes, from north to south, are known as Hermon, cropping out at the top of the valley slopes; Little Hermon, 30 yds. S. of Hermon; Diamond, 80 yds. S. of Little Hermon, and Posters, 35 yds. S. of Diamond; there are others farther south crossing Carn Leskis and just north of those worked in Letcha Mine. Near the foot of the cliffs there are adits on some of the lodes, and old open gunnises occur above; inland there are shafts in the area extending to 200 yds. S. of the valley and 400 yds. from the cliffs. The only known plan is at South Crofty Mine, Camborne (undated, but probably about 1927), which shows an unnamed shaft (probably situated 185 yds. S. of the Nanven stream and 300 yds. E. of Carn Leskis rocks) with a crosscut 70 ft. N.E. to Deep Adit Level on Hermon Lode, which extends thence for 185 ft. N.W. and the same distance south-east. From the south-eastern end of this drive a crosscut 410 ft. N.E. cuts No. 1 Lode at 90 ft., No. 2 at 215 ft. and No. 3 at 365 ft. On No. 1 there is a drive 40 ft. W.N.W., on No. 2 a drive 230 ft. E.S.E. and on No. 3 a drive 30 ft. W.N.W. The plan also shows a crooked adit crosscut from the valley at 220 yds. N.E. of the shaft; this is about 320 ft. long and driven mainly southwards. The lodes are generally narrow quartz-tourmaline veins with hard granite wallrock. During prospecting operations in 1927, 84 samples were taken, probably on the Adit Level of Hermon Lode. Of these some are said to have assayed at over 1 cwt. of black tin per ton, the majority ran at 25 lb. and some at 5 lb. or less with an average width of 1.5 ft. Two other lodes were also sampled but showed only low values. The weighted average of all the samples was 36.1 lb. of black tin per ton.

In 1835 and 1837 the mine is recorded as having produced 5 tons of black tin, but it was idle in 1867 but in 1874–75 it produced 9 tons and in 1877–80, 32 tons of black tin and in 1880, when it is said to have raised 1 ton of black tin. In 1891 attempts were again being made to restart and the mine was active between 1912 and 1919, and sold 10 tons of black tin in 1918. Further investigations were carried out in 1927 when some underground work was done, but no production resulted and no work was done here during the 1939–45 war. According to Carne (1822b, p. 343, P1. vii), the mine has two levels, one at 17 fms. and the other at 27 fms. below high-water mark, respectively driven 30 fms. and 35 fms. beneath the sea, which were flooded when a stope was carried too near the sea-bed. It would appear that the workings are in the lower part of the tin zone, which on analogy with conditions in other mines on the coast west of St. Just pitches seawards, and any future prospects probably lie in depth beneath the sea.

Bosorne and Ballowal United

[SW 36065 30885] 0.75 mile W.S.W. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.; A.M. R41. Includes Bellan Mine (A.M. 6915) [SW 35905 31030] and the eastern parts of Wheals Widden [SW 38530 33730] and Venton [SW 359 309]. Country: granite.

A group of lodes, coursing about south-eastwards, starts on the south side of Cape Cornwall headland and extends inland along the north side of Nanven valley for about three-quarters of a mile. The lodes, near the coast, are fairly strong and persistent, but seem to split south-eastwards into narrow veins. Many small mines worked on the group and from time to time the setts have been altered so that few now retain their original identity. The mines include Wheals Venton, Widden, Bounds, Little Bounds, Buck, Dower, Bellan, Bosorne, etc., and some were included in larger concerns such as St. Just United and St. Just Amalgamated. Bosorne and Ballowal (or Bollowall) United worked on the south-eastern parts of the lodes between Bosorne Common and Ballowal hamlet; they embrace Wheal Bellan. The name Bellan Mine was adopted when part of Bosorne and Ballowal United was worked during the present century.

The plans of Bosorne and Ballowal United (dated 1861) and of Bellan Mine (1916) show workings mainly at Adit Level though the workings are said to extend at least 30 fms. below in places; there are no longitudinal sections. The lodes course generally about E. 40° S. and underlie steeply north-eastwards; in the west of the sett they are known, from the south, as: Wheal Venton Lode cropping out on the valley slopes about 80 yds. from the stream; Wheal Ferna Lode, 20 yds. N. of Wheal Venton; Polandanarrow Lode, 23 yds. N. of Wheal Ferna; Scorran Lode, 20 yds. N. of Polandanarrow; Red Dippa No. 3 Lode, 18 yds. N. of Scorran ; Red Dippa No. 1 Lode, 8 yds. N. of Red Dippa No. 3; Red Dippa No. 2 Lode, 12 yds. N. of Red Dippa No. 1 (No. 2 is only worked for a short distance and farther east seems to be called Agawartha or Adjabroath Lode); Bellan Lode, 38 yds. N. of Red Dippa No. 2; Wheal Widden Lode (which courses S. 35° E. and crosses some of the other lodes eastwards) 20 yds. N. of Bellan; Bosorne Lode, 30 yds. N. of Wheal Widden (this courses S. 35° E. farther east and there seems to be called Davy's Lode); North Bosorne Lode, 40 yds. N. of Bosorne and Minnis Glaze Lode. All are narrow, of quartz and limonite with tourmaline and chlorite (see Henwood 1843, Table II). The lodes were developed by four adits, crosscut about N. 20° to 40° E. from the valley. The most westerly, called Bottom Adit, commences from Bellan No. 1 Shaft (earlier known as East Wheal Venton Shaft), on the valley slopes 100 yds. N. of the stream and 240 yds. E. of high-tide mark in Porth Nanven. The shaft is about 13 fms. deep, on the underlie of Wheal Venton Lode, and the adit crosscut extends 150 fms. N.N.E. from it. The crosscut is near the western limit of the workings, and, except for a drive on Wheal Venton Lode, which seems to be in barren ground and extends 100 fms. W.N.W. to North Wheal Venton Shaft, no drive west of the crosscut exceeds 40 fms. in length. The next crosscut, called Top Adit, about 60 fms. E. of Bottom, commences in the valley 163 yds. S.E. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft and extends 120 fms. N.N.E. The third adit, which is not named, about 60 fms. E. of Top, commencing close to the stream, 258 yds. S.E. by S. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft, extends 115 fms. N.N.E. and there turns N.N.W. on a guide or crosscourse for a further 170 fms. The fourth adit, called Bosorne Adit, 17 fms. E. of the unnamed adit, commences on the valley side 48 yds. from the stream and 280 yds. S.E. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft and extends 95 fms. N.N.E. During the 1939–45 war, Top Adit was opened up, also Bellan No. 1 and No. 2 Shafts; the latter, 80 yds. S.E. of No. 1, is on the underlie of Wheal Venton Lode to Adit Level. A short adit crosscut, with portal 85 yds. S. by E. of No. 1 Shaft and 27 ft. higher than Top Adit, extends 25 fms. N.E. and connects with No. 2 Shaft. For 60 ft. in from the entrance of No. 2 Shaft Adit the granite country is traversed by numerous joints, some quartz filled and others containing tourmaline; the granite alongside them is reddened but not kaolinized. The same belt of country is exposed in Top Adit, for a length of 70 ft., commencing 20 ft. from the entrance, here, in addition to the joints the country is kaolinized; sampling of this rock in Top Adit is said to have shown a tin content.

Wheal Venton Lode is followed by Adit Level from Bellan No. 1 Shaft; eastwards past No. 2 Shaft, to 10 fms. E. of Top Adit, a distance of 85 fms.; it is crossed by the adit at 35 fms. from the entrance. Exposed between No. 2 Shaft and Top Adit, it was seen to consist generally of two quartz-tourmaline veins about 3 ft. apart, but in places only the hangingwall vein, up to 8 in. thick of quartz and tourmaline with occasional patches of chlorite, is present, the footwall vein being marked by a joint or parting 3 ft. away, with a band of pink granite beyond. There are some stones above Adit Level.

Wheal Ferna Lode is encountered in Bottom Adit at 23 fms. N. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft, but is not developed there, in Top Adit at 10 fms. N. of Wheal Venton Lode, where it has been opened up for 20 fms. W., in the unnamed adit at 43 fms. from its entrance, where it has been driven on for a few fathoms each way, and in Bosorne Adit at 25 fms. from its entrance, where it is opened up for 10 fms. W. and 5 fms. E. West of Top Adit it has largely been stoped away above the level, and on the east side of the adit it consists of a vughy quartz vein 2 to 4 in. wide, with a half-inch band of hard dark peach on each side, against which the granite wall rock is tourmalinized for 3 in. and pink-stained beyond.

Polandanarrow Lode has been opened up from 40 fms. W. of Bottom Adit (where it is 20 fms. N. of Wheal Ferna Lode) to 15 fms. E. of Top Adit (where it is 12 fms. N. of Wheal Fema Lode), a distance of 125 fms., for 15 fms. W. and 5 fms. E. of the unnamed adit and for 5 fms. each way from Bosorne Adit (in the last two adits it is 15 fms. N. of Wheal Ferna Lode). It is stoped below the level on the west side of Top Adit and on the east side consists of a 6-in. quartz vein with a half-inch band of hard, dark, tourmaline peach at the hangingwall and a quarter-inch band of green, chloritic peach with red ochreous staining at the footwall. The country rock is chloritized and has reddened feldspars for 8 to 10 in. on the hangingwall and 4 to 6 in. on the footwall.

Scorran Lode, 12 fms. N. of Polandanarrow, is opened up for 5 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of Bottom Adit and for 45 fms. E. of Top Adit; it does not seem to have been encountered in the other two adits. It is stoped at Top Adit where pillars show 8 to 10 in. of dark chloritized and reddened granite with a narrow, central quartz string.

Red Dippa No. 1 Lode is encountered in Bottom Adit at 10 fms. N. of Scorran Lode. From the adit a drive extends 23 fms. W. and 50 fms. E.; at 45 fms. E., a crosscut 5 fms. S. meets Red Dippa No. 3 Lode that has been followed thence for 3 fms. W. and 35 fms. E. to Top Adit, where there are very narrow stopes and the lode consists of 12 in. of reddened granite traversed by interlaced peach and quartz strings. Red Dippa No. 2 Lode, 7 fms. N. of Red Dippa No. 1, has been opened up for 12 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. at Bottom Adit only.

At 25 fms. N. of Polandanarrow Lode in the unnamed adit and in Bosorne Adit there is a lode called Hickman's that has been opened up for a few fathoms each way from both crosscuts; this does not seem to have been encountered elsewhere.

Agawartha (or Adjabroath) Lode is encountered in the northern end of Top Adit, where it consists of 6 to 8 in. of vughy quartz and tourmaline peach. It has been developed for 283 fms. E., crossing the unnamed adit at 90 fms. from its entrance and Bosorne Adit at 70 fms. and on it are Fiat Rod Shaft, 348 yds. E. by S. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft, Agawartha Shaft, 175 yds. E.S.E. of Flat Rod, and an unnamed shaft, 140 yds. E.S.E. of Agawartha and 100 yds. W. by N. of the ford west of Lower Bosavern. From the eastern end of the drive on Agawartha Lode a crosscut 20 fms. N.E. meets a lode called Carn Canjack which has been followed thence for 70 fms. W.N.W. and is also developed by a shaft (95 yds. E. of Agawartha Shaft) from which a 10-fm. Level extends 20 fms. W. and 18 fms. E.

Bellan Lode, intersected in Bottom Adit 18 fms. N. of Red Dippa No. 2, has been opened up for 10 fms. W. and 55 fms. E. of the crosscut.

Wheal Widden Lode, intersected by Bottom Adit 12 fms. N. of Bellan Lode (and 100 fms. N. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft), is opened up at Adit Level for 10 fms. W. and 65 fms. E. of Bottom Adit crosscut, and by Wheal Winze Shaft, 220 yds. N.E. of Bellan No. I Shaft, where there is a drive at the 10-fm. Level. This lode is also developed from Whim Shaft, 160 yds. E.S.E. of Wheal Widden Shaft, from which the drive at adit extends 200 fms. S.E. to where the lode unites with Agawartha Lode at 23 fms. E. of Flat Rod Shaft.

Davy's Lode is intersected by the unnamed adit at 140 fms. from its entrance and is developed at Adit Level for 10 fms. N.W. and 150 fms. S.E. from the adit crosscut. On it are Davy's Shaft, 360 yds. E. by S. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft, and Madran Shaft, 115 yds. S.E. of Davy's. Bosorne Lode, thought to be the north-westerly extension of Davy's, is met in a crosscut 50 fms. S. by W. from a point 217 fms. from the portal of the unnamed adit (this crosscut intersects Minnis Glaze Lode at 12 fms. S. and North Bosorne Lode at 30 fms. S.). Bosorne Lode has been opened up for 20 fms. W. and 38 fms. E. of the S. by W. crosscut; it here lies 15 fms. N. of Wheal Widden Lode. North Bosorne Lode is intersected by Bottom Adit at 20 fms. N. of Wheal Widden Lode and 125 fms. N. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft, by the S. by W. crosscut from the unnamed adit, and by the latter at 198 fms. from its entrance. It is opened up at adit from 5 fms. W. of Bottom Adit to 5 fms. E. of the S. by W. Adit, a distance of 145 fms., and for 190 fms. E.S.E. from the unnamed adit. There is a shaft, about midway between Bottom Adit and the S. by W. adit, and 240 yds. N.E. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft; from it there is a drive 45 fms. W. and 8 fms. E. above adit and another 50 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. below. On the drive E.S.E. from the unnamed adit are North Shaft, 350 yds. N.E. by E. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft, and East Bosorne Shaft, 200 yds. E.S.E. of North Shaft. A crosscut 80 fms. N.E. from Davy's Shaft on Davy's Lode meets North Bosorne Lode 28 fms. W. of East Bosorne Shaft and continues a further 35 fms. N.E. to an unnamed lode on which there is a drive 53 fms. E.S.E. from the crosscut.

Minnis Glaze Lode, where intersected by the unnamed adit at 208 fms. from its entrance, courses E. 35° S. but, traced westwards, changes strike to N. 30° W.; it has been followed for 10 fms. E. and 80 fms. N.W. from the unnamed adit and also developed to a small extent at shallower levels from Minnis Glaze Shaft, 340 yds. N.E. by N. of Bellan No. 1 Shaft and 200 yds. S. of Ballowal hamlet.

Records of output are :—Bosorne and Ballowal United: 76 tons of black tin in the years 1837 to 1841, 1853 and 1854. Wheal Widden: 183 tons of black tin in 1859 and 1860. Bellan: 693 tons of black tin from 1856 to 1867, and 25 tons in 1894 to 1896. St. Just United Consols, a part of Bellan, produced 2 tons of black tin in 1864. Just before the 1914–18 war, Bellan was producing 2 to 3 tons of black tin per month, but ceased working in 1919. It was reopened during the 1939–45 war, but production was small. Like Wheal Hermon, this mine seems to be situated on lodes which represent the lower part of the tin zone, and are not, therefore, likely to persist in depth.

Riblose

[SW 35565 31070] Half a mile S.E. of Cape Cornwall (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.) this mine exploited a lode coursing S.E., parallel to the cliffs extending north-westward from Porth Nanven (see Carne 1822b, p. 343), by an adit, commencing just above high-water mark about 450 yds. from the porth, which follows the lode for 180 fms. S.E.; there the drive turns north-eastwards and at about 50 fms. meets the adit level of Wheal Venton Lode (of Bosorne and Ballowal United), 43 fms. W. of North Wheal Venton Shaft. The lode is just within the southern boundary of St. Just United sett; it may be an extension of one of Wheal Hermon lodes; the mine was active in the early part of the 18th century and there are no records of output.

St. Just Amalgamated and St. Just United

[SW 35305 31560], [SW 35305 31560] 0.75 mile W. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.; A.M. R 168 and 2426. Includes Cape Cornwall Mine (A.M. R 197) [SW 35095 31795], Wheal Bozands (A.M. R 185 C) [SW 354 316], East St. Just United (A.M. R 66 C) [SW 36065 30910] and several other small mines such as Wheals Bounds, Little Bounds [SW 35235 31560], Buck, Owles [SW 36505 32590], Widden [SW 38530 33730], Venton and part of Bellan. Country: granite overlain at Cape Cornwall headland by contact altered killas and greenstone.

The mines worked a group of lodes trending south-eastwards from the southern side of Cape Cornwall headland, on the inland extension of which Bosorne and Ballowal United is situated. The precise areas covered by St. Just Amalgamated and by St. Just United are not clear. The former seems to have operated Cape Cornwall Mine and others just south-east of it (Bounds, Little Bounds and Buck), and the latter to have embraced mines between that group and Bosorne and Ballowal United (Widden, Venton and part of Bellan). The two apparently retained their identities between 1862 and 1878, but at some later date they seem to have been merged under the name St. Just United and, for a time, Bosorne and Ballowal United was probably included.

The lodes are Bozands, on the north, Saveall's, Cape Cornwall (called Bellan Lode on some plan sheets), Buck, Pryor's, Badger, Widden (or Dower) and Owl; all lie within a transverse distance of a little over 200 yds. and the overall length of the workings extends over 1,200 yds. S.E. from Cape Cornwall.

Bozands Lode, coursing E. 10° S. and underlying 18° S., was worked from Bozands Shaft, 440 yds. E.S.E. of the ventilation chimney on Cape Cornwall headland, and from Bailey's Engine Shaft on Saveall's Lode, 110 yds. S.W. of Bozands. From the latter shaft the lode is developed at Adit Level for 40 fms. W. and 35 fms. E., and at the 40-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. and 190 fms. E. The 50-fm. and 62-fm. levels are driven about 50 fms. E. from Engine Shaft (or crosscuts north from it); the amount of stoping is not known. Bozands Lode joins Saveall's on the 100-fm., 110-fm. and 120-fm. levels about 15 fms. W. of Bailey's Engine Shaft, where there was an ore shoot called the 'Cream Pot ' measuring about 10 fms. wide and 25 fms. high.

Saveall's Lode, coursing E. 40° S. and underlying 25° N.E., from 2 to 5 ft. wide of quartz, tourmaline and cassiterite (see Henwood 1843, Table 1), was opened up from Bailey's Engine Shaft, 415 yds. S.E. of the ventilating chimney, on the underlie to the 140-fm. Level below Deep Adit (23 fms.) and Saveall's Shaft, 155 yds. S.E. of Bailey's Engine Shaft, on the underlie to the 20-fm. Level (called 16-fm. on some plans) below Deep Adit (here 40 fms.). Shallow Adit Level extends for 53 fms. N.W. of Saveall's Shaft (to its portal 40 yds. S.E. of Bailey's Engine Shaft) and for 40 fms. S.E. Deep Adit Level is driven 135 fms. S.E. from its portal on the cliffs, 30 fms. N.W. of Bailey's Engine Shaft, and connects with Saveall's Shaft at 110 fms. from its portal, and the 20-fm. Level extends from 56 fms. N.W. of Bailey's Engine Shaft to 60 fms. S.E. of Saveall's. The 40-fm., 50-fm. and 62-fm. levels develop the lode for about 75 fms. N.W. and 118 fms. S.E. of Bailey's Engine Shaft. Below the 62-fm. Level the only drives south-eastward from Bailey's Engine Shaft are the 90-fm. and 100-fm., each of which is 50 fms. long. North-westwards the 90-fm. Level extends for 120 fms. and the 100-fm. to the 140-fm. levels block out the lode for about 175 fms. From a rise above the 100-fm. Level at 118 fms. N.W. of Bailey's Engine Shaft a section of the 90-fm. Level is driven 60 fms. N.W. and 10 fms. S.E. From a winze below the 140-fm. Level at 65 fms. N.W. of Bailey's Engine Shaft a drive at the 150-fm. extends for 20 fms. N.W., another at the 155-fm. for 20 fms. S.W. and a third at the 160-fm. for 15 fms. N.W. Stoping is erratic and patchy but is spread over the whole of the developed area from above Shallow Adit to the 160-fm. Level; about 40 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The lode is said to be 14 ft. wide on the 160-fm. Level but poor. A crosscut 90 fms. N. by E. from the 100-fm. Level at 168 fms. N.W. of Bailey's Engine Shaft intersects a lode at 45 fms. on which a drive has been carried 48 fms. S.E. The granite-killas contact is at surface near Bailey's Engine Shaft and slopes 35° north-westwards; some stopes enter the metamorphosed sediments but most are in granite country.

Cape Cornwall Lode, about 30 yds. S. of Saveall's Lode, has only been developed south of the western end of the workings on the latter. Coursing E. 40° S. and underlying 28^° N.E. it was opened up by Cape Cornwall Shaft, at the south-west corner of the headland (and 80 yds. S.S.W. of the ventilation chimney) on the underlie to the 100-fm. Level. The lode has been opened up at the 30-fm. Level for 12 fms. N.W. and 10 fms. S.E., at the 40-fm. Level for 20 fms. N.W. and 15 fms. S.E., at the 55-fm. Level for 60 fms. N.W. and 50 fms. S.E., at the 70-fm. Level for 150 fms. N.W. (i.e. 115 fms. beyond high-tide mark) and 63 fms. S.E., at the 80-fm. Level for 40 fms. N.W. and 35 fms. S.E., at the 90-fm. Level for 20 fms. N.W. and 70 fms. S.E., and at the 100-fm. Level for 5 fms. N.W. and 58 fms. S.E.; the amount of stoping is not known; the lode is reputed to have been poor. From the north-western end of the 70-fm. Level a crosscut 18 fms. S.W. has not proved further lodes. The country rock seems to be entirely metamorphosed killas and greenstone.

Buck Lode, about 80 yds. from Saveall's, courses E. 35° to 40° S. and underlies 13° to 12° N.E. It has been worked from the cliffs on the east side of Priest's Cove for over 700 yds. S.E. and at about 450 yds. inland from high-water mark is crossed by Owl Lode, there coursing S. 30° E. The shafts are North Shaft, 145 yds. S.E. by S. of Bailey's Engine Shaft on Saveall's Lode, on the underlie to the 62-fm. Level below Deep Adit (33 fms.), West Buck Shaft, 265 yds. S.E. of North, on the underlie to the 20-fm. Level, and East Buck Shaft, 135 yds. S.E. by E. of West Buck, on the underlie to the 40-fm. Level (adit here is at 52 fms.). Some development was carried out from crosscuts south (about 35 fms.) from Bailey's Engine Shaft on Saveall's Lode, which meet Buck Lode about 70 fms. N.W. of North Shaft. Adit Level, from its portal in Priest's Cove, extends 420 fms. inland, connecting with North Shaft at 110 fms. from the entrance, West Buck Shaft at 275 fms. and East Buck Shaft at 322 fms. The 20-fm. Level extends from 33 fms. N.W. of North Shaft to 110 fms. S.E. of East Buck Shaft; the 40-fm. Level from 150 fms. N.W. of North Shaft to 80 fms. S.E. of East Buck Shaft, and the 62-fm. Level from 158 fms. N.W. of North Shaft to 220 fms. S.E. There is a block of stoping from below Adit Level to below the 40-fm. Level extending to a maximum of 45 fms. N.W. from the position of Bailey's Engine Shaft (which is on Saveall's Lode and projects onto Buck Lode at 70 fms. N.W. of North Shaft). There is a considerable amount of stoping between surface and the 20-fm. Level from 40 fms. N.W. of North Shaft to East Buck Shaft, and for 80 fms. S.E. of the latter between Adit and the 20-fm. Between the 20-fm. and the 62-fm. levels there is stoping for about 40 fms. N.W. and 60 fms. S.E. of North Shaft and between the 20-fm. and 40-fm. levels some small stopes for 103 fms. N.W. and 70 fms. S.E. of East Buck Shaft; in all about 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The northwestern ends of the 40-fm. and 62-fm. levels turn rather more towards the north than the general trend of the lode and at the north-western end of the deeper level Buck and Saveall's lodes seem to intersect, but there is very little development at this point. The trace of Owl Lode in Buck Lode, underlying 34° S.E., crosses West Buck Shaft just above the 20-fm. Level.

Pryor's Lode, about parallel to Buck Lode and 20 yds. S. of it, was worked from Bounds Shaft, on the cliff top, 85 yds. S.W. of Bailey's Engine Shaft on Saveall's Lode and 405 yds. S.E. of the ventilation chimney on Cape Cornwall, vertical to the 62-fm. Level below adit (25 fms.) and Pryor's Shaft, 240 yds. S.E. of Bounds Shaft on the underlie to the 62-fm. Level (adit here is at 43 fms.). The lode is blocked out by Adit, the 40-fm. and the 62-fm. levels from 40 fms. N.W. of Bounds Shaft to 20 fms. S.E. of Pryor's. There is a solid block of stoping above Adit Level from the cliffs, where the gunnis stands open, to 100 fms. S.E. of Bounds Shaft, and between Adit and the 40-fm. Level for 80 fms. S.E. of Bounds Shaft, also a stope 25 fms. high extending 35 fms. N.W. and 40 fms. S.E. of Bounds Shaft on the 62-fm. Level; about 45 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

Oak Lode workings commence quite close to the eastern ends of the drives on Saveall's Lode. Here the lode courses S. 30° E. and continues with that trend from 90 fms. N.N.W. of its intersection with Buck Lode to 70 or 80 fms. S.S.E., beyond which the strike changes to about S.E. The lode which underlies about 25° N.E. was opened up from the drives on Buck Lode near West Buck Shaft and from Red Dippa Shaft, 70 yds. S.S.E. of West Buck Shaft on the underlie to the 62-fm. Level below Deep Adit (50 fms.) and Wheal Owl Shaft, 120 yds. S. of Red Dippa, to Deep Adit (here 36 fms.). North of Buck Lode, Owl Lode is developed down to the 40-fm. Level for a distance of 90 fms., and the 62-fm. Level is driven 30 fms. northwards, but the amount of stoping here is not known. South of Buck Lode, Shallow Adit Level extends for 60 fms. N.W. and 60 fms. S.E. of Red Dippa Shaft (where it is at 30 fms. depth), Deep Adit Level for 76 fms. N.W. and 96 fms. S.E. to its portal on the slopes of Porth Nanven valley, the 20-fm. Level for 90 fms. N.W. and 100 fms. S.E., the 40-fm. Level for 120 fms. N.W. and 8 fms. S.E., the 50-fm. Level for 30 fms. N.W. and 10 fms. S.E. and the 62-fm. Level for 46 fms. N.W. and 40 fms. S.E. There is stoping from surface to below the 20-fm. Level for 80 or 90 fms. S.E. of Red Dippa Shaft and small scattered stopes on Shallow Adit, Deep Adit and the 20-fm. Level for 70 fms. N.W.; about 25 per cent of the blocked-out area has been removed.

Badger Lode, coursing E. 40° S. and underlying steeply south, lies about 20 yds. S. of Buck Lode. It intersects Owl Lode near Red Dippa Shaft but has only been worked east of the latter, mainly from Badger Shaft, 20 yds. S.E. of East Buck Shaft on Buck Lode and 300 yds. S.W. of Ballowal hamlet. Badger Shaft is on the underlie to the 62-fm. Level and there is considerable development to 50 fms. S.E. of it on all levels down to the 62-fm. while the adit, 10-fm. and 20-fm., extend farther south-east, the longest being the 10-fm. Level which is driven 100 fms. from Badger Shaft; the amount of stoping is not known.

Widden Lode, parallel in strike to Badger Lode, cropping out about 80 yds. S. of it but underlying steeply north, crosses Oak Lode about 20 fms. from Red Dippa Shaft. It was developed only on the east side of Owl Lode, from the workings on that lode and from Widden Shaft, 148 yds. E.S.E. of Red Dippa Shaft and Dower Shaft 56 yds. S.E. of Widden. Widden Shaft is on the underlie to the 20-fm. Level below Deep Adit (50 fms.) and Dower Shaft to Deep Adit. There is very irregular and patchy stoping from surface to below the 20-fm. Level, from the junction with Owl Lode south-eastwards to just beyond Dower Shaft.

Records of output are as follows:—Cape Cornwall: 1866–68, 17 tons of black tin. St. Just United: 1862–1909, 1,957 tons of black tin. East St. Just United: 1867, 20 tons of black tin. St. Just Amalgamated: 1868–78, 1,112 tons of black tin.

Porthledden

[SW 35330 31905] Two or three lodes, trending about N.W. by N., crop out in the cliffs of Porthledden, on the north side of Cape Cornwall headland (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.). They were exploited by adits driven into the cliffs. Between 1902 and 1914 the mine was being worked in a small way above adit and the dumps treated. An adit commencing just above the beach at the south end of Lower Boswedden Cliff was driven about 150 fms. on a lode and crosscuts from about 60 fms. from the portal were driven, one to the north-east and the other south. The latter passed through an Adit Level on Trelewack Lode at 35 fms. and at about 100 fms. connected with Bozands Shaft of St. Just Amalgamated Mine. The mine produced 80 tons of black tin between 1908 and 1913, and is said to have produced 104 tons of black tin between 1914 and 1918, most of which was from dumps. From 1915 to 1919 the dumps were being worked.

Ellen

[SW 369 309] A mine sett immediately south of St. Just and embracing the area around Carrallack (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.) in which the only traces of mining are two shafts south of Regents Terrace, St. Just. The plan (A.M. R 216 F) shows the hypothetical position of eight lodes, four coursing about N.W.-S.E. and the others about N.-S.

Cunning

[SW 36265 31665] 0.5 mile W. by N. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.; A.M. 854 A. Country: granite.

Main Lode, nearly vertical and coursing N. 30° W. on the south and N. 20° W. on the north, is said to range from 6 in. to 4 ft. wide and to consist of quartz with cassiterite, chlorite and tourmaline (see Henwood 1843, Table III). Another lode, coursing N. 50° W., has been tried at Adit Level on the east side of Main Lode.

Main Lode was developed from Old Engine Shaft, 75 yds. N.N.W. of Boswedden Place in the western outskirts of St. Just, to the 75-fm. Level below Shallow Adit (6 fms.), Engine Shaft, 105 yds. N.N.W. of Old Engine, to the 85-fm. Level, and Pliffitt Shaft, 395 yds. N. by W. of Engine (and 100 yds. N.E. of Boswedden hamlet), to the 35-fm. Level (which is Deep Adit, the portal of which is believed to be in the valley 500 yds. N.N.W. of Pliffitt Shaft). Shallow Adit Level extends from 15 fms. N. of Pliffitt Shaft to 58 fms. S. of Old Engine Shaft, a distance of 320 fms., and the 35-fm. Level from 26 fms. N. of Pliffitt Shaft to 63 fms. S. of Old Engine Shaft; these are the only two drives that connect all three shafts. At Pliffitt Shaft the 15-fm. Level is driven for 18 fms. N. and 15 fms. S. and the 25-fm. Level for 6 fms. N. and 40 fms. S. The 15-fm., 25-fm. and 45-fm. levels open up the lode from 50 fms. N. of Engine Shaft to about 40 fms. S. of Old Engine Shaft. The 55-fm. Level extends from 106 fms. N. of Engine Shaft to 30 fms. S. of Old Engine Shaft; the 65-fm. Level from 140 fms. N. of Engine Shaft to 12 fms. S. of Old Engine Shaft, the 75-fm. Level from 100 yds. N. of Engine Shaft to Old Engine Shaft, and the 85-fm. Level for 40 fms. N. and 43 fms. S. of Engine Shaft. Stoping is spread over the whole of the blocked-out ground from surface to the 85-fm. Level around Engine and Old Engine shafts and there are small stopes above the 35-fm. Level between these workings and 20 fms. N. of Pliffitt Shaft; about 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The longitudinal section (dated 1877) shows a guide or crosscourse, underlying about 30° S. and crossing Engine Shaft at Shallow Adit Level. A crosscut 75 fms. S.W. from Shallow Adit Level at 35 fms. N. of Engine Shaft seems to have proved no further lodes. A crosscut 12 fms. N.E. from Shallow Adit Level at 120 fms. N. of Engine Shaft meets the eastern lode, which has been followed thence for 55 fms. S.E.; this lode is also opened up for a further 36 fms. from a crosscut at adit from Boscean Mine, to the east.

Between 1830 and 1835 Wheal Cunning raised 105 tons of black tin and between 1872 and 1876 produced 355 tons. It also produced 142 tons of copper ore in 1872.

Boswedden

[SW 35665 32250] 1 mile N.W. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 S.W., 73 N.W. ; A.M. R 282. Earlier known as Wheal Call and includes Wheals Castle [SW 35645 32340], Williams and Praze and Yankee Boy Mine. Country: metamorphosed killas and greenstone at the coast, overlying granite to the south-east.

Situated on Kenidjack Cliff, operations are believed to have started here under the name Wheal Call or Cole about the beginning of the 19th century. Later Wheal Castle and Wheal Williams were added and the name Boswedden Mine adopted. Yankee Boy Mine is thought to have worked on the inland part of Wheal Castle Main Lode near Carn Praunter. There are 11 lodes in the sett, all but two of which have a general north-westerly trend and cross the coast nearly at right angles. From the north they are known as Boyns, Wheal Castle North, Skidney, Wheal Castle Main, Wheal Williams, Wheal Castle South, Little Weeth, Wheal Call and Praze; the other two lodes, which cross Wheal Call Lode inland and trend about N.-S., are called Red Weeth and White Weeth. The first three lodes crop out in the cliffs respectively 260 yds., 205 yds. and 80 yds. N.E. of North Zawn; they have been tried but there are no records of the workings on them. Wheal Castle Main Lode, coursing E. 23° S. and underlying south, and Wheal Williams Lode, coursing S.E., intersect in North Zawn; there is a shaft on the latter near the cliff edge, but no records of the amount of underground workings. Wheal Castle South Lode crops out in the cliffs at the centre of the headland on which Kenidjack Castle is sited, about 70 yds. S.W. of North Zawn. Little Weeth Lode, coursing E. 28° S., skirts the south-west side of the headland south of South Zawn and passes inland to the valley on the south of Kenidjack Cliff.

Wheal Call Lode is the only one of which there are records. This courses E. 28° S., is nearly vertical and crops out on the cliffs in Zawn Buzz and Gen. It was worked from an adit in the zawn and from River or Engine Shaft, 80 yds. inland from high-tide mark in the zawn, to the 95-fm. Level below adit and Eade's Shaft 215 yds. E.S.E. of River, to the 30-fm. Level below adit (here at 45 fms. depth). The lode is opened up at adit and the 30-fm. levels for 50 fms. E. and 70 fms. W. of River Shaft, at the 45-fm. and 55-fm. levels for 70 fms. E. and 170 fms. W. (the westward drives passing about 100 fms. beyond high-tide mark), at the 74-fm. and 85-fm. levels for 40 fms. E. and 180 fms. W. and at the 95-fm. Level for 15 fms. E. and 25 fms. W. There is stoping from adit to the 30-fm. Level for 50 fms. E. and 20 fms. W. of the shaft and from the 30-fm. to the 85-fm. levels for 40 fms. E. and 150 fms. W. The 30-fm. Level, from 60 fms. E. of River Shaft, seems to miss the lode and is crooked for a distance of 40 fms. where the lode is met close to Eade's Shaft and there developed at the 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels for 50 fms. E. and 5 fms. W.; the stoping here is not shown on the longitudinal section.

Red Weeth Lode, coursing N. 5° W., crosses Wheal Call Lode just west of Eade's Shaft; it has been developed for a length of 100 fms. at Adit, the 20-fm. and the 30-fm. levels and there is a small amount of stoping on each. White Weeth Lode, trending N. 35° W., crosses Wheal Call Lode at about 90 fms. E. of Eade's Shaft, but is not known to have been developed. Praze Lode, coursing N.W.-S.E., the most southerly in the sett, crosses the tip of the headland just south of Zawn Buzz and Gen and passes inland at the cliffs 180 yds. S.E. of the headland, where there is an adit. Old shafts on the course of the lode can be traced for 400 yds. inland. The lode is said to have yielded chalcopyrite and chalcocite down to 50 fms. from surface and cassiterite below that depth.

Records of output are as follows :-Wheal Castle: the mine was producing copper in 1808 and raised 16 tons of 6 per cent copper ore in 1821. Boswedden: 1855 and 1858–60, 364 tons of black tin. Boswedden and Castle: 1861–72, 833 tons of tin ore; 1864–66, 41 tons of copper ore and 1872, 147 tons of 8 per cent copper ore. Production from 1873–76, as Wheal Cunning United, is included under Cunning.. Wheal Castle also raised 75 tons of haematite in 1886. Yankee Boy Mine: 15 tons of black tin in 1859 and 1860.

Boscean

[SW 36510 31985] 4 mile N.W. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 S.W., 73 N.W.; A.M. R 270 and 666. Includes Goldings Mine [SW 36730 31940]. Country: granite.

Situated just north-east of Wheal Cunning and south of the Drea section of Wheal Owles, this mine worked the southward extension of the N.-S. Crowns or Narrow Lode of Botallack Mine, here called Guide Lode, four other lodes called Pool, Rowe's, Great Boscean and South, which cross Guide Lode roughly at right angles and Goldings Lode, coursing about N.W.-S.E. Guide Lode, coursing N. 10° E. and underlying steeply east, was opened up from Brown's Shaft, 50 yds. E. of the lane at 150 yds. S.E. of Boscean hamlet, on the underlie to the 134-fm. Level. The lode is developed for 150 fms. S. and 70 fms. N. of the shaft down to the 100-fm. Level and below the drives become successively shorter, the 134-fm. Level being driven 12 fms. S. and 15 fms. N. of the shaft. South of the shaft, Adit Level extends for 250 fms. and at 200 fms. S. a crosscut 80 fms. S.W. intersects at 40 fms., the eastern lode of Wheal Cunning, that has been driven on thence for 28 fms. N.W. and 15 fms. S.E. North of the shaft, Adit Level extends for 170 fms. N.W. to its portal in the valley 100 yds. E. by S. of Carn Praunter; the portal is close to the shaft of Lower Boscean Mine of Wheal Owles group. Stoping on Guide Lode, from the 30-fm. to the 89-fm. Level, extends for 140 fms. S. and 30 fms. N. of the shaft, and from the 89-fm. to the 124-fm. levels for 90 fms. S. and 20 fms. N. Pool Lode, underlying steeply south, intersects Guide Lode just north of Brown's Shaft; the trend is E. 20° S. at the intersection but westwards it changes to S.E. It has been developed from Guide Lode at the 40-fm., 50-fm., 60-fm. and 89-fm. levels to a maximum of 50 fms. W. and 15 fms. E.

Rowe's Lode, coursing E. 35° S. and underlying 22° S.W., crosses Guide Lode a few fathoms south of Brown's Shaft. It was developed from Guide Lode and from New Shaft, 140 yds. S.E. by E. of Brown's, on the underlie to the 120-fm. Level. The 40-fm., 50-fm., 66-fm. and 80-fm. levels open it up to a maximum of 70 fms. W. and 85 fms. E. of Guide Lode. The 90-fm. and 100-fm. levels extend from Guide Lode to about 30 fms. E. of New Shaft, a distance of about 75 fms. The 110-fm. Level extends for 10 fms. W. and 20 fms. E. of New Shaft and the 120-fm. Level for 5 fms. W. and 15 fms. E.

Great Boscean Lode, trending E. 10° S. and underlying steeply north, crosses Guide Lode about 40 fms. S. of Brown's Shaft. The 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels develop it for 40 fms. W. of Guide Lode and the 30-fm., 40-fm. and 80-fm. levels for about 35 fms. E.

South Lode, coursing S.E. and underlying 15° S.E., crosses Guide Lode 118 fms. S. of Brown's Shaft at Adit Level, which is driven 50 fms. N.W. and 30 fms. S.E. The 40-fm., 50-fm., 80-fm. and 89-fm. levels block it out for about 40 fms. N.W. and 40 fms. S.E.

Goldings Lode was worked from Coulson's Shaft 210 yds. S.E. by E. of New Shaft, on the underlie to the 122-fm. Level ; north of the shaft the lode strikes N. 30° W. and south of it S.E.; the underlie is about 10° N.E. The plan shows no drives on this lode above the 65-fm. Level ; this and the 88-fm. Level open up the lode for 125 fms. N.W. of the shaft and 65 fms. S.E.; levels below are shorter, the 122-fm. being driven 55 fms. N.W. and 30 fms. S.E.

The plans (dated respectively 1861 and 1877) are probably incomplete and they include only one longitudinal section, that of Guide Lode. The mine was at one time worked with Wheal Cunning as Cunning United and was later included with the Wheal Owles group; records indicate that this mine was very productive before 1846. From 1852–60 it produced 1,437 tons of black tin, in 1862–67, 564 tons and in 1870–71, 177 tons.

Owles

[SW 36505 32590] 0.75 mile N.W. by N. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 S.W., 73 N.W.; A.M. R 211 and 4482. Includes Wheals Edward [SW 36155 32825], West Owles [SW 36305 32955] or Cargodna, Drea [SW 36505 32415], Boys [SW 36785 32255] and Grouse [SW 36830 32145] and Lower Boscean Mine [SW 36325 32365]. Country: granite overlain to the north-west by thermally metamorphosed killas and greenstone.

A group of lodes with general N.W. trend, within a transverse distance of about a quarter of a mile, extends from the Nancherrow valley, north of St. Just, under Kenidjack village and crosses the coast between Wheal Edward Zawn and Loe Warren. Wheal Edward and West Wheal Owles sections are near the coast, Lower Boscean Mine about 200 yds. W. of Kenidjack, Wheal Drea just east of the village and Wheals Boys and Grouse at the south-eastern end of the workings, some 1,200 yds. from the coast.

On the north are two adjacent lodes, Wheal Owles Lode, coursing S.E. and underlying steeply south-west, and Hanger Lode, coursing a few degrees more to the east and underlying 20° S.W. The latter crosses the coast just east of Loe Warren headland and has been opened up from the cliffs to about 580 yds. inland where it joins the south side or hangingwall of Wheal Owles Lode. From the junction Wheal Owles Lode is opened up for about 250 yds. S.E., where it runs into the footwall of Gargotha Lode which trends E. 15° S. and underlies 25° S. The hangingwall of Gargotha Lode, opposite the junction of Wheal Owles Lode, is joined by Wheal Boys Guide Lode, striking S. 20° E. and underlying steeply east. This is crossed at 200 yds., 260 yds. and 350 yds. S. of Gargotha Lode, respectively by Wheal Boys Gallen Lode, coursing E. 15° S. and underlying 12° S., Wheal Grouse Gallen Lode, coursing E. 20° S. and underlying 25° S., and Wheal Grouse Lode, coursing E. 20° S. and underlying 25° S. About 200 yds. S.W. of Wheal Owles Lode and passing under the southern parts of Kenidjack village is Wheal Drea Lode, coursing S.E. and underlying steeply north-east.

This has been opened up from about 250 yds. S.E. of the village to about 500 yds. N.W., where it turns more to the north and is crossed by an unnamed lode coursing E. 25° S. and underlying steeply northwards. The latter seems to heave Wheal Drea Lode about 20 fms. left.

The lode beyond, known as Cargodna Lode, coursing about N. 20° W. and underlying 13° E., has been developed to about 200 yds. beyond high-tide mark. Crossing the coast about 160 yds. S.W. of Cargodna Lode is Wheal Edward Cliff Lode, coursing S.E. and underlying 22° N.E.; this has been developed for 150 yds. S.E. and 400 yds. N.W. of high-tide mark. Wheal Edward Lode seems also to be that worked to a small extent at Lower Boscean Mine, 550 yds. inland and about 90 yds. S.W. of Wheal Drea Lode.

The plans (latest dated 1893) are poor, and some sections contain insufficient information to enable them to be located with certainty. A pencil note on one sheet in the mining records office warns that the plans are not to be regarded as reliable. In many cases the levels are not named; those inland seem in some cases to be named in fathoms below surface while those on the coast are named below adit.

Wheal Owles Lode was worked from Wheal Owles Shaft, 400 yds. N.E. by E. of Carn Praunter, on the underlie to the 160-fm. Level below adit (36 fms.) and two other, unnamed, shafts, one 80 yds. N.W. of Wheal Owles Shaft, on the underlie to the 120-fm. Level and the other 90 yds. S.S.W. of Wheal Owles Shaft, to shallower depth. According to the plan the lode has been developed for 150 fms. N.W. and about 175 fms. S.E. of Wheal Owles Shaft, but there is no longitudinal section showing the amount of stoping.

Hanger Lode was worked from adits driven into the cliffs and, by short crosscuts south, from the workings on Wheal Owles Lode. It has been developed down to the 140-fm. Level from about 40 fms. S.E. of the position of Wheal Owles Shaft for about 300 fms. northwestward, but the plan shows only the levels between the 100-fm. and 140-fm. and there is no longitudinal section.

Gargotha Lode was opened up from Greenland's Shaft, 200 yds. S.E. by S. of Wheal Owles Shaft (and 215 yds. S.W. of the cross-road in Truthwall village) on the underlie to the 160-fm. Level below surface, and an unnamed shaft, 120 yds. E. of Greenland's, on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level (the first level below adit which is at 43 fms. depth). The lode is blocked out for about 100 fms. W. and 170 fms. E. of Greenland's Shaft and is stoped, between adit and the 160-fm. Level (actually 130 fms. below adit), for 70 fms. W. and 115 fms. E. About 70 fms. E. of Greenland's Shaft at Adit Level an unnamed lode, coursing S.E. and underlying N.E., branches from the hangingwall of Gargotha Lode and has been developed for about 50 fms. S.E. down to the 130-fm. Level.

Wheal Boys Guide Lode seems to have been developed mainly from the workings of Gargotha Lode and those of the Wheal Boys Gallen, Wheal Grouse Gallen and Wheal Grouse Lodes. South of the last, the lode has been opened up from 15 fms. to 105 fms. below surface for a distance of nearly 60 fms. and, between Wheal Grouse and Gargotha lodes, from 75 fms. to 150 fms. below surface. Stoping is spread over most of the developed ground, about 50 per cent of which has been removed.

Wheal Boys Gallen Lode was opened up from Wheal Boys Shaft, 260 yds. S.E. of Greenland's Shaft (and 280 yds. S. of the crossroads in Truthwall village) on the underlie to 110 fms. below surface. The lode is developed to the 90-fm. Level below adit (12 fms.) and there is a drive at the 100-fm. Level from a winze 60 fms. E. of the shaft. Development extends about 70 fms. W. and 150 fms. E. of the shaft and the 20-fm., 38-fm. and 43-fm. levels are driven for 270 fms. E. Stoping from near surface to the 90-fm. Level is patchy and extends 20 fms. W. and 150 fms. E. of the shaft; about 25 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The trace of Wheal Boys Guide Lode, underlying about 18° E., crosses the shaft at the 83-fm. Level. From the 32-fm. Level at 120 fms. E. of the shaft a crosscut 40 fms. S. by W. and 48 fms. N. by E. meets, at the end of the northward drive, an unnamed lode, coursing E. 28° S. and underlying about 20^° S., that has been developed for a short distance at this and at higher levels, the latter by crosscuts south from Gargotha Lode. At 190 fms. E. of the shaft a guide or crosscourse has been opened up from the 20-fm., 38-fm. and 43-fm. levels for 75 fms. N. and 20 fms. S.

Wheal Grouse Gallen Lode was developed from a shaft, 120 yds. S.E. of Wheal Boys Shaft, and from crosscuts about 20 fms. S. from Wheal Boys Gallen Lode. It has been opened up to a depth of 75 fms. below surface for about 80 fms. W. and 100 fms. E. of its intersection with Wheal Boys Guide Lode, which is 40 fms. W. of the shaft. The drives shown on the longitudinal section are less extensive than those on the plan ; the section shows stoping for 60 fms. W. and 70 fms. E. of the shaft at surface, tapering down to a length of 10 fms. on the bottom level.

Wheal Grouse Lode Shaft, 200 yds. S.E. by S. of Wheal Boys Shaft and 260 yds. N.W. of the bridge at Nancherrow, is on the underlie to 80 fms. below surface. The lode has been developed for 75 fms. W. and 55 fms. E. of the shaft and stoped above adit (10 fms.) and for about 25 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. of the shaft down to the bottom level.

Wheal Drea Lode was opened up from Wheal Drea Shaft, 400 yds. E. by S. of Carn Praunter (and 330 yds. S. by E. of Wheal Owles Shaft) on the underlie to 150 fms. below surface, and Old Shaft, 110 yds. N.W. of Wheal Drea, to 45 fms. from surface. The lode is blocked out down to the 160-fm. Level (below surface) for about 50 fms. S.E. of Wheal Drea Shaft, and from the 90-fm. to the 160-fm. for about 320 fms. N.W. Stoping is mainly confined between the 90-fm. and 150-fm. levels and extends for nearly the full length of the developed ground. The ends of the north-westward drives are close to the workings in Cargodna Lode.

Cargodna Lode was worked from Cargodna Shaft, part-way down the cliffs south of Loe Warren, on the underlie to the 140-fm. Level below adit (about 23 fms.) and from an inclined shaft, 180 yds. E.N.E. of Cargodna Shaft, that meets the 55-fm. Level about 80 fms. N.W. of Cargodna Shaft and 30 fms. beyond high-tide mark. Development down to the 30-fm. Level is not extensive but from there to the 140-fm. the lode is blocked out to a maximum of 150 fms. S.E. (at the 140-fm.) and 230 fms. N.W. (at the 60-fm.). Between the 30-fm. and the 140-fm. stoping is extensive for 125 fms. S.E. and 70 fms. N.W. of Cargodna Shaft, and there is a block of stoping of 40 fms. horizontal measurement, between the 30-fm. and the 55-fm. levels, north-west of the inclined shaft. The longitudinal section does not cover the north-western or seaward drives; these extend to 60 fms. from the inclined shaft. The granite-killas junction, dipping about 15^° N.W., crosses Cargodna Shaft about 33 fms. below adit. The drives south-east on Cargodna Lode at the 45-fm., 55-fm. and 65-fm. levels are very close to the north-western ends of the drives on Wheal Drea. It was the accidental holing through of workings on the 65-fm. Level (below alit) of Cargodna with the abandoned 148-fm. Level (from surface) of Wheal Drea that caused a fatal disaster in 1893.

The unnamed lode, that seems to heave the country between Cargodna and Wheal Drea lodes, is developed for a length of about 85 fms. at the 105-fm., 115-fm. and 125-fm. levels below adit. A lode trending about N.-S. and underlying steeply east (probably the Corpus Christi Lode of Botallack Mine, to the north) has been opened up on the north side of Wheal Drea Lode at about the position of Old Shaft. Drives at Adit, the 70-fm., the 126-fm. and the 136-fm. levels extend about 60 fms. N. and connect with the westward drives on Gargotha Lode, while the 160-fm. Level continues to 110 fms. N. and connects with the bottom of Wheal Owles Shaft.

Wheal Edward Lode was worked in two parts, one on the coast, where it is called Wheal Edward Cliff Lode and the other inland at Lower Boscean Mine. The coastal workings were from Wheal Edward Shaft, part-way down the cliffs in Wheal Edward Zawn, on the underlie to the 60-fm. Level below adit (25 fms.) and Incline Shaft, commencing 120 yds. S.E. of Wheal Edward and inclined seawards to meet the 60-fm. Level 60 fms. N.W. of the bottom of Wheal Edward. From surface to the 20-fm. Level the lode is blocked out for about 30 fms. N.W. and S.E. of Wheal Edward Shaft. The 30-fm. Level is driven for 110 fms. N.W. and 15 fms. S.E.; the 40-fm. Level for 145 fms. N.W. and 20 fms. S.E.; the 50-fm. Level for 188 fms. N.W. and 15 fms. S.E., and the 60-fm. Level for 245 fms. N.W. and 30 fms. S.E. At 38 fms. N.W. of Wheal Edward Shaft a winze 20 fms. deep has a drive for 15 fms. N.W. and 10 fms. S.E. at the 70-fm. Level. At 170 fms. N.W. of Wheal Edward Shaft, a winze 40 fms. deep has a drive 20 fms. N.W. and 20 fms. S.E. at the 80-fm. Level, a drive 20 fms. N.W. and 10 fms. S.E. at the 90-fm. Level, and a drive 10 fms. each way at the 100-fm. Level. There is a small amount of stoping above Adit Level south-east of Wheal Edward Shaft. The largest stoped area is between the 10-fm. and 70-fm. levels from 15 fms. S.E. to 100 fms. N.W. of the shaft, the stope pattern suggesting north-west pitching ore shoots. At the western winze a stope 40 fms. long on the 60-fm. Level tapers down to 10 fms. at the 90-fm. Level. (Amongst the longitudinal sections is one showing extensive workings which, though entitled Wheal Edward Lode, is actually of Wheal Drea Lode.) The granite-killas contact, dipping about 12° N.W., crosses Wheal Edward Shaft midway between the 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels. The workings on Wheal Edward Lode at Lower Boscean Mine are from a shaft on the north side of the Nancherrow valley, 100 yds. E. of Carn Praunter. Levels down to the 45-fm. develop the lode for 40 fms. N.W. and 10 fms. S.E. of the shaft; there is no longitudinal section of these workings.

The plans of Wheal Owles include longitudinal sections of the workings on Parknoweth and Buzza lodes, which lie respectively 200 yds. and 300 yds. N. of Wheal Owles Lode. These lodes, of Parknoweth Mine, were included in the Botallack Mine sett in 1875 and are dealt with in the description of that mine.

The mines of this group are old; Wheal Owles is known to have been restarted in 1810. In 1837 Wheal Boys and Wheal Grouse were amalgamated with Wheal Owles, and in 1857 Parknoweth Mine and shortly afterwards Wheal Drea were added. Parknoweth Mine was also known as Buzza or Truthwall. In 1863 Wheal Edward (the first returns of which are for 1821) was reopened, followed in 1870 by Cargodna Mine (West Wheal Owles). In 1878, apparently owing to disappointing developments, it was decided to close Wheal Owles, Boys, Grouse and Cargodna and to concentrate on Wheal Drea section, but in 1884 this section became poor and was abandoned. Cargodna was then restarted and continued in production until 1893 when the workings holed into those of Wheal Drea and were flooded, with a loss of 20 lives. About 1880 all the development faces in Wheal Owles, with few exceptions, were reported unproductive and during the later years all tin ore raised appears to have come from the Cargodna section. In 1907, when Botallack Mine was reconstructed, the whole of the Wheal Owles group was included with that mine, but no further exploration was carried out, beyond a little prospecting for pitchblende in Wheal Edward section.

In addition to tin and copper, the former mainly from the inland sections and the latter mainly from the coastal areas, Wheal Owles lodes carried some bismuth and uranium ores associated with argentiferous galena in cross-veins (Pearce, 1878). In Wheal Edward pitchblende is said to have occurred on the 40-fm. Level and uranites on the 20-fm. Level with some siderite. The uranium ores were separated from the lode walls by earthy limonite.

Records of output are:—Wheal Edward: 1821–56, 2 tons of black tin and 955 tons of 9 per cent copper ore; Wheal Owles: 1853–93, 8,064 tons of black tin; in 1878–79, 346 tons of 7.75% per cent copper ore and in 1882, 134 tons of 6.25 per cent copper ore, and in 1888, 37 tons of copper ore. In 1879 the mine returned 2 cwt. of bismuth ore and in 1877–79, 6 cwt. of uranium ore.; 1878 and 1879, 5 cwt. of uranium ore and some bismuth. Parknoweth Mine: 1837–41, 42 tons of black tin. Wheal Owles also produced 50 tons of crude arsenic. As Truthall (Truthwall), Parknoweth sold £53 worth of tin in 1856.

Botallack

[SW 36378 33178] 1.25 miles N.N.W. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 S.W.; A.M. R 107, 3307 and 6174. Includes Wheals Cock [SW 36315 33885], Crowns [SW 36235 33530], Carnyorth (A.M. R 56 A) [SW 37195 33285], Botallack and Parknoweth [SW 36585 32780]. Country: granite overlain to the north-west by metamorphosed killas and greenstone.

Though the mines worked together under the name Botallack have been referred to by many authors (e.g. Borlase 1758, p. 206; Pryce 1778, p. 21; Hawkins 1818, p. 130; Carne 1822a, p. 56; 1822b, p. 293; Henwood 1843, P1. II, Tabs. vi to viii, pp. 11, 464), it is difficult to compile a clear account of the group. The workings apparently commenced as many very small mines, some of which are now only represented by shafts (e.g. Wheals Bal, Hen, Tolvan, Button and Hazard) and, from time to time, names have been changed (e.g. Wheal Carnyorth was once known as Nineveh and Parknoweth as Truthwall) or dropped.

The roughly rectangular land area covered by the group extends along the coast from Stamps and Jowl Zawn for 1,100 yds. S. The north-eastern boundary runs from the Zawn to Carnyorth village, the south-eastern thence to Truthwall and the south-western from that village to the coast just north of Loe Warren. The Cock section lies on the coast, at the northern extremity and Crowns section just south-west of it. Carnyorth section occupies the north-eastern part of the area, Botallack section the central part and Parknoweth section is near the south-western boundary. The lodes present fall naturally into two groups, (a) including those with more or less N.-S. trend (frequently referred to as guides or crosscourses) and (b) embracing those with more or less E.-W. trend. Those of the former group are:—In Cock section: Wheal Cock Lode, coursing S. 30° E. and underlying 12° to 22° S.W. inland, but beneath the sea changing strike to E. 35° S. with nearly vertical underlie; development on it extends for about 700 yds. North or Wheal Hen Lode, coursing S. 20° E. and underlying 18° S.W.; it joins the hanging wall of Wheal Cock Lode just inland of the coast, and has been opened up for about 400 yds. N. of the junction. Tolvan Lode, about 100 yds. N.E. of Wheal Cock Lode, coursing S. 40° E. and underlying 30° S.W.; it has been developed for about 200 yds. In Crowns and Botallack sections: Crowns Lode, coursing S. 30° E. and underlying about 12° E.; developed for about 800 yds. beyond the coast. On the line of strike of this lode there are continuous workings for a distance of about 2,300 yds. in which, according to the plans, the lode (or lodes) is given different names. Near the coast and just inland of the workings in Crowns section the lode is called Cudna Reeth for a distance of about 300 yds., where it runs into Corpus Christi Lode, which continues thence striking S. 40° E. and nearly vertical but with slight easterly underlie. North of the junction with Cudna Reeth, Corpus Christi changes strike to N. 20^° W., has a south-westerly underlie and is more or less in alignment with the southern workings on North Lode. At 450 yds. S. of the junction with Cudna Reeth, Corpus Christi Lode changes strike to S. 20° E. and is there nearly vertical; workings continue thence for a further 500 yds. S. (into Parknoweth section) to just east of Truthwall village. At a point opposite De Narrow Zawn, Hazard or Narrow Lode, coursing S. 10° E. and underlying 15° E., branches from the western or footwall side of Cudna Reeth Lode and has been followed for 500 yds. S.; at the southern end of the workings it is called Chycornish Lode. At 230 yds. S. of the junction with Cudna Reeth Lode, Hazard Lode is crossed by another coursing S.E. and underlying steeply south-west. In addition to the above lodes, the plans show Bal Lode and Scorran Lode, both west of Corpus Christi Lode, but the development of them is small.

Lodes of the second group are :—In Carnyorth section: Nogger or Nineveh Lode, coursing E. 20° S. and underlying 30° S.; this has been opened up over a distance of 1,300 yds., the western end of the workings being in Cock section where this lode crosses North Lode. In Botallack section: Bunny Lode coursing E. 10^° S. and underlying 20° S.; it crosses Corpus Christi Lode near its junction with Hazard Lode and has been opened up for a distance of 350 yds. Wheal Loor Lode, coursing E. 30° S. and underlying 18° S., crosses Corpus Christi Lode 280 yds. S. of the intersection with Bunny Lode and has been opened up for a distance of 700 yds. In Parknoweth section: Buzza Lode, coursing about E. 15° S. and underlying 20° S., lies about 180 yds. S.W. of Wheal Loor Lode, measured at right angles to the strike, and has been developed for a length of 1,250 yds. Parknoweth or Truthwall Lode, coursing E. 10° S. and underlying 22° S.; this lies about 100 yds. S. of Buzza Lode and has been worked for a length of 700 yds.

Wheal Cock and North lodes were opened up from Engine Shaft, on the cliffs just south of Whealcock Zawn, partly on the underlie of North Lode to the 112-fm. Level below adit (25 fms.) and on the underlie of Wheal Cock Lode to the 220-fm. Level, and New or Skip Shaft, 40 yds. S.S.E. of Engine Shaft, on the underlie of Wheal Cock Lode to the 190-fm. Level below adit (40 fms.). Wheal Cock Lode is developed between the 25-fm. and 170-fm. levels for a maximum distance (on the 112-fm.) of 273 fms. N. of Engine Shaft and between adit and the 180-fm. Level for a maximum distance (on the 112-fm.) of 210 fms. S. of Engine Shaft. The 190-fm. and 200-fm. levels on Wheal Cock Lode extend about 15 fms. N. and 35 fms. S. and the drives at the 210-fm. and 220-fm. are short. North Lode, between the 70-fm. and 150-fm. levels, is opened up for 110 fms. N. of Engine Shaft, but the 100-fm. extends for 165 fms. N. and from a winze near its end the 112-fm. Level is driven a further 80 fms. N.; drives south of Engine Shaft on this lode are obscure. The longitudinal section is diagrammatic and shows some workings on both of the lodes. Dates on the section indicate that the ends of most of the deeper drives and the shaft bottom were reached in 1894. Stoning from 15 fms. above Adit to the 25-fm. Level is shown on the section as extending for 100 fms. S. of Engine Shaft, and from the 25-fm. to the 33-fm. for 50 fms. S. Between the 50-fm. and 190-fm. levels stoping is very patchy and the stope pattern suggests two ore shoots, one above the other, pitching about 30° N. The stopes extend to 220 fms. N. and 180 fms. S. of Engine Shaft, but only about 20 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

Tolvan Lode was opened up by Tolvan Shaft, 130 yds. N.E. of Engine Shaft, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level and by a winze from Adit Level at 30 fms. N.W. of Tolvan Shaft, to the 70-fm. Level. The lode has been developed for 48 fms. N.W. and 40 fms. S.E. of the shaft, but the amount of stoping is not known.

Nogger Lode of Carnyorth section crosses Wheal Cock Lode about 135 fms. S. of Engine Shaft. It has been opened up in Cock section for 40 fms. W. and 45 fms. E. of Wheal Cock Lode at the 100-fm. and 112-fm. levels. From the eastern end of the latter level, a crooked drive, presumably in barren ground, connects, at 38 fms. E. of Wheal Cock Lode by a 3-fm. rise, to the 170-fm. Level west from Carnyorth workings; there are dams in the drive west of the rise. The two sections are also connected at Adit Level near Wheal Hen Shaft, 230 yds. S.E. of Engine Shaft. All the workings of Cock section are apparently in metamorphic rocks. Crowns Lode (see Figure 6) was worked from Button Shaft, on the cliffs 50 yds. N. of The Crowns rocks, on the underlie to the 185-fm. Level below adit (about 10 fms.); Boscawen Diagonal Shaft, commencing near sea level about 40 yds. S. by E. of Button Shaft, inclined at 30° northwards to the 250-fm. Level which it meets about 325 fms. seawards of high-water mark; Crowns Engine Shaft (see (Plate 2A) and (Plate 2B)), 65 yds. S. by E. of Boscawen Diagonal, on the underlie to the 135-fm. Level, and Wheal Hazard Shaft, 160 yds. S.E. by S. of Crowns Engine on the underlie to the 100-fm. Level (adit here is at 33 fms.).

Hazard or Narrow Lode was worked from Wheal Hazard Shaft and from Narrow Shaft, 255 yds. S. by E. of Wheal Hazard, vertical and meeting the lode at the 65-fm. Level (adit at 45 fms.).

Chycornish Lode was opened up from Chycornish Shaft, 320 yds. S.S.E. of Narrow Shaft (and 270 yds. S.W. of Botallack House) on the underlie to the 100-fm. Level (below surface), which is about 3 fms. above the 65-fm. Level at Narrow Shaft.

The workings in the plane of the above three lodes, which are almost in alignment, are shown on one longitudinal section. Hazard Lode intersects Crowns (or Cudna Reeth) Lode at an acute angle, near Wheal Hazard Shaft. Henwood (1843, plate II) gives a sketch of the relationship of the lodes here, but this arrangement is not now evident from the plans. Collins (1912, p. 140, Fig. 11, Pl. IX) states that Crowns (or Cudna Reeth) is heaved 20 fms. right by Hazard and the minerals of the former can be traced along the latter between the heaved portions. Crowns Lode, 2 to 6 ft. wide, consists of cassiterite with iron oxide and quartz, while Hazard Lode carries, in addition, chalcopyrite and pyrite. From the 60-fm. to the 185-fm. Level, Crowns Lode is developed for about 360 fms. N. of Button Shaft, the longest drive, the 165-fm., extending for 446 fms. N. Boscawen Diagonal Shaft meets the 185-fm. Level 260 fms. N. of Button Shaft and from it the 190-fm., 205-fm. and 225-fm. levels open up the lode for 170 fms. and the 240-fm. Level is driven 30 fms. N. South of Button Shaft the ground is fully blocked out to the 135-fm. Level for a distance of 55 fms., to Crowns Engine Shaft, and south of that is partially blocked out (on Hazard Lode) down to the 100-fm. Level for 220 fms., i.e. as far as 20 fms. S. of Narrow Shaft. South of this the drives from Chycornish Shaft, down to the 100-fm. Level (below surface), develop the lode for 140 fms. N. and 15 fms. S. Stoping on the three lodes is very patchy. There is a stope 35 fms. long and 40 fms. high between the 205-fm. and 240-fm. levels north of Boscawen Diagonal Shaft; another 100 fms. long between the 135-fm. and 165-fm. levels where Boscawen Diagonal Shaft crosses them, and a third 50 fms. long between the 60-fm. and 165-fm. levels about 60 fms. W. of Button Shaft. South of the latter shaft stoping is mainly confined between the 30-fm. and 100-fin. levels. In all, less than 20 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The section indicates the underground surface of the granite crossing Narrow Shaft at 50 fms. below sea level, Wheal Hazard Shaft at 75 fms. below, Crowns Engine Shaft at 100 fms. below and Button Shaft at 123 fms. below; north of the last it plunges more steeply and crosses the 185-fm. Level at 38 fms. N.

Cudna Reeth and Corpus Christi lodes, the apparent southward extension of Crowns Lode, were opened up from Wheal Hazard Shaft; Botallack Engine Shaft, 465 yds. S.S.E. of Wheal Hazard and about 90 yds. W. of Botallack House, on the underlie to the 190-fm. Level; Davy's Shaft, 140 yds. S.S.E. of Botallack Engine, on the underlie to the 100-fm. Level and further south from the workings on Wheal Loor, Buzza and Parknoweth lodes, which it intersects. The total length of the workings is 650 fms. S. from Wheal Hazard Shaft and, the greatest depth, 205 fms. below surface at Botallack Engine Shaft; south of Davy's the deepest level is the 70-fin. At 80 fms. N. of Botallack Engine Shaft the Corpus Christi Lode changes strike to N. 20° W. and branches from the main line of strike of Cudna ReethCorpus Christi ; workings down to the 150-fm. Level follow this branch for 70 fms. N. of the junction. There is no longitudinal section of these workings, all of which are in granite.

Wheal Bal Lode, apparently close alongside the above workings and to the west, was developed from Wheal Hazard Shaft and Botallack Engine Shaft. A very dilapidated longitudinal section shows development between the 80-fm. and 170-fm. levels for 120 fms. S. of Botallack Engine Shaft, but between Botallack Engine and Wheal Hazard shafts the deepest drive is the 80-fm. Level (below surface) at the former, which is the 30-fm. Level (below adit) at the latter. At Wheal Hazard Shaft the lode is opened up for 70 fms. S. on the 40-fm., 50-fm. and 65-fm. levels; drives below to the 100-fm. are short. There is stoping between adit and the 65-fm. Level for 70 fms. S. of Wheal Hazard Shaft, between the 110-fm. and 170-fm. for 110 fms. S. of Botallack Engine Shaft, and a small amount between the 40-fm. and 60-fm. levels for about 75 fms. N. of the last shaft.

Scorran Lode branches from the footwall of Corpus Christi Lode just south of Davy's Shaft. Coursing S. 10° E. and underlying steeply E., it has been developed for about 70 fms. S. of the junction down to the 150-fm. Level; the amount of stoping is not known.

Nogger or Nineveh Lode of Carnyorth section was opened up from Nineveh Shaft, 665 yds. E. by N. of Crowns Engine Shaft (and 175 yds. S.W. of Nineveh farm) on the underlie to the 245-fm. Level (adit about 2 fms.); Pearce's (or New Skip) Shaft, 360 yds. E. by S. of Nineveh, on the underlie to the 136-fm. Level below adit (20 fms.), and Carnyorth Engine Shaft, 220 yds. E. by S. of Pearce's, on the underlie to the 136-fm. Level. Down to the 100-fm. Level the lode is blocked out from about 80 fms. W. of Nineveh Shaft to 70 fms. E. of Carnyorth Engine Shaft, a distance of 466 fms. From the 112-fm. to the 204-fm. Level at Nineveh Shaft the lode is opened up for about 85 fms. W. and 60 fms. E. but the levels are of varying lengths, the 170-fm. extending 170 fms. W. to a 3-fm. winze that connects with the eastern end of the 112-fm. Level on Nogger Lode in Cock section; the 214-fm. and 224-fm. levels extend 70 fms. E. and the 245-fm. is short. Pearce's and Carnyorth Shafts are connected by the 136-fm. Level, and the 112-fm. and 124-fm. drives extend 30 fms. W. and 55 fms. E. of Carnyorth Engine Shaft. Dates on the section indicate that the ends of the deeper drives and shaft bottom were reached in 1893 and 1894. There is an extensive block of stoping from near surface to below the 100-fm. Level from 50 fms. W. of Nineveh Shaft to Carnyorth Engine Shaft, and small stopes near the latter down to the 136-fm. Level. The longitudinal section also shows stoping from the 170-fm. Level to the 230-fm. to a maximum of 75 fms. E. of Nineveh Shaft. Another section named New Lode shows this same patch of stoping and other stopes between the 42-fm. and 170-fm. levels up to 90 fms. W. of Nineveh Shaft. There is no indication on the plan of a lode called New Lode and the section so named may be of more recent workings on Nogger Lode. All workings in Carnyorth section are in granite. A crosscut 70 fms. S. from the 88-fm. Level at 70 fms. E. of Nineveh Shaft seems to prove no further lodes. Adit Level extends westwards and connects with that in Cock section at Hen Shaft, 330 yds. W. by N. of Nineveh Shaft. Crosscuts, both 80 fms. N., from adit and from the 30-fm. Level at 60 fms. E. of Carnyorth Engine Shaft meet Rodd's Lode of Spearn Consols.

Bunny Lode was worked from Park Bunny Shaft, 210 yds. N.N.E. of Botallack Engine Shaft, on the underlie to the 120-fm. Level. Drives west meet the workings on Corpus Christi Lode at 60 fms. at Adit Level and at 30 fms. at the 120-fm. Level. Eastward the lode is developed for 60 fms. but the amount of stoping is not known; all workings are in granite.

Wheal Loor Lode, which meets Corpus Christi Lode near Davy's Shaft, was opened up from Ludgvan Shaft, 205 yds. E. by N. of Davy's and from Durloe Shaft, 260 yds. E.S.E. of Ludgvan, the former shaft is to Deep Adit (50 fms.) and the latter to the 80-fm. Level from surface. The lode is blocked out from Corpus Christi Lode for about 300 fms. E., down to the 180-fm. Level and about 70 per cent of the ground has been removed by stoping. A crosscut 95 fms. N. from Adit Level, 40 fms. E. of Durloe Shaft, a second 55 fms. N. from the 80-fm. Level (below surface) 40 fms. E. of Durloe Shaft, a third 45 fms. N. from the 130-fm. Level below Durloe Shaft and a fourth 100 fms. S.S.E. from the 150-fm. Level 40 fms. E. of the position of Durloe Shaft all seem to prove no further lodes in this part.

Buzza Lode, which crosses Corpus Christi Lode about 150 fms. S. of Wheal Loor Lode, was developed on both sides of Corpus Christi, on the west from Buzza Shaft, 350 yds. S.E. of Botallack Engine Shaft (and 350 yds. N. by W. of the cross-road in Truthwall village) on the underlie to the 140-fm. Level below adit, and on the east from Higher Buzza Shaft, 180 yds. E. by S. of Buzza Shaft, on the underlie to Deep Adit. On the west of Corpus Christi the lode is developed to 40 fms. W. of Buzza Shaft, a distance of 100 fms., down to the 67-fm. Level and from the 80-fm. to the 120-fm. for 188 fms. W. and 60 fms. E of Buzza Shaft; the 130-fm. and 140-fm. levels are shorter. On the east of Corpus Christi the lode has been developed for 250 fms. down to the 52-fm. Level. The longitudinal section (which is with A.M. R 211 of Wheal Owles) shows that stoping extends over the whole of the blocked-out ground and the stone pattern suggests an ore shoot pitching about 30° W.; about 55 per cent of the developed ground has been removed.

Parknoweth Lode, which crosses Corpus Christi Lode about 85 fms. S. of Buzza Lode, was worked from Flat Rod Shaft, 140 yds. S.W. by W. of Buzza Shaft (and 350 yds. W.N.W. of the cross-road in Truthwall village) on the underlie to the 120-fm. Level below adit (45 fms.) and Lane Shaft 260 yds. E.S.E. of Flat Rod, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level. The lode is partially developed down to the 50-fm. Level from about 40 fms. W. of Flat Rod Shaft to 75 fms. E. of Lane Shaft, a distance of 280 fms. All development is west of Corpus Christi Lode except the 40-fm. and 50-fm. drives east, which extend about 50 fms. E. of that lode. From the 50-fm. to the 120-fm., development extends for about 30 fms. W. and 150 fms. E. of Flat Rod Shaft. A poor section in the plans of Wheal Owles (A.M. R 211) shows extensive stoping in Parknoweth Lode down to Deep Adit from 45 fms. W. of Flat Rod Shaft to 75 fms. E. of Lane Shaft. Below, the stopes are patchy, mainly above the 20-fm. Level, but some small stopes between the 70-fm. and 110-fm. levels extend for 120 fms. E. of Flat Rod Shaft.

In 1906 Botallack Mine was reconstructed and in 1908 Allen's Shaft was commenced, 180 yds. S.E. by S. of Wheal Hazard Shaft (and 380 yds. N.N.W. of Botallack House), between Cudna Reeth Lode and the northern branch of Corpus Christi Lode that trends N. 30° W. The site chosen was thought to be clear of old workings, but at 10 fms. below adit (50 fms.), however, water entered the new shaft, indicating the proximity of old workings and necessitating the unwatering of Botallack Engine Shaft (some 300 yds. S.S.E.), which delayed sinking. The shaft was completed in 1912 at a depth of 1,461 ft. It encountered the granite surface, sloping about 40° W. at a depth of about 60 fms., Cliffield's Lode, underlying 40° W. at 63 fms. and No. 1 (or Corpus Christi) Lode coursing S. 35° E. and underlying 15° W. at 128 fms. Crosscuts east from the shaft proved No. 1 Lode and those west, No. 1 Lode, No. 2 (or Cudna Reeth) Lode, coursing S. 40^° E. and nearly vertical at 25 fms. W., and Hazard or Narrow Lode at about 70 fms. W. Development was carried out at Adit Level (300 ft. below surface), No. 2 Level (346 ft.), No. 3 Level (426 ft.), No. 4 Level (561 ft.), No. 5 Level (682 ft. and 20 ft. below the 120-fm. Level below surface of Botallack), No. 6 Level (854 ft. and 30 ft. below the 150-fm.), No. 7 Level (1,033 ft. and 20 ft. above the 190-fm.), No. 8 Level (1,230 ft. and about 90 ft. below the 205-fm. or bottom drive of Botallack), No. 9 Level (1,352 ft.) and No. 10 Level (1,461 ft.). A longitudinal section shows No. 1 Lode to have been developed from adit to No. 4 Level for 15 fms. N. and 60 fms. S. of Allen's Shaft and a little stoping to have been done on adit, No. 2 and No. 3 levels and on the northern ends of the 80-fm. and 90-fm. levels of Botallack. No. 2 Lode was developed from No. 4 to No. 7 Level for 50 fms. N. and 50 fms. S. of Allen's Shaft, No. 8 Level extends for 65 fms. N. and 125 fms. S., No. 9 Level for 15 fms. N. and 95 fms. S. and No. 10 Level for 20 fms. N. and 25 fms. S. There is a block of stoping from 15 fms. above No. 4 to 10 fms. below No. 5 Level for 30 fms. N. and 40 fms. S. of the shaft, small stopes on No. 6 Level, a stope 12 fms. high on No. 7 Level for 65 fms. N. of the shaft, another 12 fms. high on No. 8 Level for 30 fms. N. and 135 fms. S. and small stopes on No. 9. The northern end of the 205-fm. Level from Botallack was also stoped to a height of 3 fms. and for a length of 120 fms. On Hazard or Narrow Lode one tiny stope about 4 fms. high was made between the No. 6 Level and the old 100-fm. Level just south of the crosscut from Allen's Shaft.

Botallack Mine is noted for the variety of minerals that have been recorded; these were chiefly secondary copper minerals, but included minerals of cobalt, bismuth, lead, zinc, iron, manganese, arsenic, uranium and silver; wolfram has not been recorded. The occurrence of tin ' floors has also attracted attention. These, though found in other parts of the St. Just area, occurred mainly in a place known as Grylls Bunny in Botallack sett. They consist of nearly horizontal ore-bodies, 3 to 12 ft. thick, irregular in outline and 10 to 40 ft. across; they are found in killas, greenstone or granite country. In places several floors, separated by a few feet of country rock, occur one above another. The cassiterite in the floors is associated with tourmaline which is abundant around the ore ground (see Pryce 1778, p. 21: Carne 1822b, p. 328).

Workings on most of the lodes show evidence that the mineral zones pitch away from the granite at a less steep angle than the slope of the granite surface (see Figure 6). Copper came principally from the coastal areas in metamorphic rocks and tin principally from the inland sections in granite. Thus Warington Smyth (1864) stated that " The best portions of the veins have, with increasing depth, to be sought for an increasing distance from the shore . . ." (i.e. seawards). He was referring to copper ore which, at the 180-fm. Level, was found with scarcely any tin . . . although that metal is raised in considerable amount from the ` old mine ' under the land ".

The early history of the mines of the Botallack group is not known. Some of the mines were active in the early part of the 18th century. Tolvan was working beneath the sea in 1774 and Wheal Cock was reopened in 1778. Writing of Botallack, Carne (1826, p. 339) stated " This mine was wrought under the sea beyond the memory of any person now living." Wheal Cock was united to Botallack after 1841, Carnyorth in 1866 and Parknoweth in 1875. The group continued active, in parts, until the 1890s and in 1906 a company known as Botallack Mines Ltd. took over all the mines mentioned above, as well as all those of the Wheal Owles group. No work was done in Wheal Owles save prospecting for uranium ore in Wheal Edward section, but, though one parcel was sent to the continent for test, no production is known to have resulted. In Botallack, Allen's Shaft was sunk to explore the lodes in the central part of the sett below the old workings. During the sinking of Allen's Shaft, unwatering of the Cock Section was begun but soon abandoned. The pump was moved to Botallack Old Engine Shaft to unwater that section but the lodes proved to be very poor. At the bottom of Allen's Shaft the lodes were valueless where left standing by earlier workers. Most of the black tin produced at this time came from dump material and stope fillings, though a little stoping was done. Recovery from the underground ore was always low, only once, in 1913, reaching about 20 lb. of black tin per ton of ore crushed. Operations ceased at the end of 1914.

Records of output from the various mines of the group are incomplete; those published are:-Botallack: 1853–67, 3,713 tons of black tin and 1845–67, 12,477 tons of about 12 per cent copper ore. Carnyorth: 1853–66, 1,082 tons of black tin. Botallack and Carnyorth: 1868–95, 9,884 tons of black tin and 2,659 tons of about 13 per cent copper ore; 1899–1906, 1,023 tons of black tin from dumps and shallow workings above adit; 1908–13, 641 tons of black tin. According to Phillips and Darlington (1857, p.257) most of the copper ore was sold between 1815 and 1856, and J. Y. Watson (British Mining, 1843) records that rich copper ore was discovered in Botallack in 1841. Cock: 1821–38, 8 tons of black tin, 2,175 tons of 10 per cent copper ore and, in 1841, a little black tin. Bal: 1852–62, 440 tons of black tin. The output from Parknoweth Mine is given under Wheal Owles. In addition, Botallack produced 1,525 tons of crude arsenic.

Spearn Consols

[SW 37090 33895] 1.25 miles N. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 S.W.; A.M. R 56 A, R 285 A and 1019. Includes Spearn Moor Mine [SW 36710 33995]. Country: granite.

Spearn Moor Mine and Spearn Mine worked respectively on the western and eastern parts of Spearn Lode. They were amalgamated under the name of Spearn Consols although that name had earlier been adopted for Spearn Mine. The latter was once part of Carnyorth Mine of the Botallack group. Latterly Spearn Consols was included in Levant Mine sett.

Spearn Lode, coursing E. 20° S. on the west, E.-W. on the east and underlying 28° S., has been opened up for about 700 yds. W. of Trewellard village. It is intersected about 350 yds. W. of Trewellard by Guide Lode, which courses N. 16° W. on the north side of the Spearn Lode and S. 40° E. on the south side; the underlie is steeply westward. Rodd's Lode, coursing E. 35° S. and underlying steeply south, has been worked for about 300 yds. in the southeastern part of the property and several others have been tried.

Spearn Lode was opened up in two sections connected only at adit; that on the east from Trewellard Shaft, 120 yds. W.N.W. of Trewellard House, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level below adit (33 fms.); Spearn Engine Shaft, 160 yds. W. of Trewellard Shaft, on the underlie to the 60-fm. Level (adit at 28 fms.), and Spearn Flat Rod Shaft, 80 yds. S.W. by W. of Spearn Engine, on the underlie of Guide Lode to the 10-fm. Level (adit at 23 fms.) and on the underlie of Spearn Lode to the 152-fm. Level. The section on the west was developed from Spearn Moor Whim Shaft, 215 yds. W. by N. of Spearn Flat Rod, on the underlie to the 160-fm. Level (adit at 15 fms.), and Spearn Moor Engine Shaft, 180 yds. W. by N. of Spearn Moor Whim, on the underlie to the 110-fm. Level. Adit Level extends from 38 fms. E. of Trewellard Shaft to 35 fms. W. of Spearn Moor Engine Shaft, a distance of 383 fms. and drainage adit continues thence to the coast at Stamps and Jowl Zawn. The western section is blocked out down to the 100-fm. Level between Spearn Moor Whim and Spearn Moor Engine shafts and for about 40 fms. W. of the latter, a total distance of 130 fms. The 110-fm. Level connects the two shafts; the 120-fm. Level extends for 50 fms. W. of Spearn Moor Whim Shaft, the 130-fm. for 75 fms. W., the 140-fm. for 12 fms. W., the 150-fm. for 30 fms. W. and the 160-fm. Level is short. The eastern section is blocked out down to the 60-fm. Level from 20 fms. W. of Spearn Flat Rod Shaft to 15 fms. E. of Trewellard Shaft, a distance of 165 fms.

From the 60-fm. to the 140-fm., drives extend for about 100 fms. W. and 60 fms. E. of Spearn Flat Rod Shaft and the 152-fm. Level is short. From surface to Adit Level there is stoping from 20 fms. E. of Spearn Moor Engine Shaft to Trewellard Shaft. In the western section, stoping from the 12-fm. Level to the 150-fm. is spread over most of the area blocked out. In the eastern section, from adit to the 60-fm. Level, much of the ground between Spearn Flat Rod Shaft and Trewellard Shaft has been stoned away and below, to 10 fms. below the 140-fm. Level, patchy stones are scattered over most of the blocked-out ground; about 55 per cent of the lode has been removed.

Guide Lode was opened up from Guide Shaft, 260 yds. N.W. by N. of Spearn Flat Rod, on the underlie to the 80-fm. Level; Spearn Flat Rod Shaft, to the 92-fin. Level; South Shaft, 143 yds. S.E. of Spearn Flat Rod, to the 20-fm. Level, and North Pearce's Shaft, 220 yds. S.E. of South Shaft (and 185 yds. E.N.E. of Pearce's Shaft of Carnyorth Mine) on the underlie to the 40-fin. Level. Adit Level extends north-north-westward from Guide Shaft and connects with the workings in Levant Mine. At Guide Shaft, Guide Lode is blocked out for 50 fms. N. and 40 fms. S. down to the 80-fm. Level and adit, the 60-fm., the 80-fm. and the 92-fm. levels extend some 150 fms. S. and connect with workings on Spearn Lode just east of Spearn Flat Rod Shaft. South of Spearn Lode, Guide Lode assumes a flatter westerly underlie. Levels at Adit (45 fms.), the 10-fm. and the 20-fm. levels extend south eastwards and from North Pearce's Shaft the lode is blocked out for about 30 fms. N.W. and 35 fms. S.E. down to the 40-fm. Level. The only section is one giving the workings from Guide Shaft with plans (A.M. R 21) of Levant Mine, which shows stoping for 30 fms. N. and 35 fms. S. of the shaft from surface to 45 fms. below adit (45 fms.). A crooked crosscut from North Pearce's Shaft meets Adit Level 65 fms. E. of Pearce's Shaft on Nogger Lode of Carnyorth Mine. An unnamed lode, coursing E. 15° S. and underlying 38° S., crosses Guide Lode and has been followed for 125 fms. E. on Adit Level at 45 fms. S. of Guide Shaft and for 75 fms. E. on the 20-fm. Level at 68 fms. S.

Unity Lode, coursing E. 10° S. and underlying 20° N., crosses Guide Lode and has been followed for 43 fms. W. on Adit Level at 38 fms. N. of Spearn Flat Rod Shaft and for 20 fms. W. on the 60-fm. Level at 20 fms. farther north.

Rodd's Lode was developed from Rodd's Shaft, 590 yds. S.E. of Spearn Flat Rod (and 400 yds. S. by E. of Trewellard House), on the underlie to the 40-fm. Level. Adit Level extends for 75 fms. N.W. and 110 fms. S.E. of Rodd's Shaft, and down to the 40-fm. Level the lode is blocked out for about 120 fms. N.W. and 15 fms. S.E.; the amount of stoping is not known. From Adit Level at 22 fms. N.W. of Rodd's Shaft and from the 60-fm. Level at 10 fms. N.W. crosscuts about 75 fms. S.S.W. join the eastern ends of the drives on Nogger Lode of Carnyorth Mine. The crosscuts intersect two lodes that have been driven on for short distances.

Great Works Lode, trending N.-S. and underlying west, was tried from Great Works Shaft, 220 yds. S. of Trewellard House (and 170 yds. N.N.W. of Rodd's Shaft) and another shaft 20 yds. N. of Great Works. Both follow the underlie and the lode has been opened up from 15 fms. S. of Great Works Shaft to 10 fms. N. of the other shaft, a distance of 35 fms. The levels are unnamed and the plan of the workings is probably incomplete. Records of output are:—Wheal Spearn: 1811–28, 256 tons of copper ore. Spearn Consols: 1855–66, 501 tons of black tin and 1873, 34 tons of black tin. Spearn Moor; 1854–73, 1,432 tons of black tin and 20 tons of copper ore. Spearn Consols and Spearn Moor: 1874–79, 230 tons of black tin and 7 tons of copper ore; and in 1875, 7 tons of arsenical pyrite. Mineral Statistics in 1878 states that the mine was closed.

Levant

[SW 36855 34452] 2 miles N. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 S.W.; A.M. R 21 and 10904. The set includes Spearn Consols [SW 37090 33895]. Country: granite overlain to the north-west by metamorphosed killas and greenstone.

The lodes of Levant course approximately N.W.-S.E. and the main workings of the mine are confined to a group that branch and cross one another, chief of which were Old Bal or Trebilcock's Lode, South Lode and North Lode. The productive ground is mainly in the killas and greenstone country, the lodes, where worked in granite, being of workable value only in the higher levels. For this reason the workings, in following the north-west-pitching ore shoots, extend beneath the sea for a distance of about a mile (Figure 7). Several guides or cross-courses, trending about N.N.E., intersect the lodes. No description of the characters of the Levant lodes is known to have been published in recent years. A specimen, reputed to be of normal ore, but the underground position of which is unknown, is described by Dr. J. Phemister as follows : It is seen in thin section (E11978) to consist of aggregates of mutually interfering crystals of cassiterite which, in contact with quartz, chlorite, massive haematite or sulphide minerals, develop idiomorphic outlines. The sulphides include massive arsenopyrite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. The order of crystallization appears to be cassiterite, massive haematite, sulphides, followed by secondary ferruginous stringers which traverse all the opaque minerals.

The chief shafts are Skip Shaft, on the cliffs 100 yds. E. of high-tide mark at the inland end of Levant Zawn (1,070 yds. N.W. of Trewellard House), on the underlie of Old Bal Lode to the 290-fm. Level below adit (35 fms.); Engine Shaft, 20 yds. S. by W. of Skip Shaft on the underlie to the 290-fm. Level; Boscregan Shaft, 105 yds. S. by E. of Engine Shaft, on the underlie of Boscregan Lode to 45 fms. below adit (40 fms.); Man Engine or Daubuz Shaft, 45 yds. S.E. of Boscregan, on the underlie of Old Bal Lode to the 266-fm. Level, and Guide Shaft, in the Spearn Consols section 420 yds. S.S.E. of Man Engine Shaft, on the underlie of Guide or Old Lode to the 80-fm. Level below adit (45 fms.). There are several other old shafts including Phillip's (to the 230-fm. Level) and Angwin's (to the 90-fm. Level) on North Lode and Unity Shaft on Wheal Unity Lode, but their positions are uncertain. Beneath the sea are Old Submarine Shaft, 215 fms. N.N.W. of Skip Shaft, connecting the 210-fm. and 302-fm. levels on North Lode, and New Submarine Shaft, 208 fms. N.W. by W. of Old Submarine, connecting the 260-fm. and 350-fm. levels on North Lode.

Old Bal Lode courses S. 30° E., underlies 10° N.E. and crosses the coast about 100 yds. N.E. of Levant Zawn. Near Skip Shaft it splits seawards into two parts, the southern branch being known as South Lode. Rich in tin and copper ores in the upper levels, it became poorer both in depth and north-westwards beyond the point of junction with South Lode. It is developed for about 220 fms. N.W. and 160 fms. S.E. of Skip Shaft down to the 170-fm. Level, for about 200 fms. N.W. and 150 fms. S.E. from the 180-fm. to the 230-fm. Level and for 50 fms. N.W. and 60 fms. S.E. (to Man Engine Shaft) from the 240-fm. to the 278-fm. Level. On this lode the granite-killas contact sloping 30° to 40° N.W. crops out 340 yds. S.E. of Skip Shaft, crosses Man Engine Shaft at the 100-fm. Level, Skip Shaft at the 180-fm. Level and, beyond, plunges more steeply. Much of the blocked-out area above the contact has been stoped away. In the granite, stoping extends for 100 fms. from the contact between the 80-fm. and 160-fm. levels and there is an area of stoping to 50 fms. S.E. of Skip Shaft between the 220-fm. and 278-fm. levels.

South Lode, coursing S. 40° E. and underlying south-westwards to the 230-fm. Level and north-eastwards below, has been followed for the greatest distance beneath the sea. Near New Submarine Shaft it is joined by North Lode and here a shoot of copper ore occurred. South-eastward of the junction the lode is 2 ft. wide and carries mainly cassiterite with copper ores and some pitchblende, while north-westward it ranges from 1 to 5 ft. wide with shoots of both copper and tin ores; garnet is recorded as occurring with chalcopyrite on the 338-fm. Level, presumably where the lode is in greenstone. From Skip Shaft the lode is blocked out between the 55-fm. and 190-fm. levels for about 300 fms. N.W. Stoping in this part of the development commences about 100 fms. from the shaft in all those levels and extends thence about 150 fms. N.W. Below the 190-fm. Level, the 210-fm. and 230-fm. are driven respectively for 570 fms. and 740 fms. N.W. of Skip Shaft, and from the 240-fm. to the 278-fm. (which is the lowest and longest drive from Skip Shaft, being 927 fms. long) the lode is developed from crosscuts from Old and New Submarine shafts to 450 fms. N.W. of the latter, a total distance of some 700 fms. Below the 278-fm. Level the only drives indicated on the plan are the 290-fm. and 302-fm., which open up the lode to 460 fms. N.W. of New Submarine Shaft. Stoping between the 210-fm. and 278-fm. levels was extensive, but there is no longitudinal section of this part of the workings. The lode is reputed to be poor in the western parts of the drives at the 290-fm. and 302-fm. levels. A crosscut 110 fms. S.W. from the 130-fm. Level at 250 fms. N.W. of Skip Shaft, possibly driven on a crosscourse, proves a lode at 30 fms. from South Lode and another at 110 fms., but there are only short drives on each of these. A crosscut 78 fms. S. from the 130-fm. Level at 90 fms. N.W. of Skip Shaft passes through lodes at 12 fms., 40 fms., 55 fms. and 60 fms. and ends at a lode believed to be Boscregan Lode. Drives on all are short except the last, which is opened up for 48 fms.

A major crosscourse, trending N. 35° E., underlying 15° S.E. and said to be 2 ft. wide, of quartz with rounded fragments of greenstone country rock, intersects South Lode at 200 fms. N.W. of Skip Shaft on the 150-fm. Level. A crosscut following this from the 150-fm. Level intersects North Lode at 50 fms., Treglowns Lode at 70 fms. and Prince of Wales Lode at 155 fms. Another crosscut following the crosscourse from the 170-fm. Level on South Lode is driven 290 fms.; it cuts the above three lodes and also North Vein at 240 fms. N. of South Lode.

North Lode courses about E. 40° S. and underlies 20° S.W. Branching from the north wall of South Lode near New Submarine Shaft it gradually diverges south-eastwards from South Lode and the two are about 120 fms. apart at the position of Skip Shaft. The ore is said to be confined to a leader of quartz, 18 in. wide, that carries bunches of fluorspar in places. On the 210-fm. Level the ores are reputed to be associated with a vein of cinnamon-coloured garnet. Between its junction with South Lode and the granite margin on the east, the lode has been productive of tin and copper ores. The granite is entered on the 230-fm., 240-fm. and 278-fm. levels, but the lode is there barren, though it is in alignment with and believed to be the north-westward extension of No. 2 Branch Lode of Geevor Mine, which has yielded much tin ore at higher levels. The lode was worked mainly from Old and New Submarine Shafts and from the crosscuts north from the workings on South Lode at the 150-fm. and 170-fm. levels which follow a crosscourse. The 150-fm. Level is driven 200 fms. N.W. of the crosscut, at a distance along it of 50 fms. N. of South Lode. The 170-fm. Level is driven 125 fms. S.E. and 250 fms. N.W. of the crosscut. Old Submarine Shaft, just west of the crosscourse, commences on the 210-fm. Level. The 210-fm., 230-fm. and 240-fm. levels block out the lode for 175 fms. S.E. and 350 fms. N.W. of Old Submarine Shaft, but the 230-fm. extends for 533 fms. N.W. The 250-fm. and 260-fm. levels each extend for 40 fms. S.E. and 630 fms. N.W. of the shaft. The 278-fm. Level is driven 135 fms. S.E. and 700 fms. N.W. of the shaft and at 115 fms. S.E. a crosscut 150 fms. S. joins the workings on Old Bal Lode about 20 fms. S.E. of Skip Shaft. Below the 278-fm. Level the drives, mainly from New Submarine Shaft, become successively shorter down to the 350-fm. (or deepest) Level which is driven for 40 fms. S.E. and 150 fms. N.W. of the shaft. Stoping is extensive from the 150-fm. to the 380-fm. and at its maximum lateral extent, on the 278-fm. Level, extends for a length of over 800 fms. Below the 278-fm. the stopes are mainly confined to an area extending 150 fms. S.E. and 100 fms. N.W. of New Submarine Shaft; about 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed, but many of the drives extend a hundred fathoms or so beyond the stopes (see Figure 2).

Treglown's Lode, or Treglown's Course, branches from the north wall of North Lode about 70 fms. E. of New Submarine Shaft. Coursing E. 30° N. and nearly vertical, it diverges from North Lode eastwards to a distance of about 20 fms.; it has yielded some cassiterite. The workings are from those on North Lode and it seems to have been opened up for a distance of about 150 fms. from its junction with North Lode, between the 276-fm. and 326-fm. levels, but there is no longitudinal section.

Prince of Wales Lode, coursing about E. 35° S. and underlying north, lies about 120 fms. N. of North Lode. It was opened up from crosscuts north from the 150-fm. and 170-fm. levels of South Lode. Drives at the 150-fm. are short, but the 170-fm. Level extends 25 fms. S.E. and 100 fms. N.W. of the crosscut. The lode is reputed to be 15 in. wide and to carry copper ores, cassiterite and much mispickel and though impoverished in depth is 4 to 5 ft. wide in the deeper workings.

North Vein, coursing S.E., is intersected in the 170-fm. crosscut at 80 fms. N. of Prince of Wales Lode, but it has only been driven on for about 20 fms. on either side of the crosscut, Boscregan Lode, coursing S. 30° E. and underlying steeply north-east, lies about 15 fms. S. of Old Bal Lode at the entrance end of its workings. Worked from Boscregan Shaft the lode is developed for 90 fms. N.W. (to the coast) and 120 fms. S.E., down to Adit Level (40 fms.), and for 35 fms. N.W. and 70 fms. S.E. between adit and the 38-fm. Level. Stoping is patchy but spread over the developed area and about 30 per cent of the lode has been removed. The lode is also believed to have been proved in the crosscut 78 fms. S. from the 130-fm. Level on South Lode at 90 fms. N.W. of Skip Shaft, but, apart from a drive of 48 fms. here, the lode has not been developed; it is said to have carried cassiterite in values up to 20 lb. per ton.

Guide Lode, coursing N. 16^° W., was worked from Guide Shaft and from others farther south; the development and stoping are described under Spearn Consols. In addition to the above lodes are Wheal Unity Lode, believed to have been worked for tin to shallow depth near the coast and south of Boscregan Lode, also Shop Lode which crops out in Zawn Brinny and crosses Old Bal Lode near Man Engine Shaft; it underlies westerly and is said to consist mainly of chalcocite with limonite and quartz.

Like Botallack Mine, Levant has yielded a large variety of mineral species, many of which are recorded as from Spearn Consols and Wheal Unity. They include, in addition to cassiterite and primary copper ores, copper silicate, arsenates and secondary oxides and carbonates, minerals of zinc, lead, antimony, arsenic, molybdenum, cobalt, tungsten (scheelite) and iron, while the gangue minerals consist of quartz, fluorspar, aragonite, garnet, tourmaline, gypsum, etc.

Though the earliest known record of production for Levant is 10 tons of copper ore in 1793, the mine did not, apparently, come into steady production until 1820, when it was operated by a small local company. Between 1872 and 1920 it was run by a costbook company. In the latter year a limited company was constructed and the mine continued to work, weathering the post-war slump period of 1921, 1922, until 1930 (Oats 1920, p. 148). The mine was an important copper producer from its earliest days and maintained a fairly steady yield of 1,000 tons or so of ore annually, except for the period 1866–75. The maximum recorded output was over 5,500 tons in 1900 and after 1912 production fell rapidly. The first record of continuous tin production was for 1835 and by 1848 the mine was an important tin producer; in that year workings had reached a depth of 210 fms. below adit. Between 1860 and 1870 (Old) Submarine Shaft was sunk to the 302-fm. Level, Skip and Engine shafts were deepened to the 290-fm. Level and the crosscut at the 278-fm. driven northwards from near the shafts to serve the landward workings on North Lode. After the formation of the costbook company in 1872, developments were extended seawards, New Submarine Shaft was sunk and production both of tin and copper were maintained at a high level until about 1900, when, with the ever-increasing distances of the seaward workings from the land shafts, production costs also increased. Prospecting both in depth and to landward showed that there was no sign of improvement of the lodes in these directions, and after the man-engine disaster of 1919 (see Abbott 1920) the deeper levels were abandoned and work concentrated on the higher parts of lodes and their branches. About 1925 plans for a new shaft for development of the deeper ground seawards were under consideration, but the project did not mature and the mine closed in 1930. In spite of the great extent of the workings beneath the sea, the mine has always been dry and pumping charges light (Oats 1920, p. 151). An outstanding feature of the tin production has been the steadiness of recovery value, standing usually at about 2 per cent of black tin per ton of ore crushed, even when the reputedly richer parts in the bottom of the workings to the north-west had been abandoned and work was confined to the higher levels on North Lode and elsewhere.

Records of output are 24,000 tons of black tin and about 130,000 tons of copper ore averaging about 10 per cent for the period 1820 to 1930; over 4,000 tons of arsenic have been raised since 1881. In 1912–13 the mine produced 893 tons of copper ore containing 5,278 oz. of silver and 4 oz. of gold. Records of Spearn Consols, which was later included in the sett, are given in the account of that mine. Levant sett has recently been included in that of Geevor Mine.

Geevor

[SW 37530 34505] 2 miles N. by E. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 S.W.; A.M. 12,251. Includes Wheal Carne [SW 38220 34000] (also called Maitland or London) and North Levant Mine (A.M. R 128 and 3,030) [SW 37415 34590]. In recent years Boscaswell Downs Mine (A.M. R 108 and 1,283) and part of Levant Mine (A.M. R 21 and 10,904) have been added to the sett. Geevor Mine (see (Plate 3A)) was once known as North Levant, and it is given that name on the earlier editions of the 6-in. Ordnance Map, while that part of the sett now known as North Levant is there shown as East Levant, which name still appears on the latest edition. Country: granite overlain to the north-west by metamorphosed killas and greenstone.

The principal lodes of Geevor, as shown in the sketch plan Figure 8, consist of a group of narrow interlaced and branching veins, in granite country, with a general N.W.-S.E. trend. They have been developed for an overall length of about 1,600 yds. from Carne Shaft, Wethered Shaft and Victory Shaft. Carne Shaft on the east of the workings, lies 350 yds. S.E, from the St. Just-St. Ives road and 275 yds. S. of St. John the Baptist's Church, Pendeen. With collar at about 550 ft. O.D., it is sunk on North Pig Lode to the 5th Level (680 ft. below surface and 315 ft. below Deep Adit or 3rd Level). Wethered Shaft, about 25 yds. W. of the road and 458 yds. W. by N. of Carne Shaft, with collar at 425 ft. O.D., is sunk to the 7th Level (794 ft. below surface and 445 ft. below 3rd Level) in a lode called Caunter Lode. Victory Shaft, 540 yds. N.W. of Wethered Shaft, with collar at 322 ft. O.D., is sunk to the 15th Level (1,437 ft. below surface and 1,177 ft. below 3rd Level) just north of Pig Lode and passes through North Lode a little above the 7th Level.

North Lode trends W. 20° N. on the east, but westwards gradually changes strike to E.-W., south of Victory Shaft; the underlie is about 35° S.W. About 1,000 ft. S.E. of Victory Shaft it is crossed by Coronation Lode and near the shaft intersects North and South Pig Lodes (and therefore passes south of them), while west of the shaft it sends off a branch called North Lode Footwall Branch, coursing W. 25° N. and underlying 22° N.E.

North Pig Lode strikes about N.W.-S.E. and is nearly vertical except near Victory Shaft on the west where it underlies about 30° S.W. About 1,200 ft. N.W. of Carne Shaft it is intersected by New Lode, coursing N. 15° W. and underlying steeply west, and north of Wethered Shaft is crossed by North West Branch, bearing N. 30° W. North-west of Victory Shaft and of its intersection with North Lode it sends off two veins on its hanging-wall side, known as No. 1 and No. 2 Branches. North Pig Lode has not been opened up far beyond No. 2 Branch, but the latter has been developed for 1,700 ft. from the junction and the workings on it are the most north-westerly in the sett and approaches near the landward ends of drives on North Lode of Levant Mine (see Figure 2).

South Pig Lode is nearly parallel with North Pig Lode in strike, but underlies about 30° S.W. It appears to send off a branch called Jumbo Lode, trending about S. 15° E., from a point north-west of Wethered Shaft. This is nearly vertical and is crossed by Caunter Lode, trending N.W.-S.E. and underlying 35° S.W.; the workings on these two latter lodes are old and plans of them are incomplete.

Coronation Lode, that intersects North Lode about 1,000 ft. S.E. of Victory Shaft, courses about N. 30° W., but at about 900 ft. north of the intersection, suddenly changes strike to W. 15° to 25° N. and runs approximately parallel with and about 250 ft. N. of No. 2 Branch; the underlie is about 30° southerly.

Just east of Victory Shaft, Hangingwall Branch, trending about N.-S. and underlying 30° E., crosses all the other lodes. It was productive in the neighbourhood of North, North Pig and South Pig lodes but, followed northwards became poor. Its northerly drives, however, proved more northern lodes including the following, A Lode, 200 ft. N. of North Lode, D Lode 320 ft. N. and Coronation Lode 520 ft. N. A and D lodes course N.W.-S.E. and underlie south-west, but Coronation Lode here trends E. 15° S.

Development of the area north of the above lodes by crosscuts subsequent to 1945 proved an important lode called No. 3 Branch. Trending about W. 30° N. and underlying steeply south it is nearly parallel to and lies 100 to 200 ft. N. of Coronation Lode; it may be the landward continuation of Prince of Wales Lode of Levant Mine. A crosscut about N.E. from the 9th Level near Victory Shaft is being driven to prove the Boscaswell Downs Lode below the old workings at Trease Shaft, some 2,300 ft. N.E. of Victory Shaft; about half the distance had been driven in 1951; another crosscut from 9th Level 750 ft. N.W. of the first is driven 450 ft. N.E. from No. 3 Branch. The crosscuts intersect numerous narrow veins with low values, some of the larger ones of which have been driven on for short distances, but workable values have not been proved.

Drainage Adit (or 3rd Level) commences at the coast just north of Trewellard Zawn, crosses No. 2 Branch north-west of Victory Shaft, North Lode south-west of it, and continues to North Levant section where it joins the workings at the 70-fm. Level. At 740 ft. W.N.W. of Victory Shaft it passes the granite-killas contact.

In North Levant section there are seven lodes, roughly parallel with North and South Pig lodes and underlying south-westward.

The numerous intersections of lodes in Geevor Mine show no evidence of large heaves. In some cases the vein filling of one lode can be seen to pass through that of another, indicating relative ages of haling; some intersections show a dislocation of a few feet at most. Hangingwall Branch can in most cases be traced through the lodes it intersects. Several aplite or elvan dykes occur in the granite country rock; some are not apparently heaved by the lodes but others show a horizontal movement in the plane of the intersecting lode of up to 15 ft.

The lodes are all comparatively narrow, rarely exceeding 2.5 ft., but are characteristically persistent both in size and values. Stopes are carried about 3.5 ft. in width and the average run of mine ore is in the neighbourhood of 30 lb. of black tin per ton recoverable (Gregory 1925, p. 275; Sevier 1945, Table 2). A typical section of the lodes (see Figure 9) shows a fissure lined on either side with a few inches of dark green peach, usually mottled with vermilion iron oxide and often with sulphides and pale green copper stains. The middle of the lode is occupied by quartz showing comb structure the central spaces being occasionally empty but usually filled with siliceous limonite. The country rock, for up to 1 ft. from either side of the infilling, consists of granite with red-stained feldspars and much alteration of the mica to chlorite with cassiterite. This altered wall rock therefore carries values; it frequently extends outwards to a crack or joint, parallel with the lode and a foot or so from it beyond which the country is normal grey granite. The tin zone pitches seawards, as shown in Figure 8 (see also Figure 2). At Carne Shaft the deepest workings reach to about 700 ft. below surface (5th Level), while at Wethered Shaft they are a further 450 ft. deeper (10th Level) and at Victory Shaft (the collar of which is 228 ft. lower than that of Carne Shaft) they are over 1,400 ft. from surface (15th Level). At surface the granite-killas junction is about 200 yds. N.W. of Victory Shaft and, underground, pitches about 40° N.W. The present workings are in granite though the metamorphic rocks have been entered by the 3rd Level on North Pig Lode, the 8th Level on No. 2 Branch and the 7th, 8th and 9th levels on No. 3 Branch; in all cases the lodes there become pinched.

Dr. J. Phemister has examined numerous specimens from Geevor petrographically. He reports that the white or grey granite country rock from the wall of No. 2 Branch, 11th Level, is composed of partly chloritized red biotite, quartz and orthoclase and within the latter are enclosed small idiomorphic prismatic pseudomorphs in sericite, probably representing plagioclase. The rock also contains pinitic pseudomorphs probably after cordierite (E18409) and small clots of biotite, muscovite, quartz and a flaky mineral aggregate which is perhaps pseudomorphous after andalusite (E18409A). Nearer the lode, the pink granite where least altered is mineralogically similar to the white granite but contains prisms and irregular grains of yellow tourmaline which appear to have crystallized directly from the magma (E18410). In the more altered rocks the orthoclase is recrystallized to small grains and prisms, among which relics of the original crystal remain optically continuous (E17974). At the same time small aggregates of chlorite, prisms of yellow tourmaline, needles of blue tourmaline and quartz grains appear in association with the granular feldspar. Further alteration accompanied the introduction of quartz. Abundant blue tourmaline and cassiterite in varying quantities were then introduced and orthoclase was removed, its place being taken by quartz among which relics and outlines of the feldspars remain (E17971), (E18187). Cassiterite may be so abundant in the pink granite that the rock is to be regarded as an ore. For example, micrometric estimation shows that a specimen (E17971) from North Lode, 11th Level (Figure 9), contains 7.4 per cent of cassiterite by volume or 17 per cent by weight. An unusual variety of pink granite from North Pig Lode, 11th Level contains albite predominant over orthoclase. There is evidence that some of the albite is replacing orthoclase, both are partially replaced by quartz and both occupy thin veins which cut across quartz and feldspars (E18184). Arsenopyrite is a common mineral of the pink granite and appears to have been introduced earlier than the invasion of quartz and cassiterite, possibly at the period of granulation of the feldspar (E18187).

The development of green peach is shown by a series of specimens from No. 2 Branch, 11th Level. Here towards the lode wall the pink granite passes rapidly to a dull green chloritic rock, spotted with grains of quartz and speckled with glistening plates of chlorite. The sliced specimens (E18411), (E18412), (E18413) show that the transformation has taken place by the replacement of the feldspar of the granite by chlorite and sericite. The granitic texture remains recognizable when the replacement of the feldspar is almost complete, and, up to the last, the large plates of chlorite which have replaced biotite, retain their individuality. Pyrite, zonally grown with colourless chlorite, accompanies the chloritization, and, at a late stage, granular quartz has replaced residual feldspar. Similar peach comes from North Pig Lode and in it the most thoroughly chloritized feldspar appears to represent small plagioclase crystals enclosed in orthoclase plates (E17975). The chlorite is an intermediate variety having β = 1.63, 2V = 24° to 30°, and moderate birefringence. Yellow tourmaline traverses the orthoclase crystals in anastomosing strings.

The black or dark blue peach adjoins or appears within the granite wall and is composed essentially of a felted mass of slender prisms of blue tourmaline enclosed in anhedral quartz (E17972). Larger, less perfect prisms of tourmaline, zoned in tints of yellow, are common and are occasionally fringed in the direction of the c-axis by needles of the blue variety. Cassiterite is very abundant in the tourmaline felts and in the quartz; thin veins of late quartz break through the peach. While in this type of peach no pre-existing mineral or texture is present, other black peaches show the remains of granite minerals and texture. For example, a black peach from the wall of North Pig Lode, below the 11th Level proved to be a microbrecc ia of granitic fragments, which contains original yellow tourmaline embedded in very fine-grained, tourmalinized debris of the same materials (E18406). Late veins of quartz containing needles of blue tourmaline cut through matrix and fragments. Again, in Coronation Lode at the 11th Level, the ore appears as small masses in a mottled red and black material which might be described as peach. The ore (E18186) itself is an aggregate of cassiterite grains embedded in turbid feldspar and quartz; blue tourmaline and chlorite, form a very subordinate proportion of the rock. The mottled material is a rock allied to luxulianite and is composed of quartz, orthoclase and tourmaline. In parts, the orthoclase is granulitized and pervaded by chlorite and blue tourmaline; in parts it is represented by ghostly outlines and spongy patches within quartz (E18407). Colourless tourmaline, strikingly zoned in orange, forms large prisms which, together with chlorite in rosette aggregates, appear to have been in the rock before quartz replaced the feldspar. Blue tourmaline partly replaces the yellow variety. Cassiterite does not appear as a constituent of the mottled rock, but arsenopyrite is present and is partly replaced by quartz. True black peach occurs as a 2-in. seam inside the granite wall of this lode; it is composed of quartz, tourmaline, subordinate cassiterite and accessory apatite, and passes laterally into granite without evidence of brecciation (E18408).

The chief gangue mineral of the lodes is quartz. Fluorspar is rare, but, where present, is massive and encloses cassiterite and arsenopyrite. Quartz containing blue tourmaline occurs in subordinate proportion in association with fluorspar; sericitic aggregate after feldspar is also present and is in process of replacement by both quartz and arsenopyrite (E18185). The last appears to be a late mineral in this association and bears a cementing relation to the cassiterite. The latest minerals in the lodes are limonite and siderite. The former, mixed with quartz, forms a massive central filling in the lode and the latter is found in small yellowish rhombs lining open spaces.

From the examination of the Geevor specimens, Dr. Phemister reaches the following conclusions:—

1. The cassiterite is present in the black peach and in altered wall rock.

2. The green and black peaches represent granite in which feldspar has been replaced by chlorite and by quartz and tourmaline respectively.

3. The lodes are only to a small extent associated with fractured rock.

4. The sequence of mineralization and related processes is:—

a sericitization, chloritization and granulation of feldspar;

b introduction of arsenopyrite;

c¹ introduction of quartz, blue tourmaline and cassiterite with concurrent mass solution of the feldspar;

c² local introduction of fluorspar with cassiterite and quartz;

d introduction of late quartz veins;

e deposition of limonite and siderite in the vughs.

In addition to the minerals mentioned above, the following have been found lining vughs; calcite, dolomite, jasper, lithomarge, cobaltite and stibnite. Sulphides of copper and other minerals are sparsely distributed throughout the lodes. The chief copper mineral is chalcocite; this is not common between Wethered and Victory shafts, but north-west of the latter is found at least to a depth of 600 ft. below present sea-level. The sulphides are removed from the tin concentrates at a late stage in the ore dressing by means of flotation and are stored in dumps. An analysis showed the float material to contain the following percentages of metals: Sn 1.4, Bi 1, Cu 10.3, As 21.6, S 23, Fe 28, and traces of gold, silver and uranium.

According to Mr. D. Ostle, pitchblende is present in small amounts in the lodes of Geevor Mine, the uranium mineral occurring nearly everywhere in the sulphide-rich parts, close to the margins of the central quartz leaders. The mineral is more prolific in places where these parts of the lodes exhibit more ' open ' characteristics such as where brecciated or vughy structures are present. The sulphides and the pitchblende arrived relatively late in the period of mineralization, but before the final infilling of the fissures as represented by the central quartz leaders. From polished sections of the sulphidic vein-rock, the following seems to be the sequence of deposition : (1) arsenopyrite; (2) pitchblende, chalcopyrite and bornite; (3) covellite and chalcocite. The pitchblende is intimately associated with the chalcopyrite.

North Lode has been developed on the 5th and 6th levels only for about 500 ft. and 300 ft. E. respectively of the drives northwards from near Victory Shaft on the Hangingwall Branch, but from the 7th to the 12th it has been opened up from about 700 ft. W. to nearly 2,000 ft. S.E. of Victory Shaft and there are shorter drives at the 13th Level; most of the blocked-out ground down to the 12th Level has been stoped away. The crossing of North Lode and North Pig Lode seems to show contemporaneous infilling of both fissures; this also applies to the North Lode—Coronation Lode intersection. At the intersection with Hangingwall Branch, however, the latter is seen to cross North Lode nearly at right angles and in most exposures its infilling can be traced through North Lode; there is no heave. North Lode Footwall Branch, that leaves North Lode about 200 ft. S.E. of Victory Shaft has only been driven on for short distances on the 7th and 9th levels and for 650 ft. from North Lode on the 10th Level; there is a little stoping above the last drive but where left standing the lode is strong, of quartz up to 4 ft. wide in places with bands of hard dark tourmaline peach; the lode walls are of kaolinized granite.

North Pig Lode has been developed north-westward from Victory Shaft for short distances down to the 5th Level. From 6th to 10th levels the drives in this direction average 500 ft. in length and from 1 I th to 14th about 200 ft. South-eastward of Victory Shaft down to the 5th Level the drives extend nearly 3,000 ft., as far as Carne Shaft, and, down to the 8th Level (of Victory Shaft which is about at the same depth as the 7th Level from Wethered Shaft) to about 1,800 ft. S.E. From the 9th to the 12th levels the average length of the drives is about 1,450 ft. S.E. and the 13th and 14th levels respectively extend 700 ft. and 500 ft. S.E. Much of the developed area of North Pig Lode has been stoped out.

No. 1 Branch (see (Plate 3B)), which leaves the south wall of North Pig Lode a short way north-west of Victory Shaft, is not extensively developed, but No. 2 Branch which splits from North Pig Lode about 200 ft. N.W. of Victory Shaft, is blocked out from the 6th to the 12th levels for about 1,200 ft. from the junction and the 13th and 14th levels are shorter. The longest drive is the 12th Level which extends nearly 1,700 ft.; the end of this drive is about 400 ft. above and at 70 ft. plan distance from the 210-fm. Level of North Lode, Levant Mine (see Figure 2). Much of the developed area of No. 2 Branch has been stoped away. The seaward drive at 8th Level passes a few feet beyond the granite-killas contact, but the lode there is poor.

South Pig Lode development is similar to that on North Pig Lode in lateral extent, but the lode was largely wrought during earlier activities of the mine and does not seem to have been opened up below 8th Level.

Jumbo Lode, which branches southwards from South Pig Lode about 500 ft. N. by W. of Wethered Shaft was one of the earlier worked lodes. It has been developed for about 600 ft. from South Pig Lode and to 7th Level, but plans are not complete. On 3rd Level it has been stoped to a width of 4 ft. in places, and, where left standing, consists of quartz and peach veins up to 9 in. wide with pink granite walls. Caunter Lode crosses Jumbo Lode north-west of Wethered Shaft. It was worked from that shaft for 200 ft. N.W. and 350 ft. S.E. at 3rd Level, for 200 ft. N.W. and 300 ft. S.E. at 5th Level, for 150 ft. N.W. and 120 ft. S.E. at 6th Level and for a short distance at 7th Level. A very small amount of stoping is shown on a section with North Levant plans down to 3rd Level (60 fms. below surface) and for 70 fms. E. of Wethered Shaft.

New Lode, which crosses North Pig Lode about 1,200 ft. N.W. of Carne Shaft, has been developed on either side of the latter lode as follows: on 3rd Level for only about 100 ft.; on 4th Level for 400 ft. N.W. and 200 ft. S.E.; on 5th Level for 950 ft. N.W. and 200 ft. S.E.; on 6th Level for 950 ft. N.W. and 300 ft. S.E.; on 8th Level for 800 ft. N.W. and 250 ft. S.E., and on 10th Level for 450 ft. N.W. only. On 6th and 8th levels the lode seems to split into two parts about 350 ft. N.W. of North Pig Lode; on 6th Level, only the more westerly branch has been followed but on 8th Level, both branches were developed. The lode, though narrow, seems to have carried good values over much of the area blocked out and has been largely stoped away. Coronation Lode, which crosses North Lode about 1,000 ft. S.E. of Victory Shaft has been developed on the north side of North Lode between 7th and 12th levels. Where the lode trends N. 30° W., drives from North Lode extend 200 ft. on 7th Level, 280 ft. on 8th, 900 ft. on 9th, 850 ft. on 10th, 900 ft. on 11th and 700 ft. on 12th. At these distances on 9th to 12th levels the lode makes a sudden change of strike to W. 15° to 25° N. and has been developed westwards of the turn for about 1,700 ft.; it is also developed from the Hangingwall Branch drive for 800 ft. W and 400 ft. E. at 7th Level and for 1,100 ft. W. and 400 ft. E. on 8th Level. About 700 ft. W. of Hangingwall Branch, D Lode joins the footwall of Coronation Lode, and 200 ft. to 300 ft. farther west, Coronation Lode is crossed by North Pig Lode, here an almost barren fissure. Coronation Lode, which is fairly persistent and up to 2 ft. wide, of medium values, has been extensively stoped.

Hangingwall Branch, with N.-S. trend and easterly underlie, crosses North Lode, North Pig Lode and South Pig Lode near Victory Shaft; the shaft passes through it at 5th Level. Development on the branch south of South Pig Lode at 5th to 12th levels does not much exceed 200 ft. The drives northward at 5th to 8th levels open up the lode for about 600 ft. N. of South Pig Lode and 6th Level continues to nearly 1,000 ft. N. An ore-body of about 150 ft. horizontal measurement, pitching about 45° S. and extending from above 5th Level to 7th Level, with its upper north corner at Victory Shaft, has been stoped out, and another stope, 250 ft. long, between 6th and 7th levels occupies the space between A and D lodes. In addition to South and North Pig lodes and North Lode, the northward drives on Hangingwall Branch prove A Lode, about 150 ft. N. of North Lode, D Lode about 350 ft. N. and Coronation Lode about 600 ft. N. A Lode, coursing N.W.-S.E. and underlying S.W. has been opened up for 200 ft. N.W. and 400 ft. S.E. of Hangingwall Branch on 5th and 6th levels and for shorter distances below. D Lode, coursing a few degrees nearer west than A, and with slight northerly underlie has been developed for about 800 ft. N.W. and 500 and 850 ft. S.E. of Hangingwall Branch on 5th and 6th levels and for 800 ft. N.W. on 7th, 8th and 9th levels, 600 ft. N.W. on 10th Level and 350 ft. N.W. on 11th Level; the drives north-west on the last five levels are to its junction with Coronation Lode; drives on 12th Level are short. Stoning on D Lode is extensive.

No. 3 Branch, proved by crosscutting northwards west of Hangingwall Branch about 1946, has (1951) been developed for 350 ft. on 7th Level, up to 1,200 ft. on 8th, 9th and 10th levels and for 900 ft. and 700 ft. respectively on 11th and 12th levels. The ends of drives seawards on 7th, 8th and 9th levels enter killas, where values persist though they are lower here than in the granite. On 8th and 9th levels there is a slight heave, by the lode, of the granite-killas contact, but this is not apparent on 7th Level. The lode is, on the whole wider than others of the mine and consists, in the main, of quartz-banded, highly chloritized granite, occasionally with leaders of hard, dark tourmaline rock. Values are persistently high in the area blocked out, often ranging up to 200 lb. of black tin per ton over widths up to 36 in., but the lode has not been proved to extend south-eastwards beyond the meridian of Victory Shaft. The discovery of the lode has extended the life of the mine by several years and has enabled other lodes of marginal value, such as Coronation Lode, to be further exploited.

In North Levant section, excluding Jumbo and Caunter lodes near Wethered Shaft, described above, there are Blue Lode, coursing E. 30° S. and underlying north; Hunt's Lode, coursing E. 35° S. and underlying steeply south; Stennack Lode, coursing N.W.-S.E. and underlying 23° S.W. and its two branches called North Stennack and South Stennack, on either side; East Levant Lode, coursing E. 35° S. and underlying 32° S., and an unnamed lode south of the last and of similar strike but flatter dip. The most important lodes were the Stennack group and East Levant.

The Stennack lodes were worked from Stennack Shaft, 200 yds. W. by S. of Wethered Shaft, on the underlie to the 115-fm. Level below surface; the levels below, down to the 150-fm. were opened up by crosscuts 35 fms. N. from East Levant Lode. The extent of developments shown in the plan and section are not in agreement. The 20-fm. Level extends for 23 fms. N.W. and 100 fms. S.E. of the shaft; the 30- (or 33-) fm. Level for 150 fms. N.W. and 83 fms. S.E.; the 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels for 110 fms. S.E.; according to the section the lode from the 60-fm. to the 115-fm. is blocked out for 80 fms. N.W. and 30 fms. S.E. but some drives in the plan are longer while the 70-fm., which is adit, continues in barren ground for 150 fms. N.W. to join 3rd Level on South Pig Lode about 50 fms. W. of Victory Shaft; the 125-fm. and 135-fm. levels extend about 80 fms. N.W. of the shaft position. Sloping occupies an almost solid block of ground from surface to the 115-fm. Level, of just over 100 fms. horizontal measurement and there are small stopes on the levels below, west of the shaft.

South Stennack Lode was worked down to the 70-fm. Level from Stennack Shaft and from that to the 150-fm. Level by crosscuts north from East Levant Lode. Down to the 70-fm.

Level the lode is blocked out for 60 fms. N.W. and 40 fms. S.E. of the shaft and below for about 40 fms. W. of the shaft position. There is a solid block of stoping covering most of the blocked-out ground to the 70-fm. Level and below there are small patches scattered over the developed area down to the 150-fm. Level. North Stennack Lode was not worked above the 60-fm. Level but below, to the 100-fm. Level development (from crosscuts from Stennack Lode' extends for 150 fms. N.W. and 40 fms. S.E. of the shaft position and on the 115-fm. and 135-fm. levels for about 60 fms. N.W.; there is only a short drive on the 125-fm. A block of stoping up to 50 fms. long between the 60-fm. and 115-fm. levels is north-west of the shaft and a block 20 fms. long between the 60-fm. and 85-fm. levels on the south-east. All lodes are intersected by a guide or crosscourse trending N. 20° E. and underlying 35° to 40° E. which crosses Stannack Shaft position at the 125-fm. Level; in it the crosscuts are driven.

East Levant Lode was opened up by Law's Shaft, 115 yds. S. of Stennack Shaft, on the underlie to the 150-fm. Level below surface; Wheal Game Shaft, 70 yds. E. by S. of Law's on the underlie to the 60-fm. Level, and Long Tom Shaft, 270 yds. E. by S. of Wheal Game, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level. The longest drive is the 30-fm. which extends from 50 fms. N.W. of Law's Shaft to 30 fms. S.E. of Long Torn Shaft, a distance of 290 fms. The 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels connect Law's and Wheal Game shafts and extend a few fathoms beyond each, and the 60-fm., 70-fm. and 85-fm. levels open up the ground from 50 fms. N.W. of Law's Shaft to 70 fms. S.E. of the position of Wheal Game Shaft, a distance of 180 fms. The 100-fm. and 115-fm. levels extend for 50 fms. N.W. and 80 fms. S.E. of Law's Shaft; the 123-fm. Level for 30 fms. N.W. and 40 fms. S.E.; the 135-fm. Level for 10 fms. N.W. and 30 fms. S.E., and the 150-fm. Level is short. The stope pattern suggests two vertical ore shoots about 10 fms. apart; one of about 20 fms. horizontal measurement extends from surface to the 115-fm. Level at Wheal Game Shaft and the other, of 30 fms. horizontal measurement above the 60-fm. Level and twice that below, extends from surface to the 125-fm. Level at Law's Shaft. The guide or crosscourse that intersects the Stennack lodes also crosses East Levant Lode, underlying about 30° E.; it crosses Law's Shaft at the 135-fm. Level.

The unnamed lode south of East Levant Lode was opened up south of Law's Shaft for a distance of 50 fms. on the 30-fm. Level, for 75 fms. on the 60-fm. Level and for 100 fms. on the 85-fm. Level; it was also proved in crosscuts 30 fms. S. and 40 fms. S. respectively from the 30-fm. and 60-fm. levels on East Levant Lode about 125 fms. S.E. of Law's Shaft, but drives here are short.

Blue Lode, which may be the north-westerly extension of Caunter Lode, was proved in a crosscut 93 fms. N. by E. from the 50-fm. Level on Stennack Lode at 33 fms. N.W. of Stennack Shaft, but drives on it are short.

Hunt's Lode was opened up in two sections, one by crosscuts about 12 fms. N. driven in the crosscourse from the 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels or Stennack Lode about 38 fms. N.W. of Stennack Shaft, and the other from Down Shaft, 150 yds. S. of Wethered Shaft (and 195 yds. S.E. by E. of Stennack Shaft), on the underlie to the 60-fm. Level with a winze below to the 85-fm. Level. The workings at Down Shaft are connected to Stennack Lode by a crosscde 33 fms. S. from the 50-fm. Level, 10 fms. W. of Down Shaft, which joins Stennack Lout 100 fms. S.E. of Stennack Shaft and to East Levant Lode by a crosscut 53 fms. S. from the bottom of the winze below Down Shaft, which meets the 85-fm. Level on East Levant Lode at 75 fms. S.E. of Law's Shaft. From the crosscuts near Stennack Shaft the 40-fm. Level extends for 45 fms. N.W. and the 50-fm. Level for 63 fms. N.W. There is a stope 20 fms. long from 20 fms. above the 40-fm. to the 50-fm. Level. At Down Shaft the 50-fm. Level is driven for 15 fms. N.W. and 60 fms. S.E.; the 60-fm. Level for 5 fms. N.W. and 40 fms. S.E.; and the 85-fm. drive from the bottom of the winze extends 10 fms. S.E. A stope of 45 fms. horizontal measurement extends from surface to the 60-fm. Level.

A specimen of lode stuff from North Levant (4086, under the name East Levant) is reported by Dr. J. Phemister to be a schorl rock of granular quartz and tourmaline. The quartz shows a tendency to develop crystal faces and is uniformly sprinkled with fluid inclusions. Tourmaline forms deep brown aggregates of stout prisms from which blue needles radiate out into the quartz. Blue tourmaline needles occur also isolated in the quartz but are evidently derived from the aggregates. Small flakes of muscovite and grains of apatite are accessory.

Under the name North Levant, Geevor was active before 1810, and Wheal Carne was working between 1836 and 1856. In 1892 North Levant was described as a part of Geevor and in 1906 the mine was taken over by the West Australian Goldfields Co. Ltd, and known as North Levant and Wheal Geevor. The present owners, Geevor Tin Mines Ltd, took over in 1911. Recorded outputs include—North Levant: 1854–1913, 4,238 tons of black tin; 1875–79, 60 tons of 12.25 per cent copper ore; 1886, 1.5 tons and 1895, 10 tons of copper ore. Carne: 1852–57, 81.5 tons of black tin. Geevor: 1892–93, 58 tons; 1906,15 tons and 1911–56, 25,250 tons of black tin, the highest output being 1,033 tons in 1939. The production is now over 900 tons of black tin annually.

Boscaswell Downs

[SW 38375 34430] 2.25 miles N. by E. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 N.W., S.W.; A.M. S 3, R 108 and 1283. Includes North Boscaswell [SW 38115 35100] and Boscaswell Cliff [SW 373 350] mines in the north-western part of the sett and Wheal Powle on the south-east. Country: granite overlain to the north-west by metamorphosed killas.

The sett, approximately 800 yds. wide at its broadest part, extends from the coast about Mill Zawn for some 2,000 yds. S.E. to Wheal Powle, which is on Boscaswell Higher Down some 98 yds. E. of Carn Eanes. Within the area there are numerous shafts, some of which are in rows, suggesting that they are on lode outcrops, but the plans show only the workings on Main Lode and small developments on some others adjacent to it. The workings are most extensive in granite country and attempts to work in metamorphosed killas were unsuccessful.

Main Lode courses S. 35° E. and underlies 20° N.E. to the 180-fm. Level and 25° S.W. below. About 300 yds. W.N.W. of Boscaswell Inn in Pendeen village the lode is intersected, but not heaved, by a crosscourse trending N. 25° E. and underlying 10° E. From 1 to 4 ft. wide, the lode carries cassiterite with gangue minerals of earthy red iron ore, specular iron ore, tourmaline, chlorite and quartz; some pyrite and native copper are also present. Examined at Adit Level around Treweek's Shaft in recent years the lode was seen to have been stoped in places but parts left standing consist of a narrow tourmaline-quartz vein up to 2 ft. wide at maximum with kaolinized granite walls. The crosscourse is filled with siliceous brown and specular iron ore. The chief shafts sunk in the lode are: William's (or Kevern's or Smith's), 155 yds. S. of Boscaswell Inn; Engine, 190 yds. N.W. by N. of William's (and close to the north side of the St. Just-St. Ives road 100 yds. W. of Boscaswell Inn); Steam Whim, 110 yds. N.W. by N. of Engine, and Treweek's (or Newater) 270 yds. N.W. by N. of Steam Whim. All these shafts are shown on the mine plan as vertical to adit (30 fms. on the north-west and 40 fms. on the south-east) and on the underlie to the 180-fm. Level. An old prospectus print of a longitudinal section at Geevor Mine office, however, shows a level at the 190-fm. connecting all shafts and short drives at the 200-fm. from Treweek's, Engine and William's shafts as well as one at the 210-fm. from Treweek's. In addition to the above shafts there are others along the outcrop to shallow depths. To the north-west are Grenfell's Shaft, 200 yds. N.N.W. of Treweek's, to adit only and Trease (or Wheal Fortune) Shaft, 185 yds. N.W. by N. of Grenfell's (and 160 yds. S.S.W. of Trease farm) reputed to be 50 fms. deep, while to the south-east are Eddy's to 47 fms. depth, Richard's (or Boyn's), Gayer and Wheal Powle shafts, respectively at 130 yds., 200 yds., 280 yds. and 430 yds. S.E. by S. of William's Shaft; the depths of the last two are not known. The lode was also opened up by means of Lowry's (or Guide) Shaft, 152 yds. N.W. by W. of Steam Whim, sunk to the 160-fm. Level on the underlie of the crosscourse, about 12 fms. S. of its intersection with the lode, with crosscuts to the lode at all levels. According to the plan, which is incomplete, the lode is opened up more or less completely down to the 140-fm. Level from Lowry's Shaft crosscuts to 135 fms. S.E. of William's Shaft, a distance of 350 fms., and to shorter distances down to the 180-fm. Level, while north-west of Lowry's Shaft development extends to about 85 fms. N.W. of Treweek's Shaft, a distance from Lowry's of 300 fms. and the 100-fm. Level is driven to 160 fms. N.W. of Treweek's Shaft and the 180-fm. Level to 55 fms. N.W. The prospectus print, however, shows the lode as completely blocked out down to the 190-fm. Level from William's Shaft, to 90 fms. N.W. of Treweek's Shaft, with short drives from the latter at the 200-fm. and 210-fm. levels. The only section with the plans at the Mining Records Office is incomplete and does not show stoping, but the prospectus print indicates extensive stoping over the whole of the area blocked out north-westward from William's Shaft and to the full depth of the workings.

During the last period of activity, that commenced about 1907, the 84-ft. Level from Trease Shaft was driven for 30 fms. N.W. and 15 fms. S.E. and the 180-ft. Level for 50 fms. N.W. and 60 fms. S.E. An adit was driven from the cliffs near Mill Zawn, 650 yds. N.W. of Trease Shaft, for a distance of 75 fms. on Main Lode (said to have entered granite at 67 fms. from the portal) and short drives at 200 ft. depth from Stewart's Shaft, 230 yds. N.E. of Trease Shaft, were on an unnamed lode, believed to be the southern extension of Main Lode of Pendeen Consols.

From Lowry's Shaft, in addition to the crosscuts to Main Lode, one drive of 50 fms. S. by W. at adit and three others, one for 140 fms. N. by E. at adit, the second for 95 fms. N. by E. at the 100-fin. Level and the third for the same distance at the 160-fm. Level, are all on the crosscourse; the first proves no further lodes but the others intersect Behu Lode at 95 fms.; this courses E. 40° S., underlies steeply south-west and has been opened by short drives at each of the three levels. The drive at adit meets the unnamed lode that was tried at Stewart's Shaft at 220 fms. S.E. of that shaft. The outcrop of this lode seems to extend along the south-west side of Calartha Common as indicated by at least seven adit shafts within a distance of 870 yds. S.E. from Stewart's; the Adit Level comes to surface 150 yds. N.W. of Stewart's Shaft (or 130 yds. S.E. of Pendeen Coastguard Station).

Early outputs from Boscaswell Downs Mine are reputed to have been large, but the only records are for the years 1837, 1838 and 1841 and for the period 1851–75, when 1,295 tons of black tin and 700 tons of 9 per cent copper ore were sold; the highest annual output of black tin was 315 tons. In 1907 an attempt was made to work the mine and other small concerns nearby, but, apart from small-scale operations at Trease Shaft, Mill Zawn and Stewart's Shaft, in the North Boscaswell section, the project did not develop; only 24 tons of black tin were sold in 1911 and 1912. Parts of Boscaswell Downs Mine are now included in the Geevor Mine sett and are sometimes referred to as Pendeen Mine.

East Boscaswell

[SW 38995 34060] 2 miles N.E. by N. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 S.W. Previously known as Wheal Hearle (A.M. R 302 B). Country: granite.

The mine is reputed to contain three lodes, all coursing S. 40° E. and underlying steeply south-west. The middle lode, which changes underlie to steeply north-east below the 60-fm. Level is called Bill Lode; this is the only one that has been exploited. New Lode lies about 40 fms. S.W. of Bill Lode and Bridgework Lode about 30 fms. N.E.

Bill Lode was opened up from Borlase's Engine Shaft, 700 yds. S.E. of Boscaswell Inn (later known as The Radjel) in Pendeen village, on the underlie to the 120-fm. Level below adit (10 fms.). Apart from a drive of 45 fms. S.E. from the shaft at the 60-fm. Level, the drives in this direction are short. The lode is developed for about 45 fms. N.W. of the shaft down to the 110-fm. Level, but the 80-fm. extends for 70 fms. N.W. and the 120-fm. Level is short. There is a stope about 5 fms. high along the 60-fm. Level S.E. On nearly all levels north-west of the shaft, down to the 110-fm., the lode is stoped for a distance of about 45 fms. A crosscut is driven to Bridgework from the 56-fm. Level but no development seems to have been carried out on it, or on New Lode. A N.-S. crosscourse underlying 18° W. intersects the lode about 33 fn^.'s. N.W. of the shaft; it crops out on the coast at Blinkers Bed, I* miles N. of the mine. Drainage adit follows this for 200 fms. N. with four adit shafts, to its portal about 150 yds. S. of Portheras hamlet.

Records of output are:—Wheal Hearle: 1861–4, 225 tons of black tin and 20 tons of 12 per cent copper ore in 1862. East Boscaswell Mine: 1873–77, 50 tons. of black tin and 60 tons of 17 per cent copper ore.

Pendeen Consols

[SW 38145 35855] 2.75 miles N. by E. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 N.W., S.W.; A.M. R 304 and 2451 B. Country: granite overlain to the north-west by metamorphosed killas.

Main Lode, trending about N. 18° E. and underlying 10° E., crops out on the coast in a zawn 280 yds. E. of the lighthouse of Pendeen Watch and extends southwards into Boscaswell Downs sett where it was tried at Stewart's Shaft in recent years. It carried tin and copper ores and is crossed by at least four other lodes trending E. 40° S. reputed to be lead-bearing. The most southerly, called Terris Lode, crops out on the coast at the zawn 400 yds. S. of the lighthouse; the next, called Portheras Lode, lies 100 yds. farther north; the third, called Lead Lode, crops out in the zawn 80 yds. N.N.W. of the lighthouse, and the fourth, called Great Pendeen Lode, was met in the northern end of the workings on Main Lode, beneath the sea, and continues south-eastwards into the cliffs on the east side of Portheras Cove.

Main Lode was worked from Engine Shaft, 280 yds. E.S.E. of the lighthouse, on the underlie to the 194-fm. Level below adit (30 fms.). Adit Level commences on the cliffs, connects at 30 fms. from its entrance with Engine Shaft and continues 200 fms. S. of the shaft. Down to the 54-fm. Level the lode is blocked out for only about 30 fms. N. and 15 fms. S. The 70-fm. Level is driven for 135 fms. N. and 45 fms. S. and the 82-fm. Level for 220 fms. N. and 60 fms. S. The 94-fm., 106-fm., 118-fm. and 130-fm. levels block out the lode for about 120 fms. N. and 75 fms. S. The 142-fm. and 154-fm. levels are driven for about 200 fms. N. (i.e. 135 fms. beyond high-water mark) and 38 fms. S. The 170-fm. Level extends for 45 fms. N. and 28 fms. S., the 182-fm. Level for 18 fms. N. and 50 fms. S. and the 194-fm. Level for 8 fms. N. and 12 fms. S. The last three levels are shown on the plan, but not on the longitudinal section; they are, however, shown with stoping, on a section at Geevor Mine office. The amount of stoping and the relationship of the copper and tin stones to the granite-killas contact are shown in Figure 10. Notes on the longitudinal section indicate that in the ends of the southward drives the lode is split and poor, while northwards it is narrow and has ' nothing to save '.

Terris Lode, which is reputed to carry lead ore, does not seem to have been worked. Portheras Lode was opened up by an adit driven 120 fms. S.E. from the coast. Near the portal of the adit it consists of quartz only; there are no records of its nature elsewhere. Lead Lode is exposed on the cliffs where it consists of a 2-in. to 8-in. quartz vein, underlying 5° to 10° N.E. and sending off strings of quartz into the country rock, but no metallic minerals occur here. From its strike, it should intersect Main Lode about 75 fms. S. of Engine Shaft, but there is only one short drive south-east from the 130-fm. Level of that lode that may follow it.

Great Pendeen Lode was met on the 82-fm. Leve1 of Main Lode at 200 fms. N. of the shaft, on the 142-fm. Level at 160 fms. N. and on the 154-fm. Level at 150 fms. N. On the 82-fm. Level it has been opened up for 15 fms. N.W. and 30 fms. S.E. of Main Lode and there are short drives on the deeper levels. The lode is believed to crop out beneath the sea between the cliffs and the group of rocks called the Kenidjacks. On the east side of Portheras Cove there is an adit driven into the cliffs, which here consist of rubbly head deposits. Continuing inland, this lode must be intersected by the crosscourse that extends northwards from East Boscaswell Mine to the coast at Blinkers Bed.

Records of output are 154 tons of black tin from 1862 to 1870 and 6,857 tons of 4.75 per cent copper ore from 1858–71. In 1907 the mine was included in the Boscaswell Downs sett and sold 61 tons of black tin in 1918. There is no record of any lead production.

Alluvials

The alluvial deposits of the two streams that flow west-north-westwards and pass, one about a quarter of a mile N. and the other about three-quarters of a mile S. of St. Just, have been worked over for detrital tin. Of the latter, which reaches the coast at Porth Nanven, Henwood (1873, pp. 193–5) states that much of the valley had, by then, long been exhausted, but a working at Bosworlas, 1 mile S.E. of St. Just (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.), had been operated by one family during the greater part of the previous 70 years. At this place, then active, he recorded 2 to 3 ft. of topsoil with, at its base, a few inches of granitic gravel or shingle with some fragments of veinstone; this rests on up to 2.5 ft. of pay dirt containing more or less rounded fragments of tin-bearing veinstone and of pure cassiterite; the deposit was richest in depressions in the bedrock. Henwood noted that large boulders of granite, in places numerous, rest either on the topsoil or project through it into the tin-bearing gravel but never rest on bedrock.

Morvah-Sancreed

This area comprises the whole of the Land's End district outside the Botallack-Pendeen area, the boundary separating them being a line joining Aire Point (at the northern end of Whitesand Bay), St. Just church and Morvah church and continuing thence north-westward to the coast west of Greeb Point.

The country rock is mainly granite and the lodes are characterized, on the whole, by small widths, sporadic distribution of values and a high content of tourmaline. Except at Ding Dong Mine and Balleswidden Mine, which probably represent small emanative centres, the mines are shallow, and even at those mines the deepest shafts are only 150 fms. and 180 fms. deep respectively.

Apart from a very small amount of copper ore, tin is the only mineral raised. The chief mine was Balleswidden, with Ding Ding second in importance, though in the case of the latter mine records are incomplete. The other mines, grouped mainly around Morvah and around Sancreed, were of little consequence as producers.

Gurnards Head

[SW 43580 38237] Gurnards Head: The mine started prior to 1821 and closed in 1847. Old Engine Shaft was near high water mark and had levels at 15, 25, 37, and 47 fms. below collar. In 1847 the North Shaft (Old Engine Shaft?) was reported at the 90-fm. Level, where the lode was 2 to 3 ft. wide and a second E.-W. lode had been found. A N.-S. crosscourse had been followed under the sea on the 60-fm. Level. There is a return of 2 cwts. of black tin for Treen Downs in 1906. Morvah and Zennor United: For Boscorlas read Roscorlas. A. K. Hamilton Jenkin states that Morvah Hill Mine was also known as Garden Mine (cf. p.100). An adit from the cliffs is said to have cut the Lane Engine Shaft at 70 fms. from the surface.

Morvah and Zennor United

[SW 41735 35705] 1 mile E.N.E. of Morvah. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 N.E. A group of mines including Morvah Hill Mine [SW 41735 35705], Carn Galver [SW 42115 36445], also known as Wheal Rose (A.M. R 313 A and 4316) and Wheals Whidden , Goth [SW 415 354] , Grous [SW 414 355], Lang[SW 415 357] and Fristan [SW 416 357]. (Collins 1912, p. 535.) Country: granite.

Morvah Hill Mine was probably the original workings; Engine Shaft is situated just above the 700-ft. contour, 370 yds. W. of the triangulation station on the summit of Watch Croft. The mine is closely surrounded by Whidden, to the east; Goth, to the south-south-west; Grous, to the south-west; Lang, to the north-west, and Fristan, to the north-north-west, while Carn Galver, about half a mile N.E., is the only member of the group of which there are plans. Numerous old shafts are indicated on the Ordnance map, both in the area north of Engine Shaft nearly as far as the coast at and east of Whirl Pool, and north-east of Engine Shaft as far as the workings of Carn Galver. There are reputed to be four major lodes, trending N.N.W., within a transverse distance of 350 yds. The most westerly, called Black Lode, passes 100 yds. S.W. of Engine Shaft; the next, Lang Lode, 50 yds. N.E. of Engine Shaft; the next two lodes, called Clukey and Osborne, are close together where they cross the St. Just-St. Ives coast road, but diverge in both directions; Osborne Lode passes 200 yds. N.E. of Engine Shaft. These lodes are believed to be crossed by at least 10 lodes coursing about N.N.E. between 150 yds. S.E. and 500 yds. N.W. of Engine Shaft. Where Osborne Lode crops out in the cliffs on Carn Osborne it is crossed by Rosemergy Cliff Lode, trending a few degrees north of east, and that by others with approximate N.-S. trends. There are no records of any of the underground workings on these lodes.

Carn Galver Lode courses N. 22° E. on the south and N. 35° E. on the north and underlies 18° W.; it is crossed about the middle of the workings by Caunter Lode, coursing N. 8° W. and underlying 30° W. Carn Galver Lode was opened up from Boscorlas Shaft, 230 yds. S.S.E. of Rosemergy hamlet, on the underlie to the 20-fm. Level below adit (25 fms.); Moor Shaft, 120 yds. N.N.E. of Boscorlas, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level (adit at 12 fms.); Lane Engine or No. 1 Shaft, 125 yds. N. of Moor and close to the north side of St. Just-St. Ives road, vertical to the 10-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 120-fm. (adit at 5 fms.); Old Engine Shaft, 135 yds. N.E. by N. of Lane Engine, on the underlie to the 60-fm. Level (adit at 8 fms.); Account House (or No. 3) Shaft, 143 yds. N.N.E. of Old Engine and 10 yds. W. of the St. Just-St. Ives road, on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level, and Flat Rod Shaft, 130 yds. N.N.E. of Account House and just east of the road, to the 30-fm. Level; there are four adit shafts each about 8 fms. deep between Account House and Flat Rods shafts, and one north of the latter. The plans and sections are not in complete agreement, the earlier section shows development from Boscorlas Shaft; this is omitted from the later section (dated 1880) but deeper levels elsewhere are shown and more extensive stoping. Adit Level extends from 72 fms. S.W. of Boscorlas Shaft to 60 fms. N.E. of Flat Rod Shaft, a distance of 460 fms. The 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels are driven 30 fms. S.W. and 30 fms. N.E. of Flat Rod Shaft but these are not connected with the workings to the south and there is no stoping from them. From 30 fms. S.W. of the position of Boscorlas Shaft to 25 fms. N.E. of Account House Shaft the lode is more or less completely blocked out down to the 60-fm. Level and the 45-fm. and 60-fm. levels are driven about 25 fms. farther N.E. beneath the drives from Flat Rod Shaft.

The 70-fm. Level is in two parts, one extending for 36 fms. S.W. and 60 fms. N.E. of Lane Engine Shaft and the other for 6 fms. S.E. and 10 fms. N.E. of Account House Shaft. The 80-fm. Level is driven for 17 fms. S.W. and 40 fms. N.E. of Lane Engine Shaft, the 90-fm. Level for 26 fms. S.W. and 27 fms. N.E., the 100-fm. Level for 45 fms. S.W. and 17 fms. N.E. and the 120-fm. Level for 8 fms. S.W. and 8 fms. N.E. There is extensive stoping from above Adit Level to the 60-fm. Level from 40 fms. S.W. of Boscorlas Shaft to Account House Shaft, a few small stopes north of the latter on the 30-fm., 45-fm. and 60-fm. levels, two small stopes above and below Adit Level on each side of Boscorlas Shaft and on the 70-fm., 80-fm. and 90-fm. levels stopes extend to 25 fms. N.W of Lane Engine Shaft. The trace of the intersection of Caunter Lode in Carn Galver Lode crosses Old Engine Shaft at the 30-fm. Level and the 100-fm. Level at 17 fms. N. of Lane Engine Shaft.

Caunter Lode was developed from the drives on Carn Galver Lode. A crosscut, 45 fms. E.S.E. from the 20-fm. Level at 25 fms. N.E. of Lane Engine Shaft, seems not to have proved the taunter, on which the shallowest level is the 40-fm., which extends 55 fms. S. and 35 fms. N. from the Carn Galver Level at 45 fms. N.E. of Lane Engine Shaft. The 50-fm. Level opens up Caunter Lode for 60 fms. N. of Carn Galver Lode, the 60-fm. Level for 50 fms. N. and 40 fms. S., the 70-fm. Level for 50 fms. N. and 10 fms. S., the 80-fm. Level for 70 fms. N. and 8 fms. S., the 90-fm. Level for 55 fms. N. and the 100-fm. Level for 70 fms. N.; the last leaves the drive on Carn Galver Lode at 20 fms. N.E. of Lane Engine Shaft. The amount of stoping on Caunter Lode is not known.

Lode minerals at this group of mines comprise haematite or limonite, pyrite and cassiterite with a tourmaline, quartz and chlorite gangue. In the granite wall rock the feldspars are pink or red and, beyond, the country is partially kaolinized. The only record of output is for Carn Galver which produced 150 tons of black tin in the years 1860 and 1871–6.

Morvah Consols

[SW 40540 35905] A small mine in granite country a third of a mile N.E. by N. of Morvah. (6-in. Corn. 67 N.E.) There are reputed to be four lodes in the sett: Zawn Alley Lode, cropping out in the cliffs at Zawn Alley, where the quartz leader is exposed, coursing E. 20° S. and underlying 30° S.; Black Lode, cropping out about 20 yds. S. of the former, coursing E. 30° S. and underlying 50° S.; Large Spar Lode, about 70 yds. S. of Black Lode, coursing E. 28° S. and underlying 13° S., and Venton Join Lode, about 30 yds. S. of Large Spar Lode, coursing E. 28° S. and underlying 5° S. The only one that is known to have been exploited is Black Lode.

Black Lode was opened up from Whim and Engine shafts, 630 yds. N.E. by N. of Morvah church, the former following the underlie to 10 fms. below adit (16 fms.) and the latter, with collar 30 yds. S.W. of the former, vertical to meet Whim Shaft at Adit Level. Mason Fox Shaft, 30 yds. W. by S. of Whim Shaft and with collar about 100 ft. below that of Whim Shaft, connects with Adit Level about 15 fms. W. of Whim Shaft. Nothing is known of the workings from other old shafts near the cliff edge. The lode, according to the plan (A.M. R 175 A, dated 1874), is developed at the 13-fm. Level (below surface) for 4 fms. W. and 12 fms. E. of Whim Shaft, at Adit Level for 43 fms. W. and 33 fms. E. and at the 10-fm. Level for 13 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. The amount of stoping is not known, but a report, dated 1928, by William Thomas, states that the lode, 1 to 3 ft. wide, is stoped above Adit Level in places. From 10 fms. W. of Whim Shaft a drainage crosscut, 50 fms. N. by W. to its portal on the cliff top nearly 300 ft. above sea level, passes through Zawn Alley Lode at 20 fms. from Black Lode; it is not developed.

A crosscut adit, commencing 265 yds. W. by N. of Whim Shaft, passes through Large Spar Lode at 10 fms. from its entrance and at 35 fms. meets Venton Join Lode; neither has been developed.

The mine raised 6 tons of black tin in 1873. Attempts to re-open in 1928 did not materialize.

Greeb Point

A crosscourse trending N. 80° W., called the Great Guide, passes 350 yds. W. of Morvah village (6-in. Corn. 67 N.E.) and crops out on the cliffs in the zawn just east of Greeb Point, half a mile N.N.W. of Morvah. About 40 yds. W. of it, on the coast there is reputed to be an iron lode coursing a few degrees east of north. On Greeb Point headland there is an old open gunnis, presumably on this lode, with ferruginous earthy material alongside but no exposure of an iron lode is to be seen in the cliffs, where jointed granite is traversed by tourmaline veins up to 4 in. wide for a width of 10 ft. It is possible that the ore worked at the gunnis was only a small pocket.

Ding Dong

[SW 43754 34753] 2 miles E. by S. of Morvah. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 67 N.E., S.E., 68 S.W.; A.M. R 144 and 1162. Country: granite.

This mine, situated near the middle of the Land's End granite mass, is believed to be very ancient and it has been asserted that it is amongst the oldest in Cornwall, some of its lodes having been discovered by early workers in the adjacent alluvial deposits in distant, possibly in pre-historic, times. It was restarted in 1814 and continued working until 1878. Unsuccessful attempts at re-opening occurred in 1912, when the dumps were retreated, and in 1928.

More than 20 lodes are known, within an area of about 1 mile E.-W. by half a mile, and the deposits afford an example of an emanative centre in the heart of a granite mass. The narrow lodes, with sporadically distributed values, indicate that probably only the lower part of the tin zone is present here.

The lodes fall naturally into four groups, each of different trend: (1) those coursing about E. 25° N., (2) those coursing about N. 30° W. (these are also characterized by a low angle of dip), (3) those coursing about E.-W., and (4) those coursing about N.E.; all occur within a comparatively small area and there are many intersections. Those of the first group were the most important and were developed to greater lengths than the others. From the north they are known as Bedford's Lode, Robin's Lode, North Standard Lode, Boys Lode, Ding Dong Standard Lode, Afters Lode, Killiow Lode, Malkin Lode and Bosiliack Lode; all occur within a transverse distance of 500 yds.; Malkin Lode has been opened up in all for a length of nearly 350 fms., and others to a lesser extent. The lodes of the second group intersect those of the first almost at right angles. From the west they are known as Good Fortune Lode, Bussa Lode, Bucka Lode, Wigs Lode, Klucky Lode, New Lode and Slide Lode; they lie within a transverse distance of 1,300 yds. and all but three were developed for a length of at least 250 fms. The lodes of the two remaining groups have only been opened up for short distances, chiefly from the workings on other lodes at the intersections. Those of the third group are known, from the north, as Ishmael's Lode, Jilbert's Lode, Sut Bal Lode, Hughe's Lode and White Lode, and of the fourth group, from the west, as Alex's Lode, Jacobine Lode, Red Lode, Tallow Lode, Providence Lode, Quail( Lode, Rowe's Lode, Badger Lode and Caunter Lode. Below, the workings on the lodes are dealt with in the groups and in the orders as named above.

Bedford's Lode is only opened up for a short distance east of the 50-fm. and 60-fm. levels on New Lode at 55 fms. N.W. of Robin's Shaft.

Robin's Lode was opened up from Robin's Shaft, 450 yds. N.W. of Boskednan hamlet, sunk at the intersection with New Lode to the 80-fm. Level. The longitudinal section (dated 1878) shows the lode to be developed for 80 fms. W. and 85 fms. E. of the shaft at the 50-fm., 60-fm. and 70-fm. levels and a drive 15 fms. W. and 40 fms. E. at the 80-fm. Level; much of this blocked-out area has been stoped away.

North Standard Lode was developed for 20 fms. at the 60-fm. Level and for 65 fms. at the 70-fm. Level from drives on Klucky Lode about 40 fms. N.W. of the intersection of that lode and Ding Dong Standard Lode.

Boys Lode was apparently only opened up at Adit Level between Boys Shaft, 700 yds. N. by W. of Bosiliack farm, and Highburrow Shaft, 150 yds. E.N.E. of Boys; the drive is not straight.

Ding Dong Standard Lode, 170 yds. S. of Robin's Lode, nearly vertical, was developed from: West Boys Shaft, 85 yds. S.E. of Boys Shaft on Boys Lode, to the 40-fm. Level below adit (18 fms.); Bolitho's Shaft, 22 yds. E. by N. of West Boys, to the 80-fm. Level; Croft Reeve Shaft, 400 yds. E.N.E. of Bolitho's, to the 92-fm. Level; Ding Dong Shaft, 63 yds. E.N.E. of Croft Reeve, to the 80-fm. Level (adit at 20 fms.); Hard Shaft, 200 yds. E.N.E. of Ding Dong, to the 62-fm. Level, and Ishmael's Shaft, 70 yds. E.N.E. of Hard and 200 yds. N.N.W. of Boskednan, to the 62-fm. Level. Adit Level follows the lode for 20 fms. W. from Bolitho's Shaft and from 20 fms. W. of Croft Reeve Shaft to 70 fms. E. of Ishmael's Shaft. The 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels partially develop the lode from 75 fms. W. of Croft Reeve Shaft to 30 fms. E. of Ishmael's. The 40-fm., 50-fm. and 60-fm. (the last is 62-fm. at Ishmael's) levels partially open up the lode from Bolitho's Shaft to Ishmael's. The 70-fm. Level extends from Bolitho's Shaft to Ding Dong Shaft; the 80-fm. Level is driven for 60 fms. E. of Bolitho's Shaft and (as 78-fm. Level) for 50 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. of Croft Reeve Shaft, the drive east connecting with the bottom of Ding Dong Shaft; the 92-fm. Level extends 26 fms. W. and 8 fms. E. of Croft Reeve Shaft. Between adit and the 40-fm. Level there is a stope extending 15 fms. W. of West Boys Shaft. From 20 fms. W. of Croft Reeve Shaft to 30 fms. E. of Ishmael's there is fairly extensive stoping from adit to the 30-fm. Level, but, below, stoping is patchy though spread more or less evenly over the blocked-out ground between Bolitho's Shaft and Ishmael's down to the 92-fm. Level ; about 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The traces of the lodes coursing N. 30° W. that cross Ding Dong Standard Lode underlie 30° to 35° W. Bucka Lode crosses Bolitho's Shaft between the 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels, Wigs Lode crosses the 60-fm. Level at 34 fms. E. of Bolitho's Shaft, and Slide Lode crosses Ishmael's Shaft at the 30-fm. Level.

Afters Lode was driven on for 20 fms. W. from the 30-fm. Level on Bucka Lode at 50 fms. S. of Ding Dong Standard Lode, for 60 fms. E. from the 30-fm. Level on Wigs Lods at 70 fms. S. of Ding Dong Standard Lode, and for 30 fms. W. from the 60-fm. Level on Klucky Lode at 75 fms. S. of Ding Dong Standard Lode.

Killiow Lode, about 25 fms. S. of Afters, was opened up from crosscuts 20 fms. N. of Malkin Lode at the 50-fm. Level for a length of 78 fms. between the N. 30° W. trending Klucky and New lodes.

Malkin Lode, 230 yds. S. of Ding Dong Standard Lode with slight northerly underlie, was developed from Greenhurrow Shaft 175 yds. S.W. of Bolitho's Shaft on Ding Dong Standard Lode and 500 yds. N. by W. of Bosiliack farm, to the 80-fm. Level below adit (24 fms.); Bank Shaft, 135 yds. E. by N. of Greenburrow, to the 70-fm. Level; Greenpease Shaft, 152 yds. E.N.E. of Bank, to the 60-fm. Level, and South Killiow Shaft, 285 yds. E.N.E. of Greenpease, to the 45-fm. Level (adit at 14 fms.). Development as shown on the longitudinal section is not as complete as that shown on the plan. Drives are impersistent and the deepest level shown on the section is the 70-fm. at Greenburrow Shaft, while on the plan the deepest is the 80-fm. There is a block of stoping between Adit and the 50-fm. Level from 15 fms. W. of Greenburrow Shaft to within 20 fms. of Greenpease Shaft, small stopes on the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels for 45 fms. E. of Greenpease Shaft and a stope 10 fms. high on the 30-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. of South Killiow Shaft. The traces of the N. 30° W. lodes crossing Malkin Lode within this stretch of workings underlie 25° to 40° W. Bussa Lode crosses Greenburrow Shaft 4 fms. above Adit Level, Bucka Lode crosses Adit Level 27 fms. E. of Bank Shaft and Wigs Lode crosses Greenpease Shaft 5 fms. above the 30-fm. Level. For 135 fms. E.N.E. of South Killiow Shaft there are no workings on Malkin Lode, but thence for about 150 fms. E.N.E. the lode was developed from Tredinick Shaft, 300 yds. N.E. of Boskednan, on the northerly underlie to the 135-fm. Level; this is the deepest shaft in Ding Dong Mine and from it the lode down to the 125-fm. Level was developed for about 100 fms. W. and 50 fms. E. and at the 135-fm. Level for 30 fms. E. There is no longitudinal section showing the stoping in this eastern section of Malkin Lode.

Bosiliack Lode, underlying north, was opened up from Bosiliack Shaft, 250 yds. W.S.W. of Greenburrow Shaft in Malkin Lode (and 430 yds. N.W. by N. of Bosiliack), and East Shaft, 135 yds. E.N.E. of Bosiliack Shaft, also from drives on Bucka Lode. The only drives from the shafts indicated on the plan are Adit Level, from 20 fms. W. of Bosiliack Shaft to 40 fms. E. of East Shaft, the 30-fm. Level for 5 fms. W. and 38 fms. E. of East Shaft, and a short drive west from the 40-fm. Level on Bussa Lode which passes 10 fms. E. of the position of East Shaft. From the eastern end of Adit Level a crosscut 42 fms. N. joins Adit Level on Malkin Lode at 10 fms. W. of Greenburrow Shaft and another, 40 fms. S.W. from the western end of Adit Level joins Clymo's Shaft on Good Fortune Lode. Bosiliack Lode is followed for about 20 fms. W. from the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels on Bucka Lode at 38 fms. S. of its intersection with Malkin Lode. At the western ends these levels turn W.S.W. on to Tallow Lode.

Good Fortune Lode, the most westerly of those coursing N. 30° W., was opened up from Clymo's Shaft, 105 yds. S.W. of Bosiliack Shaft, and Old Engine Shaft, 290 yds. N.N.W. of Clymo's ; the lode underlies about 30° W. Adit Level (18 fms.) is driven 30 fms. S. and 160 fms. N. from the crosscut from Bosiliack Lode, which intersects Good Fortune Lode about 20 fms. N. of the position of Clymo's Shaft. The latter shaft is vertical to the 12-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 20-fm. Level. A crosscut 12 fms. E. by N. from the shaft meets Adit Level 10 fms. from its southern end. A crosscut 5 fms. N. from Clymo's Shaft meets the 10-fm. Level which is driven thence for 205 fms. N., connecting with the bottom of Old Engine Shaft at 145 fms. N. The 20-fm. Level extends 25 fms. S. and 10 fms. N. from the bottom of Clymo's Shaft. The longitudinal section shows only a small amount of stoping between Adit and the 10-fm. Level; the 20-fm. Level, however, is not indicated. The trace of Malkin Lode, underlying 8° N. crosses Adit Level at 72 fms. N. of Clymo's Shaft but that lode is not developed so far west.

Bussa Lode, about 300 yds. E. of Good Fortune Lode, was opened up from drives west from Greenburrow Shaft on Malkin Lode and from South Bussa Shaft, 100 yds. N. by W. of Greenburrow Shaft, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level and Batten's Shaft, 100 yds. N. by W. of South Bussa, on the underlie to the 40-fm. Level. The lode underlies about 40° W. and the shafts follow the lode from surface. The only drives indicated on the plan are Adit Level (24 fms. at South Bussa Shaft) extending 45 fms. S. and meeting Malkin Lode near Green-burrow Shaft, the 30-fm. Level driven from 100 fms. S. of South Bussa Shaft to 100 fms. N. of Batten's Shaft and the 40-fm. Level driven 160 fms. S. and 50 fms. N. of Batten's Shaft. The drives on Malkin Lode meet the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels on Bussa Lode about 40 fms. S. of South Bussa Shaft. The longitudinal section shows patchy stoping from surface to the 40-fm. Level between 60 fms. S. of South Bussa Shaft and Batten's Shaft; about 15 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The trace of Boys Lode, underlying 8° S. crosses Batten's Shaft at 10 fms. above Adit Level.

Bucka Lode about 220 yds. E. of Bussa Lode, underlying about 30° W., was opened up from the levels on Malkin Lode east of Bank Shaft; it is developed for about 48 fms. S. of Malkin Lode and for about 70 fms. N. to Ding Dong Standard Lode from Adit to the 50-fm. Level.

Wigs Lode crosses Malkin Lode about 45 fms. E. of Bucka Lode and has been developed for about 35 fms. S. and 45 fms. N. of Malkin Lode from Adit to the 30-fm. Level.

Klucky Lode, about 200 yds. E. of Bucka Lode, underlying 45° W., was developed from the workings on Ding Dong Standard Lode at and west of Croft Reeve Shaft and from those on Malkin Lode about 40 fms. W. of South Killiow Shaft. From Ding Dong Standard Lode the 20-fm. Level extends for 30 fms. N. from Croft Reeve Shaft, the 46-fm. Level for 40 fms. N. from 15 fms. W. of the shaft, the 60-fm. Level for 48 fms. N. from 30 fms. W. of the shaft and the 70-fm. Level for 100 fms. N. from 42 fms. W. of the shaft. Drives south from Ding Dong Standard Lode are Adit Level for 20 fms. from 20 fms. E. of Croft Reeve Shaft, the 60-fm. Level for 140 fms. (this intersects Afters Lode at 75 fms. and Malkin Lode at 120 fms.), and the 70-fm. Level for 73 fms. Apart from the 60-fm. Level, which passes through Malkin Lode, there are no other drives on the north side of that lode but on the south side the 25-fm., 30-fm. and 45-fm. levels block out the lode for about 50 fms. There is no longitudinal section of Klucky Lode and its sketchy developments suggest that it may not have been very productive.

New Lode, about 170 yds. E. of Klucky Lode, underlying 38° W. crosses Ding Dong Standard Lode about Hard Shaft and Robin's Lode about Robin's Shaft; according to the plan, Hard Shaft seems to follow Ding Dong Standard Lode to the 40-fm. Level and the underlie of New Lode from the 40-fm. Level to the 80-fm. The 30-fm. Level is driven for 28 fms. S. from Ding Dong Standard Lode at 5 fms. E. of Hard Shaft and the 40-fm. Level for 20 fms. N. from Hard Shaft. The 50-fm. Level extends for 165 fms. N. (intersecting Robin's Lode at 80 fms. and Bedford's at 135 fms.) and 60 fms. S. of the shaft, the 60-fm. Level for 145 fms. N. and 85 fms. S. (where it meets workings on Providence Lode), the 70-fm. Level is in two parts, one driven 15 fms. N. from the workings on Robin's Lode about 8 fms. W. of Robin's Shaft and the other 23 fms. N. and 80 fms. S. of Hard Shaft, and the 80-fm. Level extends 33 fms. N. of Hard Shaft. The longitudinal section, wlich is not as complete as the plan, shows very patchy stoping on the 50-fm. Level for 86 fms. N. of Hard Shaft and small stopes on the 60-fm. and 70-fm. levels south of the shaft.

Slide Lode intersects Malkin Lode, in its eastern workings, about 50 fms. W. of Tredinick Shaft. Underlying about 45° W., it has only been partially developed on the 70-fm., 80-fm. and 90-fm. levels for about 30 fms. S. and 30 fms. N. of Malkin Lode. At 30 fms. N. it meets Jilbert's Lode at its point of intersection with Rowe's Lode.

Albert's Lode, coursing about E.-W. and Ishmael's Lode, about E. 12° S. are the most northerly of those of the third group; the two intersect about 250 yds. W. by N. of Tredinick Shaft on the eastern section of the workings on Malkin Lode. Albert's Lode, nearly vertical but with slight southerly underlie, was worked from Providence Shaft, 178 yds. W. by N. of Tredinick Shaft (and 200 yds. N. by E. of Boskednan hamlet), on the underlie to the 110-fm. Level. Development levels shown on the plan are from the 30-fm. to the 110-fm. Drives east of the shaft block out the lode for some 20 fms. only, but westwards the lode is developed extensively for 75 fms. and the 70-fm. Level extends 150 fms. W. of Providence Shaft to meet the workings on New Lode. The amount of stoping is not known, but the amount of development between the 30-fm. and 110-fm. levels suggests that the lode was productive at depth. The lode is crossed by Qualk Lode just west of Providence Shaft and by Rowe's Lode about 10 fms. E. of the shaft, where Slide Lode also meets Jilbert's.

Ishmael's Lode, underlying steeply south, was opened up from Ishmael's Shaft, 187 yds. W. by N. of Providence Shaft on Albert's Lode and 70 yds. E.N.E. of Hard Shaft on Ding Dong Standard Lode. The plan of this part of the mine is not very clear, but Ishmael's Lode seems to have been opened up eastwards of the shaft to its intersection with Jilbert's Lode, a distance of about 60 fms. but westwards only the 50-fm. and 60-fm. levels seem to have been driven, the former for 65 fms. from Ishmael's Shaft to join the workings on New Lode and the latter for 23 fms. Adit Level, after passing through Albert's Lode about 65 fms. E. of Ishmael's Shaft, continues a further 40 fms. to join Adit Level on Qualk Lode about 40 fms. N. of Qualk Shaft.

Sut Bal Lode, about 100 yds. S. of Jilbert's, crosses New Lode about 20 fms. S. of the intersection of the latter and Ding Dong Standard Lode and Malkin Lode at the western end of its eastern workings about 85 fms. W. of Tredinick Shaft. Workings on it are not extensive and are in two parts, one from the 60-fm. and 70-fm. levels on New Lode, where Sut Bal Lode has been opened up for about 40 fms. E., and the other from the western end of the 60-fm. Level on Malkin Lode from which a drive follows Sut Bal Lode for 105 fms. W., where it connects with the 60-fm. Level on Providence Lode.

Hughes Lode crosses Malkin Lode near the intersection of the latter and Klucky Lode, about 50 fms. W. of South Killiow Shaft. There are drives on it at the 30-fm., 40-fm., 50-fm. and 60-fm. levels from Malkin Lode but none much exceeds 20 fms. in length.

White Lode crosses Bucka Lode about 10 fms. S. of the intersection of the latter and Malkin Lode, and Wigs Lode about 40 fms. S. of Malkin Lode. Drives on it from the workings on the N. 30° W. lodes are at the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels only; the latter, extending 60 fms. E. from Wigs Lode, is the longest.

Alex's Lode, the most westerly of those of the fourth group crosses Ding Dong Standard Lode at the intersection of the latter with Bucka Lode. As far as can be seen from the plan the only drive on it extends 5 fms. S.W. and 22 fms. N.E. from the 30-fm. Level on Ding Dong Standard Lode at 45 fms. E. of Bolitho's Shaft.

Jacobine Lode crosses Wigs Lode at about 45 fms. N. of Malkin Lode, Klucky Lode at about 40 fms. S. of Ding Dong Standard Lode and the last-named lode at 28 fms. E. of Croft Reeve Shaft. It was opened up by drives from the other lodes and by Jacobine Shaft, 152 yds. S.S.W. of Croft Reeve Shaft, on the underlie of about 20° N.W. to the 50-fm. Level. The 25-fm., 30-fm. and 50-fm. levels open up Jacobine Lode for about 50 fms. S.W. and 45 fms. N.E. of Jacobine Shaft and there is a drive 25 fms. long at the 55-fm. Level from Klucky Lode. A drive 5 fms. S.W. and 8 fms. N.E. from the 50-fm. Level of Ishmael's Lode at 50 fms. W. of Ishmael's Shaft may also be on Jacobine Lode, if so this is the only development on it on the north side of Ding Dong Standard Lode.

Red Lode crosses Jilbert's Lode about 12 fms. E. of Hard Shaft and Ishmael's Lode a few fathoms east of Ishmael's Shaft. It is partially developed between adit and the 50-fm. Level for about 40 fms. N.E. of Ishmael's Lode and for about 20 fms. S.W., between Ishmael's and Jilbert's lodes.

Tallow Lode crosses Bosiliack Lode about 130 fms. E. of Bosiliack Shaft, the only development on it seems to be a drive 50 fms. S.W. from the end of the 40-fm. Level on Bosiliack Lode, which is driven west from Bucka Lode about 38 fms. S. of its intersection with Malkin Lode, and another drive 10 fms. S.W. from the 50-fm. Level.

Providence Lode, underlying steeply north-west, crosses Malkin Lode just east of South Killiow Shaft and Jacobine Lode about 65 fms. W. of Providence Shaft; it was opened up from West Killiow Shaft, about 95 yds. N.E. of South Killiow Shaft, on the underlie to the 60-fm. Level, and from the workings on Jacobine and Ishmael's lodes. From West Killiow Shaft the lode is opened up from adit to the 60-fm. Level for about 60 fms. N.B. and 10 fms. S.W. From Jacobine and Ishmael's lodes only the 60-fm. and 70-fm. levels seem to be driven on Providence Lode, the former for 30 fms. N.E. of Ishmael's Lode and the latter for 10 fms. N.E. and 8 fms. S.E.

Qualk Lode, coursing N. 10° E. and Rowe's Lode, coursing N. 20° E., intersect at Qualk Shaft, 200 yds. W. by S. of Tredinick Shaft of the eastern workings on Malkin Lode. Qualk Lode intersects Jacobine Lode just west of Providence Shaft, it has only been opened up at Adit Level which is driven 140 fms. N. from Qualk Shaft, passing through Jacobine Lode at 55 fms. Rowe's Lode intersects Jacobine Lode at about 12 fms. E. of Providence Shaft. Nearly vertical it has been developed at Adit Level for 15 fms. N. of Jacobine Lode, at the 50-fm. Level for 23 fms. S. of Jacobine Lode, at the 60-fm. Level for 40 fms. N. of Jacobine Lode and south for 58 fms. to Qualk Shaft.

Badger Lode and Caunter Lode, each coursing about N. 25° E. cross Malkin Lode at the eastern end of its workings, the former at about 15 fms. E. of Tredinick Shaft and the.latter at about 30 fms. E. Badger Lode has been driven on for 50 fms. N. from the 60-fm. Level on Malkin Lode and for 18 fms. N. from the 110-fm. Level. Caunter Lode underlying about 15° S.E. has been opened up from Malkin Lode at the 100-fm., 110-fm., 125-fm. and 135-fm. levels for about 40 fms. N., the longest drive being the 110-fm. which extends 70 fms. N. to where the lode is cut off by a crosscourse trending N. 40° W. Caunter Lode was also encountered in crosscuts about 10 fms. S.E. from Tredinick Shaft. Here Adit Level is driven for 8 fms. N.E. and the 25-fm. Level for 30 fms. S.W.

There are other lodes close around the mine, one, called Venton Ego Lode, lying about 500 yds. N. of Ding Dong Standard Lode is indicated on some sections of Ding Dong Mine, and Little Bosiliack Lode, about 160 yds. S. of Bosiliack Lode was worked from Little Bosiliack Shaft, 250 yds. N. of Bosiliack farm and 188 yds. S.E. of East Shaft on Bosiliack Lode, the workings here may have been called Garden Mine. The Ordnance map indicates a number of old shafts in the area surrounding the workings shown on the plans. Some of these, lying to the west may be on lodes trending N.E. and believed to have been worked under the name West Ding Dong Mine.

The lodes of Ding Dong Mine, seldom over a foot wide and impersistent, are stated by Collins (1912, p. 64) to be associated with carbona-like bodies, but none of these are indicated on the plans. The lodes throw out branches or strings that run irregularly through the country rock. The wall rock is hard and red-stained and, in places, tourmalinized resulting in a fine-grained, fairly compact rock. Beyond the reddened or haematized walls the country rock is greenish due to chloritization of feldspars. The veinstone of quartz with comby structure showing zoning, and of fine, hard, compact peach, is frequently brecciated and recemented by quartz; chlorite is also present. Rounded masses of schorl rock have been found in decomposed granite adjoining the lodes (Foster 1887, p. 9) and three bands of decomposed granite traversing one of the lodes on the 57-fm. Level, two intersecting it and the third heaving it 4 fms. right, were observed by Henwood (1843, Table XIII).

During the last 28 years of the period of activity that lasted from 1814 to 1878, the mine produced 3,475 tons of black tin. There are no records of the production for other periods. When the dumps were worked over in 1912, they are said to have carried between 8.5 and 10 lb. of black tin per ton.

Garden

[SW 41735 35705] A small mine, in Morvah parish, adjoining Carn Galver Mine. It may have worked Little Bosiliack Lode, just south of Ding Dong Mine (6-in. Corn. 67 N.E.). The plan (A.M. R 315) shows Engine Shaft on the underlie of a lode coursing E. 25° N. and underlying 15° N. The lode is developed at Adit Level for 20 fms. E. of the shaft, at the 12-fm. Level for 30 fms. E. and 12 fms. W. and at the 24-fm. Level for 13 fms. E. and 5 fms. W.; the amount of stoping is not known. From Adit Level at 6 fms. E. of the shaft a crosscut extends 30 fms. N. and 62 fms. S., connecting with Whipsiderry Shaft at 30 fms. S. There is also a crosscut 12 fms. N. from the 12-fm. Level just east of Engine Shaft. The mine was active in between 1860 and 1871, returning 6.5 tons of black tin in 1864 and a further 6.5 tons in 1870–71.

West Ding Dong

[SW 41555 30120] This mine lies 3 miles south-south-west of Ding Dong Mine and about half a mile south-south-west of Newbridge (6-in. Corn. 73 N.E.) and to have worked lodes coursing E.N.E. in granite country. The veins were less than 1 ft. wide, often confused and locally rich in tin. The only records concerning it are that it produced 20 tons of black tin in 1853 and 1855 and 7 tons of black tin in 1862.

East Ding Dong

[SW 45475 35215] Old workings on the southern slopes of Mulfra Hill, north of Newmill (6-in. Corn. 68 S.W.), reopened in 1836–39 and later reworked in 1853–55. Worked to a depth of 35 fms. (adit at 10 fms.). Main lode is said to be 3 ft. wide.

Balleswidden

[SW 38760 31150] 1 mile E. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 73 N.W., N.E.; A.M. 34. Includes Davy Shaft Mine and Hobboys Mine [SW 387 312]. Country: partly kaolinized granite.

This mine worked a group of lodes with general south-easterly trend crossing the St. Just-Penzance road on the east side of Lafrowda Common. The chief lode, called Awboy's courses E. 28° S. in Davy Shaft section on the north-west of the sett, S. 42° E. in Hobboy's section, in the middle (and on either side of the road) and S. 40° E. in the south-eastern part; it underlies about 10° S.W. Workings on this lode extend over a length of about 1,100 yds. and to a depth of 90 fms. New Lode, about 5 fms. S. of Awboy's, has been worked in Davy Shaft section for a length of about 180 yds. and to a depth of 180 fms. though it is not known to have been developed above the 70-fm. Level. Coursing more to the north of west than Awboy's Lode it intersects the latter westwards; the underlie is 18° S.W. South Lode, about 25 fms. S. of Awboy's and possibly the south-easterly extension of New Lode, is parallel to Awboy's in strike and underlies 40° S.W.; it has been opened up for a length of about 460 yds. and to a depth of 110 fms. mainly in Hobboy's section. To the north of Awboy's Lode are North Lode, at 25 fms. N. worked to a small extent in Davy Shaft, Red Lode and Black Lode but these last two are not known to have been exploited. In addition, there are two carbona-like branch lodes (called ' pie lodes '), 3 to 6 ft. wide, consisting of irregular veinlets of somewhat cellular rock composed of quartz, tourmaline, gilbertite and cassiterite, set in a zone of greisenized granite. One of the pie lodes, branching from Awboy'S',^-strikes due west, underlies 10° N. and crosses South Lode; the other, an offshoot of South Lode, courses S. 20° E. and is nearly vertical. Several quartz-filled crosscourses and slides, filled with red clay, strike about north-east and underlie 20° N.W. ; they heave the lodes slightly to the right-hand. Much of the above information, and description of the lodes, given below is derived from Rowe and Foster (1887). No lodes are exposed in the adjacent china clay pits.

Awboy's Lode consists of four or five parallel veins (called gries ') varying from mere joints to 4 in. or so in width; they lie within an overall width of from 10 to 30 ft. They have well-defined margins with walls 2 to 6 in. thick of hard greisen (called hard-work ') that merges outwards into kaolinized granite country. The veins carry cassiterite with wolfram, bismuth, bismuthine, native copper and fluorspar in a gangue of quartz, tourmaline, gilbertite and kaolin. The hard-work contains some cassiterite, tourmaline, gilbertite and a little fluorspar, and, in it, pseudomorphs of quartz and gilbertite after feldspar are common while, occasionally, cavities left after the removal of feldspar contain coarse crystals of cassiterite.

Workings on Awboy's Lode in Davy Shaft section seem to have been from Skip Shaft, 300 yds. N. of the St. Just-Penzance road at a point 600 yds. E. of the 6th milestone from Penzance, on the underlie of New Lode to the 180-fm. Level (below surface). Development here is not extensive; there are some short drives on the levels from the 130-fm. to the 170-fm. west of the shaft and at about 55 fms. W., where New Lode intersects Awboy's, the 130-fm., 140-fm., 150-fm. and 160-fm. levels of New Lode continue westwards on Awboy's, the first two for about 15 fms. and the last two for nearly 100 fms. The only continuous drive south-eastwards from near Skip Shaft is the 110-fm. which connects with the bottom of Collier's Shaft, 168 yds. S.E. of Skip Shaft and Engine Shaft, 230 yds. S.E. of Collier's and 20 yds. S. of the road. According to the plans, most development was carried out south-eastwards of Engine Shaft from Derry Shaft, 195 yds. S.E. of Engine, to the 90-fm. Level, and Rag and Chain Shaft, 50 yds. S.E. of Derry, Trugeon Shaft, 70 yds. S.E of Rag and Chain, New Shaft, 95 yds. S.E. of Trugeon, and Black Lode Shaft 100 yds. S.E. of New Shaft, all to the 70-fm. Level. The lode is fully blocked out from Engine Shaft to Black Lode Shaft down to the 90-fm. Level at Engine and Derry shafts and to the 70-fm. Level elsewhere. The longitudinal section shows the whole of this block of ground stoped away except for a small area west of Derry Shaft on the 90-fm. Level and the ground between the 50-fm. and 70-fm. levels from Trugeon Shaft to Black Lode Shaft. Since the stoped area on the section ends northwards abruptly at Engine Shaft it seems reasonable to suppose that workings may occur throughout Hobboy's section above the 110-fm. Level, but this is not shown on the plans or sections.

New Lode, which consists of a mass of greisen or hard-work, traversed by quartz-veins carrying cassiterite with wolfram, mispickel and small amounts of copper ores, was exploited from Skip Shaft. Development, according to the section, commences at the 70-fm. Level below surface, which is driven for 30 fms. N.W. From the 100-fm. Level to the 152-fm. the lode is blocked out for about 60 fms. S.E. and about 100 fms. N.W. of the shaft and the 120-fm., 130-fm. and 140-fm. levels extend a further 50 fms. N.W. The 162-fm., 170-fm. and 180-fm. levels extend 15 fms. S.E. and 60 fms. N.W. From the 70-fm. Level to the 130-fm. there is a solid block of stoping for 50 fms. S.E., and 100 fms. N.W. of the shaft, on the 140-fm. and 150-fm. levels the stopes extend for 50 fms. S.E. and 50 fms. N.W. and below for 10 fms. S.E. and 50 fms. N.W. about 75 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. A 12-ft. wide quartz vein striking W. 34° N. and underlying south-west heaves New Lode to the left. Though called Spar Lode, it is not known to carry metallic minerals.

South Lode, which is of similar character to Awboy's, was worked from Hichen's Shaft, 55 yds. S.W. of Engine Shaft on Awboy's Lode, on the underlie to the 110-fm. Level, and Horse Whim Shaft, 170 yds. S.E. of Hichen's and 48 yds. W. of Derry Shaft on Awboy's Lode, on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level. On the plan the drives from each of these shafts are not shown to be connected, but the longitudinal section shows the 50-fm. and 70-fm. levels to be continuous from one shaft to the other. From Horse Whim Shaft the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels develop the ground for about 60 fms. N.W. The 50-fm. and 70-fm. levels extend from about 60 fms. N.W. of Hichen's Shaft to about 20 fms. S.E. of Horse Whim Shaft. The 90-fm. Level is driven for 90 fms. N.W. and 35 fms. S.E. of Hichen's Shaft and the 100-fm. and 110-fm. levels for about 100 fms. N.W. A block of stoping from 10 fms. above the 30-fm. Level to the 70-fm. occupies the area between the two shafts. North-west of Hichen's Shaft, the stope, with a vertical measurement of about 50 fms. pitches about 35° N.W., the lower margin being at the 90-fm. Level near the shaft and reaching the 110-fm. Level at 55 fms. N.W. of the shaft.

North Lode was opened up by a crosscut 25 fms. N.E. from the 110-fm. Level on Awboy's Lode at 30 fms. S.E. of Skip Shaft. Development on this lode at the 110-fm., 130-fm., 140-fm. and 150-fm. levels opens it up from about 50 fms. S.E. of the position of Skip Shaft to about 75 fms. N.W.; the amount of stoping is not known. The plans do not show the workings on the pie lodes.

There is no Adit Level to the mine but a line of six old shafts extending for 350 yds. N.W. from Skip Shaft seem to be on a drainage adit with portal near the stream about 400 yds. W.S.W. of Lower Bostraze.

The mine was active in 1833 and, according to Rowe and Foster (1887) produced 11,828 tons of black tin between 1837 and 1873. One ton of copper ore is also recorded as having been obtained. Hobboys raised 52 tons of black tin in the years 1837, 1841 and 1873–8.

There has been no underground activity since 1877, but from 1913 to 1916 the dumps were worked over and are said to have yielded 3 tons of black tin per month.

Bostraze

[SW 38660 31560] A large sett immediately north of Balleswidden Mine (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W., N.E.) is reputed to have several lodes trending about N.W. but only one is known to have been worked. The plan (A.M. 2990, dated 1893) with the title Bostraze and Tregeseal Mine, shows a shaft 170 yds. N. of the St. Just-Penzance road at 970 yds. E. of the 6th milestone from Penzance, on the underlie of a lode coursing S.E. and underlying 15° S.W. The lode is developed at the 10-fm., 20-fm. and 32-fm. levels (below surface) for 20 fms. N.W. and 18 fms. S.E. of the shaft. There is stoping from near surface to about 3 fms. below the 32-fm. Level, mainly north-west of the shaft.

There is a record of 21 tons of black tin for the years 1888–90 and another of 4 tons in 1912 and 1913. A return of 16.5 tons of black tin in 1854 accredited to Balleswidden United may refer to this mine.

New Balleswidden

[SW 43425 29820] 1.5 miles E. by S. of St. Just. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 73 N.W., N.E.; A.M. 3228. Earlier known as East Balleswidden Mine [East Balleswidden is not the same mine; this name refers to an amalgamation in 1850 of Carn Bargis and nearby Tregavara Downs mines. This group closed in 1858.] Country: granite.

Though lying immediately to the east of Balleswidden Mine, New Balleswidden did not work the south-easterly extension of Awboy's Lode, but four lodes to tile south-west of its assumed position, known as North Lode, Grimston's Lode, about 20 yds. S.W. of North, New South Lode, about 50 yds. S.W. of Grimston's and South Lode, the workings on which are about 100 yds. S.E. of those on the other lodes; all course about S.E. and underlie 10° or less S.W.

North and Grimston's lodes were opened up from Grimston's Shaft, 260 yds. N.W. of Leswidden Cot, on the underlie to 45 fms. below surface. On Grimston's Lode there are also Stand's Shaft, 50 yds. N.W. of Grimston's and Air Shaft, 52 yds. S.E., each to the 11-fm. Level (no adit). The lode was developed at the 11-fm. Level for 22 fms. N.W. and 26 fms. S.E. of Grimston's Shaft, at the 23-fm. Level for 23 fms. N.W. and 12 fms. S.E. and at the 38-fm. Level for 3 fms. N.W. and 8 fms. S.E. There is a small block of stoping 12 fms. long and 8 fms. High on the 11-fm. Level east of the shaft and another, between the 11-fm. and 23-fm. levels west of the shaft. North Lode was opened up by a crosscut north-east from the 11-fm. Level on Grimston's Lode, west of Grimston's Shaft and by another from the 23-fm. Level at the shaft. The drive at the 11-fm. Level is 30 fms. long and that at the 23-fm. Level, 27 fms. long; on each there are tiny stopes the longest of which is 4 fms. high and 10 fms. long.

New South Lode was developed from South Shaft, 60 yds. S.W. of Grimston's, to the 19-fm. Level and a crosscut south-west from Grimston's Shaft. The lode was opened up for 25 fms. N.W. and 60 fms. S.E. of South Shaft at the 10-fm. Level and for 6 fms. S.E. at the 19-fm. Level. There are three very small stopes on the 10-fm. Level.

South Lode, of similar trend and underlie to the others, was opened up from Coate's Shaft, 235 yds. E.S.E. of Grimston's Shaft and 60 yds. N.N.E. of Leswidden Cot, to the 22-fm. Level. The 11-fm. Level is driven for 15 fms. N.W. and 16 fms. S.E. of the shaft and the 22-fm. Level for 10 fms. N.W. and 6 fms. S.E. There is a stope 3 fms. high extending 8 fms. N.W. and 8 fms. S.E. of the shaft on the 11-fm. Level. A crosscut 12 fms. S.W. leaves South Shaft at the 11-fm. Level, and another, 5 fms. S.W., at the 22-fm. Level.

There is also a small adit working 500 yds. E. by S. of Coate's Shaft but no lodes seem to have been proved here; the adit was driven about 40 fms. N.W. from its portal and there are short cross drives about 10 fms. in.

Under the name East Balleswidden Mine, 15 tons of black tin were raised in 1852 and 1874 and as New Balleswidden Mine, production was 49 tons of black tin in 1889–94.

East Botallack

[SW 39625 31255] Situated in the northern part of New Balleswidden Mine sett (6-in. Corn. 73 N.E.), on both sides of the St. Just-Penzance road 1.75 miles E. by S. of St. Just, this mine was first worked under the name Wheal Fortune, later as West Weal Metal and is believed also to have been called Alexandra Mine. The lodes course about'S.E. and were worked from old shafts between Little Botrea farm and the 5th milestone from Penzance. They are said to be poor and the workings are not extensive; activity was intermittent. According to the plan (A.M. 1835, dated c. 1885) a lode coursing S. 25° E. and underlying 22° S.W. was worked by two underlay shafts about 40 yds. apart, the more southerly being 30 yds. N. of the Penzance road; these are probably the shafts in the valley about 100 yds. S. of Little Botrea farm. The more northerly shaft is 20 fms. deep and the other 30 fms. Adit and the 10-fm. Level develop the lode to about 20 fms. N. of the northern shaft and 40 fms. S. of the other; there is stoping from surface to the 10-fm. Level for a length of 70 fms. Another lode, presumably coursing E.-W. underlies 25° S. and was worked from Knight's or Coate's Engine Shaft, vertical to 30 fms. below surface where it meets the lode, and on the underlie to the 60-fm. Level. Adit Level (10 fms.) extends 56 fms. one way and 70 fms. the other (to its portal), the 20-fm. Level is driven about 40 fms. each way and the 35-fm. Level about 15 fms. each way; there are no drives below. There are small patches of stoping on adit and the 20-fm. Level. The position of these latter workings is uncertain. The only record of output is for 6 tons of black tin between 1881 and 1885. New Balleswidden Mine took over the East Botallack sett about 1891.

Augusta

[SW 38800 30450] Situated south of Balleswidden Mine, on Dowran Common,1.25 miles E.S.E. of St. Just (6 in. Corn. 73 N.E.), this mine produced 22 tons of black tin in 1852–54.

Botrea

[SW 39625 31255] Small prospecting works were carried out in 1907 and 1908 in two places, one just west of, and the other 400 yds. S.E. of Jericho farm, 2 miles E. of St. Just (6-in. Corn. 73 N.E.). At the latter locality a N.W.-S.E. lode was opened up for 17 fms. by an adit, and though specimens of cassiterite were obtained the lode was too small and poor for exploitation.

Bosworlas

[SW 38050 30290] Situated on Bosworlas Moor, 1 mile S.E. of St. Just (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.), this mine may have commenced as an alluvial working but shafts were sunk presumably to a lode beneath the alluvium ; there are no records.

Kelynack

[SW 36655 30250] A small mine on the south side of the valley, three-quarters of a mile S. of St. Just and quarter of a mile W. of Crippleshill (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.). A lode coursing E. 38° S. was opened up by an adit, with entrance 350 yds. S.W. of Bosavern hamlet, and a shaft a few yds. S.E. of the portal. The lode, with veinstone of vughy quartz in tourmalinized and pink-stained granite wall rock, yielded a quarter of a ton of black tin in 1901 and 25 tons of black tin in 1910 and 1911.

Diamond

A lode coursing E. 18° S. was worked at this mine, 1 mile S. by W. of St. Just (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W.). There are two shafts, 130 yds. apart, 280 yds. N. of Trevagean Vean, debris around which consists of highly tourmalinized veinstone and granite with red feldspars. There are no records of output. First known as Wheal Damsel, the mine was later renamed on account of the abundance of clear quartz or ' Cornish diamond ' in the lode (see Carne 1822b, p. 294).

Great Trevagean

[SW 36550 28895], [SW 36940 28810] Ancient surface workings on several lodes trending about northeastwards, cross the north-western parts of Nanquidno Downs, Trevagean Downs and Lower Downs, 1.75 miles S. of St. Just (6-in. Corn. 73 N.W., S.W.) for a distance of over a mile. There are old shafts near Trevagean Veor and 400 yds. W. of Lower Numphra. The country rock is highly tourmalinized and decomposed granite and the lodes, from surface evidence, seem to consist of narrow quartz-tourmaline veins. Borlase (1758, p. 161) records small carbonas here. The western section at Nanquidno was earlier known as Casebo Mine and worked two lodes known as Casebo and Redworks. Between 1873 and 1876 the mine produced 19 tons of black tin.

Bartinney

[SW 39135 29625] In 1850 this working was reopened as West Wheal Virgin. A lode coursing S. 35° E. and underlying west, that sends off branches coursing about N.-S. from its hangingwall, crops out on the northern slopes of Bartinney Downs, 2 miles S.E. by E. of St. Just (6-in. Corn. 73 N.E.). Workings by opencast and shallow shaft believed to date from the middle of the 18th century were prospected in 1943 when sampling pits were dug and an adit, commencing 450 yds. N.N.W. of the earthwork on the summit of the Downs was opened up. The adit follows the S. 35° E. lode for about 50 fms. S. by E. to a shaft 40 ft. deep. There the adit extends 55 fms. S. by W. on one of the branch lodes to another shaft which it meets at a depth of 100 ft.; there is a small stope above and below adit on both sides of the latter shaft. A crosscut 11 fms. E. from the 40-ft. shaft encountered a narrow vein on which there is a short drive south, and another crosscut, west from just north of the 100-ft. shaft, is in barren country rock. The latter consists of fine- and coarse-grained, grey granite which is traversed by veinlets up to 0.25 in. thick of dark green peach, and veins, up to 4 or 5 in. wide which are filled with banded quartz and dark green peach. The deposits were sampled and abandoned.

Carn Bran

[SW 40220 29275] On the northern and north-western slopes of Carn Bran hill, 1 mile W. by S. of Sancreed (6-in. Corn. 73 N.E.) there are old surface workings on a lode coursing E. 40° S. crossing the summit of the hill, and another, coursing about N.E. on the lower slopes. Later workings on the latter lode are indicated by an old shaft, 400 yds. N. of the centre of the ancient earthwork on the hilltop and by the ruined engine house 550 yds. W.S.W. of the shaft; there seems, however, to be no shaft near the engine house. The granite country is both tourmalinized and haematized near the lodes. There are no records of output.

Boswarthen

[SW 41205 29030] A mine, also known as Pennance Consols, three-quarters of a mile W.S.W. of Sancreed, that exploited a lode coursing E. 26° N. between two others, one coursing N. 20° W. on the west and the other coursing E. 15° S. on the east. The N. 20^° W. lode is the southerly extension of the lode in Carn Bran Mine that crosses the summit of Carn Bran hill. There are six shafts on the E. 26° N. lode between 400 yds. W. and 200 yds. N.E. of Boswarthen hamlet (the old engine house is 130 yds. N.) and three shafts on the E. 15° S. lode about 150 yds. N. of Ros Valley. There are Shallow Adit and Deep Adit levels. At the 10-fm. Level (below Deep Adit) the lode was 4 to 10 ft. wide, sometimes split into two with a "horse" of granite between. It worked again in 1859–64, selling a little tin in 1860. As Pennance Consols the mine produced 10 tons of black tin in 1853 and 1854.

Beacon Hill

[SW 41680 29610] A property situated to the north of The Beacon, a quarter of a mile N.W. of Sancreed (6-in. Corn. 73 N.E.) in which about four lodes, trending N.E. in granite country were worked opencast by old men and later, the most easterly was opened up by shafts about 450 yds. N.W. of Sancreed church under the name Wheal Argus. There are no plans. Between 1873 and 1875, Wheal Argus raised 19 tons of black tin.

Carn Bargis

Est. [SW 416 304] About three-quarters of a mile N.N.W. of Sancreed, a lode coursing about N.E. and another, west of north, were worked under this name about 1870. Very little underground work was done, but some alluvials were worked in the valley both upstream and downstream from Trannack Mill. There are no records of output.

Garth

[SW 44640 28955] About 1 mile E.N.E. of Sancreed (6-in. Corn. 73 N.E.) this mine, also known as Wheal Cock and as Kewneylargus, worked a lode coursing E. 25° N. and underlying 10° to 35^° S., in granite country overlain to the east by metamorphosed killas and greenstone. On the west side of the stream that crosses Tregavara Downs, 320 yds. N.W. of Little Trewidden, there is a shaft; 200 yds. E. of it, and on the east side of the stream, a second shaft, reputed to be 30 ft. deep, and 125 yds. E. by N. of the second, a third shaft said to be 60 ft. deep and connected with the second. Water in the 30-ft. shaft overflows and is used to supply Trewidden farm (6-in. Corn. 74 N.W.) and a few cottages. The lode varied from 4 to 14 ft. in width and was worked to the 30-fm. Level below adit (14 fms.); it carried mainly copper ores with siderite but also contained 'wood-tin' in botryoidal concretions, in a veinstuff of pale buff feldspar and quartz; it is said to have been most productive near a crosscourse (Henwood 1843, p. 32) and carried ores only in granite country. Though the mine is noted for the 'wood' tin and' toad's-eye' tin it contained (Carne 1832, pp. 99, 100), there is no record of tin production. In 1923–4, under the name Wheal Cock, 500 tons of 8.5 per cent copper ore were raised.

First known as Wheal Mary, later as Garth, then East Wheal Cock (not to be confused with that in St. Enoder parish) and subsequently as Wheal Darby. Its true location is on the slopes south of Buryas Bridge, about a mile E. by S. of Sancreed (6-in. Corn. 74 N.W.). The details given and the site shown in (Map 1) refer to Tregavara Downs Mine. The lode is said to be 9 to 14 ft. wide and is known to have been worked to a depth of 30 fms.; adit level is 12 fms. deep. The output quoted almost certainly refers to East Cock in St. Enoder and should read In 1823–24 ... (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

West Margaret

[SW 39405 27165] This mine has a roughly square sett with sides 700 yds. long, the northwestern corner of which is at the road junction at Crows-an-wra, 2 miles S.W. of Sancreed (6-in. Corn. 73 S.E.). The plan (A.M. R 185 A) shows the hypothetical positions of Pullman Lode, coursing E.-W. and passing 100 yds. S. of Crows-an-wra, Hitchen's Lode, coursing E. 12° S., about 250 yds. S. of Pullman and Harvey's Lode, coursing E. 15° S., 150 yds. S. of Hitchen's, all crossed by Boswarton Lode, coursing N. 30° E. and intersecting Pullman Lode 420 yds. E. by S. of Crows-an-wra. There are also Caunter Lode, coursing S.E. and Clegg Lode, coursing N. 10° W. crossing Pullman Lode respectively at 160 yds. and 95 yds. W. of its intersection with Boswarton Lode. The only workings indicated on the plan are two shafts, Pullman and Footway, close together on Pullman Lode 350 yds. E.S.E. of Crows-an-wra and an adit, commencing near the ford, 550 yds. S. by W. of Crows-an-wra and following Harvey's Lode for 75 fms. E., with a shaft at 50 fms. from its portal. A longitudinal section accompanying the plan is not oriented, and there is no clue as to which lode it refers. It shows two unnamed shafts 86 yds. apart to the 40-fm. Level below adit (about 23 fms. at the shafts). The lode developed at all levels to the 40-fm. for 4 fms. left of the left-hand shaft and 30 fms. right of the other but the adit continues for about a further 150 fms. left and is 3 fms. below surface at its left-hand end. Stoning is spread over most of the blocked-out ground near the shafts from 15 fms. above Adit Level to the 40-fm.; about 55 per cent of this area has been removed and there is a small scope above Adit Level at 80 fms. left of the left-hand shaft. The mine produced 17 tons of black tin in 1860–61 and a few tons of tinstone worth £253 in 1868–71.

West Margaret: The lodes were 1.5 to 4 ft. wide. The longitudinal section accompanying the plan (A.M. R185A) does not refer to this mine. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Carn Escalls

[SW 360 302] Probably situated on or near Escalls Common, 1 mile N.E. by E. of Sennen Cove (6-in. Corn. 73 S.W.), this tin mine had ceased working in 1884. Carn Escalls was a stream working on Escalls Cliff. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Dolquoth

[SW 45240 28150] A small tin mine near the Faugan Camp, a mile S.W. of Newlyn (6-in. Corn. 74 N.W.), worked between 1780 and 1823. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Elizabeth

Also known as Wheal Betsy, on Paul Hill, south of Newlyn (6-in. Corn. 74 N.W.). A small tin mine working, between 1851 and 1853, a reputedly 2.5 ft. wide tin vein; no production is known.

Alluvials

Alluvial deposits were worked in the Land's End peninsula in ancient times and probably all the valleys in the Morvah-Sancreed area have been tried at some time. The only deposits to which reference is made by Henwood (1873, pp. 195–7) are associated with streams that drain the southern part of the peninsula and enter the sea between its southernmost point and Mousehole; they thus occur south of the Morvah-Sancreed mining area and in a part devoid of known mineral lodes. Near Bojewans, 1.75 miles S. by E. of Sancreed (6-in. Corn. 73 S.E.), at a confluence in the valley that reaches the coast at Lamorna Cove, Henwood records 6 to 12 ft. of granite sand and gravel, resting on 2 to 8 ft. of peat with remains of hazel, and that upon 2 to 9 ft. of tin-bearing gravel containing rounded masses of granite and tin ore or lode material in which cassiterite is largely of the ' wood ' tin variety and frequently occurs coating quartz crystals. The bedrock varies in hardness from place to place and, where soft, there are depressions which are filled with gravel with a higher tin content than elsewhere. Small amounts of alluvial tin have also been recovered at Penrose, 1.5 - miles S.E. of Sennen (6-in. Corn. 78 N.W.), at Tregadgwith, 1 mile E. of St. Buryan (6-in. Corn. 73 S.E.) and in other places but in most cases values were too low to be remunerative.

References

ABBOTT, H. A. 1920. The Levant Disaster. Mining Mag., vol. xxii, p. 207.

BOASE, H. S. 1822. On the Tin-ore of Botallack and Levant. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. ii, pp. 383–403.

BORLASE, W. 1758. The Natural History of Cornwall. Oxford.

CANN, F. C. and W. E. SEVIER, 1937. The Geevor Tin Mine. Mining Mag., vol. xxxvii, pp. 265–76.

CARNE, J. 1822a. On the Relative Age of the Veins of Cornwall. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn. vol. ii, pp. 49–128.

CARNE, J. 1822b. On the Mineral Production and the Geology of the Parish of St. Just. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. ii, pp. 290–358.

CARNE, J. 1832. An account of the discovery of some varieties of Tin-ore in a Vein, which has been considered peculiar to Streams; with remarks on Diluvial Tin in general. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. iv, pp. 95–112.

COLLINS, J. H. 1912. Observations on the West of England Mining Region. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. xiv.

DEWEY, H. 1920. Arsenic and Antimony Ores. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. xv.

DEWEY, H. 1923. Copper Ores of Cornwall and Devon. Mem. Geol. Surv, Min. Resources, vol. xxvii.

DEWEY, H. and H. G. DINES. 1923. Tungsten and Manganese Ores. Mem. Geol. Surv., Min. Resources, vol. i, 3rd edit.

FOSTER, C. LE N. 1887. On a Rock resembling Luxulianite from St. Just and on some Globular masses of Schorl-rock from Ding Dong Mine. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. x, pp. 8, 9.

GREGORY, M. 1925. The Geevor Tin Mine. Mining Mag., vol. xxxii, pp. 271–82.

HAWKINS, J. 1818. On Submarine Mines. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. i, pp. 127–42. 1822. On the stratified deposits of Tin-stone called Tin-floors, and on the diffusion of Tin-stone through the mass of some primitive rocks. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. ii, pp. 30–48.

HENCKEN, H. O'N. 1932. The Archaeology of Cornwall and Scilly. London.

HENWOOD, W. J. 1843. On the Metalliferous Deposits of Cornwall and Devon. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. v.

HENWOOD, W. J. 1873. On the Detrital Tin-ore of Cornwall. Journ. Roy. Inst. Corn., vol. iv, pp. 191–254.

LEAN, J. 1835. Extract from Captain T. Lean's Report of Steam Engine Duty, etc., for December 1835. Rep. Roy Corn. Poly. Soc., p. 136.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1907. Mining Appendix in C. Reid, J. S. Flett and others. The Geology of the Land's End District (Sheets 351, 358). Mem. Geol. Surv.

OATS, F. F. 1920. The Levant Mine, Cornwall. Mining Mag., vol. xxii, pp. 148–51.

PEARCE. R. 1878. Note on Pitchblende in Cornwall. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. ix. pp.103–4.

PHILLIPS, J. A. and J. DARLINGTON. 1 8 57. Records of Mining and Metallurgy: or Facts and Memoranda for the use of the Mine Agent and Smelter. London.

PRYCE, W. 1778. Mineralogia Cornubiensis; a Treatise on Minerals, Mines, and Mining, London.

ROWE, T. P. and C. LE N. FOSTER. 1887. Observations on Balleswidden Mine. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. x, pp. 10–7.

SEVIER, W. E. 1945. Progress at Geevor Mine. Mining Mag., vol. lxxiii, pp. 201–10.

SMYTH, W. W. 1864. An unpublished report dealing with some of the coastal mines near St. Just in the Office of Woods and Forests.

SPARGO, T. 1865. The Mines of Cornwall and Devon: Statistics and Observations. London.

TROUNSON, J. 1942. The Cornish Mineral Industry, Part iii, St. Just and St. Ives Mining Districts. Mining Mag., vol. lxvii, pp. 119–30.

2. St. Ives district

The St. Ives district is situated at the north-eastern end of the Land's End granite mass (Map 2) and the country rock consists of granite with a narrow strip of metamorphosed killas and greenstone along the coast and the west side of the Hayle River valley. The lodes have a general E.N.E. trend and cross-courses, locally termed 'trawns', trend nearly N.-S. Like those of the St. Just district, therefore, the lodes here course mainly at right-angles to the granite margin. The lodes have been productive both in the killas and in the overlying metamorphic rocks, and some mines, such as Georgia Consols, worked lodes within the fine-grained, possibly newer, granite. The district is noted for large and productive carbonas that occur in granite country and, though, in some cases, they may be due to mineralization of a wide belt of country rock alongside a lode, in others they are large, irregularly shaped bodies, not obviously connected with fissure veins, in which alteration, accompanied by mineralization of the granite, has taken place.

The chief produce of the district was tin and copper. The ores of the former occur mainly in lodes in granite country and of the latter generally in lodes in the metamorphic rocks but at some of the largest copper producers, e.g. Wheal Providence and Wheal Sisters, copper ores were raised from granite country. Most of the mines situated in killas country were of little importance except the copper mine known as Wheal Margery. Small quantities of mispickel and blende are recorded but a feature of the district is the presence of pitchblende and other uranium ores at Wheal Trenwith, South Providence and elsewhere. At first regarded as an undesirable gangue mineral, pitchblende was discarded, and when later uranium minerals were in demand on the Continent for the manufacture of a green glass, much of the ore was recovered from the dumps for this purpose before its radioactive properties were known.

Some of the coastal mines extend beneath the sea, the ore shoots, in all well-ascertained cases pitching in this direction, that is, away from the granite margin (Henwood 1843, p. 20). The influx of sea water appears to have been responsible for the lodes not having been exploited as far seawards as in the St. Just district.

Towednack

This area, about 6 miles E.-W. and 2 miles N.-S., is approximately the northern half of the St. Ives district. It is bounded on the west by a line trending south-eastwards along the Porthglaze Cove valley, half a mile W. of Zennor, on the south by an E.-W. line passing half a mile S. of Towednack church and elsewhere by the coast and Hayle River estuary. The country rock is mainly granite, forming the north-eastern end of the Land's End mass. Around the coast from Zennor to Carbis Bay the granite is flanked by a narrow belt of thermally metamorphosed killas and greenstone. South-east of Carbis Bay, killas occupies the surface for about 1½ miles E. of the contact; it is metamorphosed over the whole of this width, the killas-granite contact apparently having a gentle slope eastwards in this part.

The major lode-trend is E.N.E. and crosscourses or trawns, some of which are mineralized, course a few degrees west of north. Apart from insignificant amounts of zinc, arsenic and uranium ores, pyrite and ochre, the main products of the area were tin and copper. Several small and unimportant mines are scattered over the coastal strip, about 1 mile wide between Zennor and St. Ives; these are in granite country in the west and in metamorphic rocks near the coast and in the east. The most important mines were on three groups of lodes, at right-angles to the granite contact. The most northerly group extends from Rosewall Hill eastwards along the Stennack valley to St. Ives; on it are, from west to east, Rosewall Hill and Ransom United, St. Ives Consols and Wheal Trenwith. The granite-killas contact occurs in the eastern parts of St. Ives Consols and the western parts of Wheal Trenwith. The recorded outputs of the three mines indicate the relationship of the ores to the contact, they are, respectively: 1,500 tons of black tin; over 16,000 tons of black tin and 450 tons of copper ore, and 20 tons of black tin and over 13,000 tons of copper ore. The next group of E.N.E. lodes lies about half a mile S. and supported Tyringham Consols, Trelyon Consols and Wheal Margery. The granite-killas contact is between the last two mines and the recorded outputs are, respectively: nearly 800 tons of black tin and 1,500 tons of copper ore; 1,200 tons of black tin and 100 tons of copper ore, and 100 tons of black tin and over 16,000 tons of copper ore. On the third group about a quarter of a mile farther south, are Balnoon or Worvas Downs Mine and Wheal Providence; the former, in granite country, raised about 200 tons of black tin and the latter, near the granite-killas contact, produced over 2,300 tons of black tin and nearly 11,000 tons of copper ore. This distribution of the copper and tin ores, relative to the contact, seems to support the generally held view that tin occurs in granite country and copper in the overlying rocks. It will be noted, however, that some copper was raised in the mines in granite and some tin in those in metamorphic rocks, indicating that the junction between the tin and copper zones pitches eastwards but at a less steep inclination than the granite surface. The area, in fact, contains an important emanative centre between Rosewall Hill and St. Ives. The uranium ores for which Wheals Trenwith and Providence were noted do not appear to have come from rich deposits and, though no authentic records of the amounts produced exist, the total output is believed to have been small.

Carbonas are a characteristic of the area and occur in the granite country of St. Ives Consols, Wheal Providence and Rosewall Hill and Ransom United. Generally irregular in form and with no apparent relationship to the lodes, these consist of country rock, partly tourmalinized and with feldspars partly chloritized, in which cassiterite is disseminated in fairly coarse crystals; the more or less decomposed nature of the rock rendered exploitation easy.

Many mines in the area are ancient and their early history is lost. The area as a whole was active and comparatively highly productive throughout the 19th century, but only a few mines have been active in the present century.

Zennor Consols, Carnellow Consols

[SW 44215 38730] Situated on the cliffs, three-quarters of a mile N.W. by W. of Zennor village (6-in. Corn. 61A, 61 S.W.), this mine was first known as Zennor Consols and later as Carnelloe Consols. The plan of Zennor Consols (A.M. R 216 H, dated 1851) is a surface plan showing only the hypothetical position of 12 lodes in metamorphosed killas and greenstone country. Five lodes, within a transverse distance of 100 yds., coursing a few degrees south of N.E. and underlying S.E. are shown as extending about 800 yds. N.E. from the middle of the headland known as Boswednack Cliff, across Polgiaze Cove and Carnelloe Cliff to Veor Cove. The second and third from the north are shown as continuing a further 500 yds. N.E. on to the southern part of Zennor Head, the more northerly of these passing up Horseback Zawn. The N.E. lodes are crossed by six, within a transverse distance of 240 yds., coursing N. 38° W. The most westerly, crossing the coast at Carnelloe Long Rock, underlies N.E. and the rest, which cross the coast in the western part of Veor Cove, underlie S.W. The twelfth lode, coursing E. 18° S. passes out to sea at the eastern end of the beach in Pendour Cove.

Mining is not known to have been started as Zennor Consols, but in the early 1870's under the name Carnellow Consols a shaft was sunk 30 or 40 yds. from the cliff edge on the eastern side of Porthglaze Cove about 150 yds. seawards of low-water mark on the cove beach, and an adit driven into the zawn below the shaft. These are on the second lode from the north in the group shown as coursing N.E. on the Zennor Consols plan. The shaft is vertical to adit and on the south-easterly underlie to the 20-fm. Level below adit (which is at 16 fms. depth at the shaft). Adit Level extends for 10 fms. S.W. to the shore and 13 fms. N.E., the 10-fm. Level for 18 fms. S.W. and 14 fms. N.E. and the 20-fm. Level for 10 fms. S.W. and 9 fms. N.E. The Carnelloe Consols plan (4.M. R 35) also shows three nearly vertical crosscourses trending west of north and two lodes north of the one worked. In 1871–73 the mine produced 9 tons of black tin; work was suspended in 1874.

Dollar

[SW 44785 38295] The chief shafts of this mine are presumed to be those in the small area of rough ground 150 yds. E. of Carnellow farm and 700 yds. W. by S. of Zennor (6-in. Corn. 61 S.W.). The plan (A.M. R 306 B), shows the hypothetical positions of five E.-W. lodes within a transverse distance of 200 yds., crossed by a N.W. trending cannier lode near the position of the main shafts and by a N.N.W.-trending crosscourse called Great Guide about 262 yds. W. of the shafts; it also indicates a few adit shafts, some on middle adit and some on shallow adit, respectively north and north-east of the main shaft. A note on the plan states that deep adit consists of two drives side by side in Great Guide, driven, by early workers, from the coast to within about 150 fms. of the main shafts, but not connected to the workings; these are at 25 fms. below surface near the mine. The longitudinal section shows four shafts within a distance of 40 yds., each 10 fms. deep and connected by levels at 3 fms. below surface (? shallow adit) and at 10 fms. (? middle adit). There are no records of output.

Sperries

[SW 47060 38325] A sett about half a mile wide and three-quarters of a mile long, lying alongside the Zennor valley just south-east of the village and embracing Zennor Hill (6-in. Corn. 61 S.W., 68 N.W.) contains, according to the plan (A.M. R 185 E), ten lodes all coursing about N.E., across the longer axis of the sett. The property is all in granite country; it is not known to have been worked beyond trials.

Sperries: Also spelt Sperris, was formerly Wheal Carne and later worked with Wheal Sandwich. Hocking's (or Eastern) and Western shafts cannot be located now but were reported as 30 and 21 fms. deep, respectively, in 1836. The known output is 1 ton of black tin in 1855. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Edward and Kerrow

[SW 46190 37125] A mine on Trewey Common, also referred to as Trewey Downs Mine, about a mile S. of Zennor. The plan (A.M. R 216 E) is a surface plan showing four lodes coursing N.E. and underlying S.E. Towards the north-east (on the northern part of Trewey Common) in Wheal Edward section these are crossed by three lodes coursing E.-W. and underlying S., and to the south-west (on the western side of the common) in Wheat Kerrow or White Works section, by two lodes coursing N. 18° W. and underlying W. The country rock is fine-grained granite traversed by thin tourmaline-quartz veins and chloritized alongside the lodes. There are traces of old crop workings and shafts on the common. In the 1890's an adit was driven 2,000 ft. from the Zennor valley to meet the lodes at 120 ft. below surface; the crop workings are said to extend to 70 ft. depth. The main lode, which was called Hocking's, ranges from 1.5 to 4 ft. in width and is intersected by others. All payable ore in the developed ground is reputed to have been removed; the only known output, under the name Trewey Downs, is 19 tons of black tin in the period 1906–09.

Rosemorran

[SW 45755 37985] Also called Rosevale, this mine, on the west side of the valley a third of a mile S.S.E. of Zennor (6-in. Corn. 68 N.W.), was a revival of an earlier mine called Wheal Chance. A lode coursing N.E. and underlying S.E., in granite country, was opened up by adits. The lower, called Main Tunnel, commences 60 yds. from the Zennor stream and 320 yds. W. by S. of Rosemorran farm, and extends 850 ft. along the lode. Upper Tunnel, commencing 70 yds. S.W. of Main Tunnel entrance follows the lode for 500 ft.; near its end there is a rise to surface and a crosscut 100 ft. N. At 380 ft. from the entrance of Upper Tunnel a 25-ft. winze bypasses Main Tunnel and connects with the old adit level of Wheal Chance. The mine produced 3.5 tons of black tin in the period 1908–13 and was tried again in the 1930's, though no output resulted.

Brea Consols

[SW 47835 40562] A mine on Trevegan Cliff, 2 miles N.E. of Zennor (6-in. Corn. 61 S.W.) that included Wheal Brea [SW 481 408], near the cliff edge in Brea Cove and Wheal Trevegan [SW 481 405] , 400 yds. S.S.E. of Wheal Brea. The plan (A .M . R 303) is mainly a surface plan showing the hypothetical position of a dozen lodes coursing E. 30° N. and underlying S.E., within a transverse distance of 600 yds., crossed by six or seven others with a more or less northerly trend. The most southerly of the E. 30° N. lodes is 460 yds. N.W. of Trevega Wartha and the two northerly ones, called North and Great Brea Tin, pass into Wheal Brea section.

Wheal Brea is in the coastal strip of metamorphosed killas and greenstone. There is no plan of the workings, but a roughly sketched longitudinal section without scale shows Bowling Cove Shaft, on the west side of Bowling Cove, to 25 fms. below sea level, Roger's Shaft, 60 yds. W. of Bowling Cove Shaft and on the east side of Brea Cove, to 33. fms. below sea level, and Footway Shaft and Whim Shaft, close together, on the west side of Brea Cove and about 40 yds. W. of Roger's Shaft, both to 26 fms. below sea level. A drive connects the last three shafts at about 14 fms. below sea level called ' The Run ' or `Adit Level ' and from this an underground shaft called Old Brea Shaft is sunk 26 fms. (or 40 fms. below sea level) with short drives east and west at the bottom. The section indicates small lenses of ' rich tin ' at the bottom of Bowling Cove Shaft and Whim Shaft, and a large lens at the bottom of Old Brea Shaft extending 36 fms. E. and 26 fms. W. The two smaller lenses are indicated as being in killas country and the large one in granite.

The plan shows an adit 150 fms. S. from Brea Cove to a lode called Thomas's, which it follows 40 fms. S.W. to Engine Shaft of Wheal Trevegan in granite country. At the shaft the adit turns S. by E. for 45 fms., meeting Wheal Matthew's Shaft on Matthew's Lode 550 yds. N.N.W. of Trevega Wartha. Another adit commencing in the coast 150 yds. W. of the first is driven about 200 fms. S. to meet Thomas's Lode 50 fms. S.W. of Engine Shaft. A third adit commences in River Cove, just over half a mile W. of Brea Cove and is driven for 335 fms. S.E. beneath the valley that passes 250 yds. E. of Treveal. There is a shaft on it called Tabb's 125 fms. from the entrance and another at 230 fms. but the plan shows no drives from it.

In 1860–63 the mine raised 93 tons of black tin and as Trevega Mine, 38 tons of black tin in the period 1907–13.

Brea Consols: Worked intermittently since the late 18th. century and may have been active as early as 1700, but has always been a small operation. In 1867 it was known as West St. Ives Consols. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Cleveland

[SW 47565 40105] This small mine seems to have been little more than a trial on the west side of the valley 250 yds. E. of Treveal, 1.5 miles N.E. of Zennor (6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.). The plan (A.M. R 199, dated 1844) is largely a surface plan showing the hypothetical position of 11 lodes coursing E. 32° N., underlying 10° S.E. and extending some 200 yds. W. from the valley stream. From two shafts 15 yds. apart, 30 yds. N.W. of the corn mill in the valley, a crosscut extends 28 fms. N.N.W. and 25 fms. S. The crosscut, at its north end, meets a lode that has been followed 27 fms. S.W. to a crosscourse on which there is a drive 5 fms. N.W. and 18 fms. S.E. The south end of the crosscut meets Town Lode which is driven on thence for 16 fms. S.W. and from the end of the drive a crosscut 12 fms. S.E. meets Red Lode, which has been followed for 82 fms. S.W. from the end of the crosscut, with three shafts, the most westerly of which is just south-east of Treveal. The depth of these workings is not stated but is presumed to be at adit. The adit driven south-east from River Cove and shown on Brea Consols plan is also shown on the plan and section of Wheal Cleveland, but the workings of this mine are not connected to it; it is 25 fms. below surface below the corn mill. There are no records of output.

Hor

Est. [SW 498 412] A copper lode in metamorphosed killas and greenstone, crosses the headland of Hor Point, 1.5 miles W. by N. of St. Ives (6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.). On the west side the outcrop of the lode on the cliffs shows copper stains and on the east the quartz-tourmaline lode is exposed. The old shaft is about at the middle of the promontory some 150 yds. S. of the point. There are no other records.

Carrick Du

[SW 51115 40945] On Carrick Du headland, half a mile W. of St. Ives harbour (6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.), a tin and copper lode in metamorphosed killas and greenstone courses about E.N.E. On it there are two shafts about 100 yds. apart, near which are to be found fragments of quartz-tourmaline veinstone and greenstone. Between 1856 and 1860 the mine produced 5 tons of black tin and 1,120 tons of 7 per cent copper ore.

Carrick Du: Alternatively Carthew. It is said to have worked in 1810 and 1824 and produced some copper ore in 1837–38. The lode was 1 to 3 ft. wide, carrying black and yellow copper ores, tin, pyrite and haematite. By 1864 the workings had reached 52 fms. depth (Spargo, 1868). (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Battery

[SW 51900 41130] Also called North Battery Mine, this small work near St. Ives Head (6-in. Corn. 61 N.E.) had a drive 7 fms. below sea level extending 20 fms. beyond the coast (see Carne 1822 b, p. 344); there are no other records.

Ayr

[SW 51235 40505] Just beyond the western outskirts of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Core. 61 S.E.; A.M. R 146. Also known as St. Ives East Consols. Country: metamorphosed greenstone.

Ayr: In 1838 it was known as Wheal George. Wheal Ayr sold both tin and copper ores. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

The plan (dated 1860) shows no underground workings but indicates the assumed positions of five lodes coursing about E.N.E. within a transverse distance of just over 200 yds. and crossed by four others coursing about N.-S. The only lode worked was Wheal Ayr Lode, coursing E. 22° N. and underlying south. Engine Shaft, 260 yds. N.N.W. of Aden House is shown on the longitudinal section (a rough pencil drawing in the margin of the plan) to he sunk to the 65-fm. Level below deep adit (20 fms.). Shallow Adit Level commences at the shaft top and is driven at least 180 fms. W. with an air shaft at 160 fms. W. Deep Adit Level extends 63 fms. W. and 136 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and has an air shaft at 56 fms. E. and another at 136 fms. E. (situated 140 yds. S.W. of the mortuary chapel of St. Ives Cemetery) from which the drainage crosscut is driven 100 fms. N. to its portal in the cliffs (120 yds. N.W. of the mortuary chapel). From the 15-fm. Level to the 55-fm. the lode is blocked out for about 30 fms. W. and 40 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and the 65-fm. Level extends 25 fms. W. and 15 fms. E.; the amount of stoping is not known.

A trawn or crosscourse, trending N.W. and underlying 26° N.E. crosses Shallow Adit Level at 165 fms. W. of Engine Shaft; it crops out in the cliffs in the large zawn on the west side of Burthallan Cliffs. A taunter lode, coursing N. 6° E. and dipping 30^° E. crosses Shallow Adit Level 130 fms. W. of Engine Shaft; this is shown on the plan as passing northwards through Carrick Du Mine. Cross Lode and Cross Spar Lode are both vertical and course respectively N. 18° W. and N. 28° W. The former is intersected by Deep Adit Level at 58 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and the latter by the drainage crosscut 50 fms. from its portal.

Dumps around Engine Shaft contain fragments of granite as well as highly tourmalinized greenstone. There are no records of output.

Goole Pellas

[SW 49575 39345] 1.5 miles W.S.W. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.; A.M. R 47 and 1276. Country: granite.

There are four lodes, known, from the south, as Goole Pellas Lode, coursing E. 25° N. and underlying 18° S.; North Lode, 30 yds. N. of Goole Pellas, coursing E. 20° N. and underlying 8° S.; New North Lode, 26 yds. N. of North, coursing E. 15° N. and underlying 12° S., and Caunter Lode 50 yds. N. of New North, coursing E. 5° N. and underlying 25° S. Plan R 47 is dated 1377 and 1276 is probably later but undated. On the former, New North and North lodes are referred to respectively as North and Middle lodes.

Goole Pellas Lode was worked from New Flat Rod Shaft, 330 yds. N.N.E. of Logan Stone on Rosewall Hill, on the underlie to the 55-fm. Level (below surface) and two shafts to the 16-fm. Level. The 16-fm. Level extends for 46 fms. W. and 40 fms. E. of the New Flat Rod Shaft, the 25-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. and 53 fms. E., the 35-fm. Level for 28 fms. W. and 50 fms. E., the 45-fm. Level for 16 fms. W. and 46 fms. E. and the 55-fm. Level for 64 fms. E. There is a block of stoping from just below surface to the 35-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. of the shaft at the 16-fm. Level and for 20 fms. W. below, and another block from just below surface to the 55-fm. Level between 15 fms. and 40 fms. E. of the shaft; about 30 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. A crosscourse trending N. 20° W. and underlying 15° W. intersects the lode at Flat Rod Shaft, crossing it at the 16-fm. Level. In this, crosscuts are driven northwards to the other lodes at the 25-fm., 35-fm. and 45-fm. levels; the last extends 10 fms. S. of Goole Peilas Lode. There are four shafts close together at 280 yds. W.S.W. of New Flat Rod Shaft, in alignment with the lode, but these are not shown on the plan.

North Lode was opened up from Jane's Shaft, 110 yds. W. of New Flat Rod Shaft, vertical to the 45-fm. Level and from the crosscuts north from Goole Pellas Lode near New Flat Rod Shaft; there is also an adit shaft called Unity, 70 yds. W. by S. of Jane's Shaft. Development is not extensive, Adit Level (3 fms.) extends from Unity Shaft to Jane's and continues thence E.N.E. to join New North Lode. The 16-fm. Level is driven for 10 fms. W. and 25 fms. E. of Jane's Shaft. The 25-fm. Level, 50 fms. long, extends from Jane's Shaft to the crosscut north from Goole Peilas Lode, which it meets 18 fms. N. of that lode. The 35-fm. Level is driven for 12 fms. E. of Jane's Shaft and the 45-fm. Level for 10 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of the shaft and for 10 fms. each way from the crosscut from Goole Pellas Lode. The amount of stoping is not known. A crosscut, 15 fms. N.W. from the 45-fm. Level at Jane's Shaft, meets New North Lode as does also another crooked crosscut from the 35-fm. Level 8 fms. E. of Jane's Shaft.

New North Lode was developed from Brown's Engine Shaft, 63 yds. N.N.W. of New Flat Rod Shaft, vertical to the 65-fm. Level. The crosscuts north from Goole Pellas Lode at the 25-fm., 35-fm. and 45-fm. levels meet New North Lode about 10 fms. E. of Brown's Shaft. Adit Level (3 rms.) extends for 70 fm^,:. W. and 46 rms. E. of Brown's Shaft, the 16-fm. Level for 63 fms. W. and 12 fms. E., the 25-fm. Level for 60 fms. W. and 50 frns. E., the 35-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. and 50 fms. E., the 45-fm. Level for 75 fms. W. and 40 fms. E., and the 50-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. and 36 fms. E.; the 65-fm. Level is short. Much of the blocked-out ground from near surface to the 55-fm. Level has been stoped away to 50 fms. W. of the shaft and eastwards to the ends of the drives; about 60 per cent of the ground has been removed.

Caunter Lode, from an underlie shaft 100 yds. N.N.W. of New Flat Rod Shaft, seems only to have been opened up at the 25-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. and 35 fms. E. of the shaft and at the 45-fm. Level for 15 fms. W. and 8 fms. E. Only the 25-fm. crosscut north from Goole Pellas Lode extends beyond New North Lode; this meets Caunter Lode at 15 fms. E. of the shaft. There are old shafts on the line of Caunter Lode up to 130 yds. E. of the underlie shaft, but these are not shown on the plan; they are now used by the St. Ives Water Works. Crosscuts, 10 fms. N. from the 65-fm. Level just west of Brown's Shaft and 15 fms. N.W. from the 45-fm. Level just west of Brown's Shaft, meet a carbona lying between New North and Caunter Lodes. This is shown on the plan as having been stoped for about 12 fms. E. from the crosscuts; it seems to have a similar strike to the lodes but there are no other records concerning it.

Between 1877 and 1881 Goole Pellas Mine raised 527 tons of black tin.

St. Ives Wheal Allen

[SW 49825 39990] 1 mile W. by S. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.; A.M. R 16. Country: granite.

Situated north of the St. Ives-St. Just coast road and just within the granite outcrop, this mine is erroneously named Wheal Mary on the Ordnance map. There are two lodes, Roderick's, coursing E. 35° N. and nearly vertical, and Carbona, coursing E.-W. on the west, E. 18° S. on the east and underlying 15° S.; they intersect near Louisa's Shaft, 90 yds. E.N.E. of The Folly, and, apart from Adit Level, development on Roderick's Lode is confined to the area around the intersection.

On Roderick's Lode are Louisa's Shaft, vertical to the 20-fm. Level; Roderick's Shaft, 100 yds. N.E. of Louisa's, vertical to the 20-fm. Level, and two adit shafts, respectively 40 yds. N.E. and 60 yds. N.E. by E. of Roderick's. Adit Level (about 6 fms.) extends from Louisa's Shaft through Roderick's and the two adit shafts and there turns east, past an adit shaft (120 yds. E. by N. of Roderick's) and Highburrow Shaft (165 yds. E. by N. of Roderick's) and to 15 fms. beyond. There are no drives below adit from Roderick's Shaft: from Louisa's Shaft the 10-fm. Level is driven for 38 fms. S.W. and 20 fms. N.E. and the 20-fm. Level for 3 fms. S.W. and 20 fms. N.E. At 11 fms. N.E. of Louisa's Shaft on the 20-fm. Level a branch drive follows Carbona Lode. At 5 fms. N.E. of the position of Louisa's Shaft the 40-fm. Level of Carbona Lode meets Roderick's Lode and follows it for 15 fms. S.W.

Carbona Lode was opened up from Giesler's Shaft, 80 yds. E. by N. of Louisa's on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level. The 20-fm. Level (shallowest on this lode) is driven for 10 fms. N.E. of Louisa's Shaft on Roderick's Lode to Giesler's Shaft, a distance of 30 fms. The 30-fm. Level is in two parts, one extending 20 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of Giesler's Shaft, and the other for 10 fms. each way from a rise above the 40-fm. Level at 50 fms. E. of Giesler's Shaft. The 40-fm. Level connects Roderick's Lode at 5 fms. N.E. of the position of Louisa's Shaft and Giesler's Shaft and continues 50 fms. E. of the latter, a total of 90 fms. The 50-fm. Level is driven for 20 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. of Giesler's Shaft. A longitudinal section, reputed to be on Carbona Lode seems to include also the workings on Roderick's Lode around Louisa's Shaft. The stope pattern suggests an ore shoot pitching about 45° E. of about 40 fms. horizontal measurement to the 30-fm. Level and 110 fms. long on the 40-fm. Stopes extend from near surface to the 40-fm. Level and there are small stopes between the 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels east of Giesler's Shaft; about 33 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. From the 20-fm. Level just west of Giesler's Shaft the plan shows a carbona extending 15 fms. N.E., widening to about 21 fms. at its northern end, but there is no information concerning this.

A crosscourse trending N. 20^° E. and underlying 15° W. crosses the lodes about 10 fms. N.E. of Louisa's Shaft; a crosscut at the 20-fm. Level follows this for 38 fms. N. Another crosscourse trending from N.-S. to N. 8° W. and underlying 3° W. passes through Highburrow Lode; a crosscut is driven in this for 45 fms. N. and 108 fms. S. of Highburrow Shaft. The north drive intersects a lode coursing N.E. at 18 fms. from the shaft, on which there are drives 15 fms. S.W. and 10 fms. N.E.; this lode has also been opened up for 48 fms. S.W. from the adit shaft west of Highburrow Shaft and a crosscut 20 fms. S. of the south-western end of this drive meets New Shaft, 60 yds. E. of Giesler's. The crosscut south connects with Richard's Shaft, 180 yds. E.S.E. of Giesler's, at 80 fms. S. of Highburrow Shaft.

Between 1862 and 1868 St. Ives Wheal Allen produced 125 tons of black tin and in 1868, 2 tons of copper ore.

Racer

[SW 48845 39147] A small mine in granite country 2 miles W.S.W. of St. Ives (6-in. Corn. 61 S.W.) was commenced in 1907 but was abandoned a few years later. There are four shafts within a distance of 100 yds., above the 700-ft. contour, half a mile S.E. of Trevega, said to have opened up, to a depth of 60 fms., two parallel lodes up to 3 ft. wide and dipping towards each other, but the junction was not reached; they are probably the westward continuation of two of the Goole Pellas Mine lodes. Between 1907 and 1908 the mine produced 1,332 tons of tinstone worth £660 and 8 tons of black tin. (see also Trounson 1942, p. 127).

Rosewall Hill and Ransom United

[SW 49760 39365] 1.5 miles S.W. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.; A.M. R 296. Includes Wheal Winze or West Providence (A.M. R 75 D) [SW 49440 38580], earlier known as Union Mine, and at one time embraced also Goole Pellas Mine [SW 49575 39345]. In 1908 the mine became part of the St. Ives Consolidated Mines group. Country: granite.

Main Lode, coursing about N.E. and nearly vertical but with slight northerly underlie, is believed to be the south-westerly extension of Standard or Virgin Lode of St. Ives Consols. About 60 yds. north-west is Wheal Winze Lode, coursing E. 20° N. on the west and E. 40° N. on the east, where it runs nearly parallel with the south-western end of the drives on Main Lode; the underlie is steeply southwards. There is a carbona between the north-eastern end of the workings on Wheal Winze Lode and the south-western workings on Main Lode at about the 50-fm. Level, and another on the north side of Main Lode at the 110-fm. and 115-fm. levels below Kernick's Shaft. The plans are sketchy and incomplete; the deepest level shown on Main Lode on the plan is the 46-fm. Level, but on the longitudinal section (latest dated post-1862) the deepest working is at 130 fms. below deep adit; various plans give different names for the shafts.

Wheal Winze Lode, is believed to be that called Gwens in Henwood's account of Wheal Union (1843, p. 20, Table XV) and there described as up to 1 ft. wide and carrying cassiterite with quartz, tourmaline, chlorite and feldspar in granite country; a crosscourse trending E. 40° S. heaves the lode 6 fms. right and another 1 fm. right. The lode was worked from Old Shaft, 290 yds. S.W. of Logan Rock on Rosewall Hill, on the underlie to the 20-fm. Level; Ivey's Shaft, 66 yds. E.N.E. of Old, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level; Footway Shaft, 50 yds. N.E. of Ivey's to the 20-fm. Level, and Wheal Winze Shaft, 70 yds. N.E. of Footway, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level. The shallowest drive shown on the plan (dated 1882) is the 20-fm. Level, which extends from 35 fms. S.W. of Old Shaft to 28 fms. N.E. of Wheal Winze Shaft, a distance of 160. fms. The 30-fm. Level is driven from Ivey's Shaft to 12 fms. N.E. of Wheal Winze Shaft; the 40-fm. Level for 50 fms. S.W. and 28 fms. N.E. of Wheal Winze Shaft, and the 50-fm. Level for 30 fms. S.W. and 15 fms. N.E. There is a stope 15 fms. high and 5 fms. wide above the 20-fm. Level just west of Old Shaft and from Ivey's Shaft to 30 fms. E. of Wheal Winze Shaft the lode is stoped from 15 fms. above the 20-fm. Level to the 50-fm.; about 15 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The crosscourse that heaves the lode 6 fms. right crosses it 15 fms. N.E. of Ivey's Shaft; there is a drive 25 fms. S.E. on it at the 20-fm. Level.

Main Lode consists of hard quartz-tourmaline rock in which cassiterite occurs in irregular nests frequently associated with chalcopyrite (Cann 1917, p. 17). It was opened up from Martin's Shaft, 170 yds. S. of Logan Rock and 23 yds. S.E. of Wheal Winze Shaft, to Deep Adit Level (73 fms.); Fane's (or Rosewall) Shaft, 140 yds. N.E. of Martin's vertical to Middle Adit Level (46 fms.) and on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level below Deep Adit (60 fms.); Ladder (or Harris) Shaft, 38 yds. N.E. of Fane's, vertical to Middle Adit and on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level below Deep Adit (52 fms.); Praed's (or Old Engine) Shaft, 20 yds. N.E. by N. of Ladder, on the underlie to the 100-fm. Level; Tredinnicks (or Penberthy's) Shaft, 115 yds. E.N.E. of Praed's, on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level; New Engine Shaft, 45 yds. E. by N. of Tredinnicks, to the 130-fm. Level below Deep Adit (33 fms.); Kernick's (or Michell's) Shaft, 83 yds. N.E. of New Engine, to the 36-fm. Level; Great Ransom Shaft, 100 yds. N.E. of Kernick's (and 60 yds. S.W. of Rosewall Farm), to the 115-fm. Level; Ransom Whim Shaft, 30 yds. N.E. by N. of Great Ransom, to the 110-fm. Level, and Townplot Shaft, 90 yds. N.E. of Ransom Whim, to the 70-fm. Level. The next shaft on the lode is Wheal Mary (or Noat's) Shaft, 210 yds. N.E. of Townplot, in Wheal Mary section of St. Ives Consols. There is insufficient information on the plans to show whether the shafts eastwards of Praed's are vertical or underlay shafts. Shallow Adit Level extends from 55 fms. W. of Fane's Shaft to Praed's, where it is at 23 fms. below surface. Middle Adit Level is driven from 6 fms. S.W. of Martin's Shaft (where it is 60 fms. below surface) into St. Ives Consols (it is 6 fms. below surface at Wheal Mary Shaft); Deep Adit Level, from 60 fms. or more west of Martin's Shaft (where it is 73 fms. below surface) into St. Ives Consols (it is 16 fms. below surface at Wheal Mary Shaft) a distance within the sett of over 460 fms. The lode is fairly fully blocked out down to the 70-fm. Level from the position of Martin's Shaft to about 20 fms. E. of Townplot Shaft, a distance of nearly 300 fms. The 90-fm. and 100-fm. levels at Praed's Shaft are short (there is no 80-fm. here). The 80-fm. Level extends from 10 fms. S.W. of New Engine Shaft to 25 fms. N.E. of Townplot Shaft, the 90-fm. Level at New Engine Shaft is short, but the 100-fm., 110-fm. and 115-fm. levels extend from New Engine Shaft to Great Ransom Shaft, and the 125-fm. Level is driven 56 fms. N.E. of New Engine Shaft. The longitudinal section shows a nearly solid block of stoping from surface to the 50-fm. Level from just north-east of Martin's Shaft to about midway between Kernick's and Great Ransom Shafts; east of the latter, stoping extends about 130 fms. N.E., to the boundary with St. Ives Consols, above Middle Adit, and there is stoping for 25 fms. E. of Great Ransom Shaft between Middle Adit and the 10-fm. Level. These stopes seem to have been excavated before 1841; the longitudinal section shows developments east of Townplot Shaft and between New Engine and Great Ransom Shafts, carried out about 1862, but the stoping on levels below the 50-fm. is not shown. A crosscourse or trawn, underlying 18° E. crosses the lode cropping out 45 yds. E. of Kernick's Shaft and met by Great Ransom Shaft at the 100-fm. Level. Penberthy's Slide, underlying 30° W., crosses New Engine Shaft 10 fms. below surface and Tredinnick's Shaft at the 36-fm. Level. A broken line on the longitudinal section, sloping 22° E. crosses Fane's Shaft above the 70-fm. Level and New Engine Shaft at the 110-fm. Level; it is labelled ' Whetstone ', a local name for fine-grained granite.

There are no longitudinal sections of the two carbonas. The westerly one, shown on the plan as 30 fms. long by 3.5 fms. wide, stretches between the 46-fm. Level on Main Lode 25 fms. N.E. of Martin's Shaft and Wheal Winze Lode which it meets about 28 fms. N.E. of Wheal Winze Shaft. The other carbona occurs between the 110-fm. and 115-fm. levels, about 30 fms. N.E. of New Engine Shaft; it is about 17 fms. long by 4 fms. wide and lies, with longer axis bearing north-eastwards, with the south-west end about 5 fms. N. of Main Lode.

Between 1839 and 1859 and in 1876 the mine produced 1,500 tons of black tin. There was no known production under the St. Ives Consolidated Mines Company.

St. Ives Consols

[SW 50610 39875] 1 mile W.S.W. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E., 68 N.E.; A.M. R 265, A.M. R 146A. Includes Wellesley Mine and Wheal Mary [SW 50995 36590]. Country: granite on the west, overlain to the north-east by metamorphosed greenstone and killas.

There are four chief lodes: North Lode, coursing N.E. and underlying 20° S.E., worked for a length of about 60 fms. between the 47-fm. and 107-fm. levels by crosscuts north from Standard or Virgin Lode. The latter, about 100 yds. S. of North Lode, is probably the northeastward extension of Main Lode of Rosewall Hill and Ransom United Mines; it courses E. 30° N., is nearly vertical but with slight southerly underlie and has been developed for a length of about 450 fms. Caunter Lode, trending E.-W. and underlying 15° S., branches from the south or hangingwall side of Standard Lode towards the east of the sett and has been developed for 250 fms. E. of the junction between the 67-fm. and 117-fm. levels. Daniel's Lode, about 180 yds. S. of Standard Lode, coursing E. 15° N. and nearly vertical, has been opened up for a length of just on 100 fms. opposite the junction of Standard and Caunter lodes, by crosscuts south from the former, at the 97-fm. to 177-fm. levels. In addition, two lodes, William's and Lowry's, lying between Standard and Daniel's lodes, each trending about E.N.E., have been tried, and Kemps Lode, trending N.W. by N. and underlying 32° W., has been driven on. The Great Carbona, for which the mine is noted, is an irregularly shaped ore-body in granite, extending about 150 fms. S.E. from Standard Lode in the west of the sett.

Standard Lode crosses the Stennack Valley at Nanjivey; in St. Ives Consols it is on the north side of the valley and in Wheal Trenwith, to the east, is on the south side. From 6 in. to 8 ft. wide it carries cassiterite and occasional bunches of copper ores in a gangue of quartz and earthy brown iron ore with decomposed feldspars; the walls are of soft granite. The lode is heaved 6½ fms. and 8 fms. right, by two N.W. trending crosscourses, between which the Great Carbona strikes off from the hangingwall.

The lode was opened up by Wheal Mary Shaft, not shown on the plan but probably located 250 yds. N.E. of Rosewall Farm, to the 57-fm. Level below adit (17 fms.); Ransom Shaft, 170 yds. E.N.E. of Wheal Mary and 97 yds. S.W. of Hellsveor Methodist Chapel, vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 107-fm. Level; West Virgin Shaft, 163 yds. N.E. by E. of Ransom to the 127-fm. Level ; East Virgin Shaft, 60 yds. E.N.E. of West Virgin, to the 167-fm. Level; Old Sump Shaft, 240 yds. E.N.E. of East Virgin, a crooked shaft, to the 177-fm. Level; Stamps Plot Shaft, 90 yds. E.N.E. of Old Sump, to 5 fms. below the 167-fm. Level, and Cornish Shaft, 138 yds. N.E. by E. of Stamps Plot (and 170 yds. S.E. of St. John's Church) to the 87-fm. Level below adit (11 fms.); there are also several shafts to shallow levels only.

Adit Level enters the mine from Rosewall Hill and Ransom United, to the smith-west and extends through the sett; it is reputed to continue north-eastwards into Wheal Trenwith though its course between the two mines is not shown on the plans. At Wheal Mary Shaft the 14-fm. Level is driven for 20 fms. E., the 20-fm. Level for 6 fms. E. and 25 fms. W., and he 30-fm. Level for 12 fms. E. and 8 fms. W. The next drive from this shaft is the 57-fm. which continues eastwards for 415 fms., to 20 fms. E. of Stamps Plot Shaft. The 17-fm., 25-fm., 30-fm., 35-fm. and 47-fm. levels develop the lode from about 40 fms. W. of Ransom Shaft to 30 fms. E. of Stamps Plot Shaft, and of these drives the last only continues eastwards to Cornish Shaft. From the 67-fm. to the 107-fm. levels the lode is opened up from about 50 fms. W. of Ransom Shaft to just east of Stamps Plot Shaft, but the levels are not all continuous and the 67-fm. and 77-fm. extend to Cornish Shaft, while the 87-fm. extends 50 fms. beyond. The 117-fm. and 127-fm. levels block out the lode from just west of West Virgin Shaft to Stamps Plot Shaft; the 137-fm. and 147-fm. levels connect East Virgin and Stamps Plot shafts. The 157-fm. Level is driven from 36 fms. W. of Old Sump Shaft to 15 fms. E. of Stamps Plot Shaft; the 167-fm. from 90 fms. W. of Old Sump Shaft (it does not connect with East Virgin Shaft) to 5 fms. E. of Stamps Plot Shaft and the 177-fm. Level is driven 50 fms. E. of Old Sump Shaft, to within 5 fms. of the position of Stamps Plot Shaft. There is a little stoping on the 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels at Wheal Mary Shaft. From Adit to the 87-fm. Level stoping is extensive from Ransom Shaft east to Stamps Plot Shaft but becomes patchy in depth and there is a belt of ground from the 87-fm. Level to the 107-fm. almost unstoped except for small areas near Stamps Plot Shaft. Below the 107-fm. Level the longitudinal section shows very little stoping, but a longitudinal section amongst Rosewall Hill and Ransom United plans (R 296) shows a solid block of stoping from the 127-fm. Level to below the 177-fm.; in all about 55 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed but the levels east to Cornish Shaft are not included in the section. A crosscut 87 fms. N. from the 77-fm. Level at 20 fms. E. of Stamps Plot Shaft proves no further lodes.

The section shows four crosscourses intersecting the lode: one on the west, underlying 25° W. crosses Wheal Mary Shaft at the 57-fm. Level; the next, underlying 10° W. crosses Ransom Shaft just below Adit Level; the next, underlying about 30° W. crops out 30 yds. W. of Old Sump Shaft and crosses East Virgin Shaft below the 157-fm. Level; the eastern crosscourse, underlying 15° W. above and 30° W. in depth, crosses Stamps Plot Shaft between the 107-fm. and 117-fm. levels. The granite junction with the metamorphic rock is at surface near Stamps Plot Shaft and slopes about 20° E.; it is encountered at a depth of about 20 fms. in Cornish Shaft (Cann 1917, p. 13) and underground in the workings of Wheal Trenwith to the north-east.

North Lode was worked from three crosscuts from Standard Lode, which follows a crosscourse trending N.W. and underlying 20° S.F. (it is not indicated in the section of Standard Lode). The first crosscut, from the 67-fm. Level at 47 fms. E. of East Virgin Shaft, is driven for 53 fms. N.W., the second, from the 87-fm. Level at 30 fms. E. of East Virgin Shaft, for 43 fms. N.W., and the third, from the 107-fm. Level at 25 fms. E. of East Virgin Shaft, for 37 fms. N.W. From the ends of the crosscuts the 67-fm. Level follows North Lode for 75 fms. S.W., the 87-fm. Level for 55 fms. S.W. and the 107-fm. Level for 20 fms. N.E. and 35 fms. S.W. The intervening 77-fm. and 97-fm. levels are of similar length. From a rise above the 67-fm. level at 25 fms. S.W. of the crosscut, the 57-fm. Level is driven for 25 fms. N.E. and 40 fms. S.E. and the 47-fm. Level for 10 fms. N.E. and 20 fms. S.W. The area thus blocked out, some 70 fms. high and up to 75 fms. long, has been almost completely stoped away. A drive 75 fms. N.E. from Adit Level on Standard Lode at 10 fms. W. of Ransom Shaft may be on North Lode. Two small lodes called North Branch and Perran Lode, lying between North Lode and Standard Lode and intersected in the 87-fm. and 107-fm. crosscuts have only short drives.

Caunter Lode, a few inches wide in higher levels but widening to 4 ft. in depth (Cann 1917, p. 21), leaves the south side of Standard Lode near Stamps Plot Shaft. Millett's Shaft, 260 yds. E. of Stamps Plot, 42 fms. deep, is presumably on this lode, but development is almost entirely from Standard Lode workings and there is no development, other than Millett's Shaft, above the 67-fm. Level. The latter drive leaves Standard Lode 40 fms. E. of Stamps Plot Shaft and is 100 fms. long, ending beneath Millett's Shaft. The 87-fm. Level leaves Standard Lode at 30 fms. E. of Stamps Plot Shaft and is 50 fms. long; the 95-fm. Level is short. From the 110-fm. Level to the 177-fm. the lode is blocked out to 220 fms. E. of Standard Lode. (At the 177-fm. Level Caunter Lode presumably connects with Standard Lode about 12 fms. W. of Stamps Plot Shaft; the level driven eastwards is from a crosscut 5 fms. S. from the shaft.) There are tiny stopes on the 87-fm. and 97-fm. levels but from above the 110-fm. Level to below the 177-fm. Level there is an extensive area of stoping, the pattern of which suggests an ore shoot of about 130 fms. horizontal measurement, pitching about 45° E., the lower boundary of which is near Standard Lode on the 110-fm. Level and about 100 fms. E. of it on the 177-fm. Level ; including the large triangular area of unstopped ground below the oreshoot and adjacent to Standard Lode, about 40 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

Daniel's Lode, which is said to be of carbona-like dimension expanding to a width of 7 fms. in places over a vertical depth of 80 fms. (Collins 1912, p. 52), was developed from crosscuts south from the workings on Standard Lode in the neighbourhood of Stamps Plot Shaft. They are believed to follow, variously, one or other of two crosscourses trending about N. 10° W. and underlying 22^° and 25° W. The more westerly is named, on the longitudinal section, Carbine's Lode. The crosscuts are as follows: (1) from the 87-fm. Level on Standard Lode at 10 fms. E. of Stamps Plot Shaft, driven 72 fms. S. by E.; (2) from the 107-fm. at 4 fms. E. of Stamps Plot Shaft, driven 78 fms. S. by E.; (3) from the 127-fm. Level at 5 fms. W. of Stamps Plot Shaft, driven 118 fms. S. by E, intersecting Daniel's Lode at 75 fms.; (4)from the 147-fm. Level at 12 fms. W. of Stamps Plot Shaft, driven 77 fms. S. by E., and(5) from the 167-fm. Level 20 fms. W. of Stamps Plot Shaft, driven 60 fms. S. by E.; this last does not reach Daniel's Lode but ends in Lowry's Lode on which there are short drives. Although there is a crosscut at the 87-fm. Level, Daniel's Lode, according to the longitudinal section, is developed between the 97-fm. and 177-fm. levels, the drives averaging 120 fms. in length, the longest, the 127-fm. being 160 fms. long. Stoping is patchy, the stope pattern suggesting east pitching ore shoots; about 45 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. According to the plan, Daniel's Lode is intersected by two others at about the mid-point of its development. One trending N.-S. is opened up for short distances at the 127-fm. and 137-fm. levels, and the other, coursing N.E. and underlying N.W., has been followed for 25 fms. N.E. from Daniel's Lode at the 117-fm. Level, for 40 fms. N.E. at the 127-fm. Level and for 40 fms. N.E. at the 177-fm. Level. The lodes are unnamed and no other details concerning them are known.

Great Carbona strikes off from the south wall of Standard Lode about 23 fms. E. of East Virgin Shaft at the 35-fm. and 57-fm. levels, striking S.E. with a pitch of about 20° in that direction; its maximum length is 130 fms. and the deepest part, towards the south-east, is 4 fms. above the 107-fm. Level. The form is irregular, size varying considerably from place to place, the largest stopes being about 10 fms. high and 10 fms. wide. It consists of a network of veinlets, bunches and pipes in altered granite in which the richer values occurred where the feldspars of the country are pink or pale green (chloritized). Cassiterite with some copper ores are associated with pyrite and tourmaline and there are patches rich in fluorspar, a mineral not recorded in the lodes. The value of the ore was about 34 lb. of black tin per ton (Collins 1912, p. 52). Drives from which the carbona was worked are as follows: the 77-fm. and 107-fm. levels leave Standard Lode about 25 fms. E. of East Virgin Shaft and extend about 125 fms. S.E. The 147-fm. Level, commencing 10 fms. E. of East Virgin Shaft, is driven 175 fms. S.E. and the 167-fm. Level, from the shaft is driven 50 fms. S.E.; these last two are some way below the carbona, presumably in barren ground. The 147-fm. intersects William's Lode, coursing E. 25° N. at 52 fms. from Standard Lode, and the 167-fm. meets it; there are short drives on it at both depths; from 2 to 5 ft. wide, it carried cassiterite in a quartz-chlorite gangue.

Kemp's Lode, that yielded copper and some tin ore, was opened up by a drive 60 fms. S.E. from the 127-fm. Level on Standard Lode at West Virgin Shaft, and by a shorter drive at the 147-fm.; Cann records that it is 30 ft. wide in places (1917, p. 24) and carries small pockets of bismuth ore at the junction with Standard Lode (1917, p. 17).

The metallic minerals recorded at St. Ives Consols are cassiterite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite, chalcanthite, bismuth, haematite, limonite and pyrite, and the chief gangue minerals are quartz, chlorite and tourmaline. It will be noted that North, Caunter and Daniel's lodes are all blind, carrying no exploitable ore near surface. A peculiar occurrence recorded at the mine is of a cavity in country rock measuring 15 ft. long, 10 ft. high and 12 ft. wide, with smaller offshoot cavities, extending south-eastwards from Daniel's Lode at the 167-fm. Level near a crosscourse. The large v ugh, which is not part of the fissure system, had a lining of quartz about a foot thick, with well-formed crystals, up to 6 in. long, projecting into the cavity, and a small amount of copper ore and some dolomite (Gilbert 1878, p. 158).

The mine restarted in 1818, and—from 1827 to 1892 produced 16,400 tons of black tin (Collins 1912, p. 575) and from 1853 to 1892, 450 tons of 10 per cent copper ore. The largest output of black tin for any one year was 340 tons. In 1908 a company, registered as St. Ives Consolidated Mines Ltd., took over this mine together with Rosewall Hill and Ransom United to the west, Wheal Trenwith to the east and Giew Mine, some two miles to the south. A large and up-to-date dressing plant was installed and tin, copper and uranium ores (the last from Trenwith) were raised. St. Ives Consols is reputed not to have been unwatered below the 77-fm. Level at this period. The group produced 200 to 300 tons of black tin annually but operations ceased in 1915. The plans at the Mining Records Office are undated but some sheets are pre-1857; no new plans seem to have been deposited after the later periods of activity.

Trenwith

[SW 51335 40225] In the western parts of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.; A.M. R 15. Country: metamorphosed greenstone and killas overlying granite.

Main Lode of this mine, the north-eastward extension of Standard Lode of St. Ives Consols, crops out on the southern slopes of the Stennack Valley, just south of the St. IvesZennor road, coursing E. 25° N. and underlying up to 20° N. About 20 fms. S. of and parallel to Main Lode is South Lode but this has not been extensively developed. The country rock at surface is metamorphosed killas and greenstone and the granite contact, which crops out some 500 yds. W., is encountered underground, with a steep northerly slope. At the 60-fm. Level at Victory Shaft, near the centre of the workings, granite lies a few feet south of the lode and between the 70-fm. and 80-fm. levels the lode follows the contact, passing into granite country at about 5 fms. above the 90-fm. Level. Westwards of Victory Shaft the trace of the penetration of the lode into granite rises gently, but eastwards crosscutting south from the lode proves only metamorphic rocks. From 2 to 16 ft. in width and with well-defined walls, Main Lode consists generally of brecciated country rock cemented by quartz and chlorite with cassiterite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite and bornite. Pitchblende with bismuth, molybdenum, galena and zinc blende are also present but these are late arrivals which occur in the lode, between about the 30-fm. and 70-fm. levels as veins and lenses, generally at the footwall but occasionally at the hangingwall. These late ores also occur in joints and fissures in the country rock and have been noted at 40 ft. from the lode on the south side; they are here associated with siderite and bornite, with which the pitchblende is sometimes intergrown (see Cann 1917, pp. 16, 17; Dines 1930, p. 215). A specimen of the mine ore (E11977), containing arsenopyrite and pitchblende, is reported by Dr. J. Phemister to show, in thin section, granular vein quartz full of minute inclusions of flaky chlorite and irregular, spongy masses of pyrite and chalcopyrite with which zinc blende is associated.

Main Lode is opened up by Wills Shaft, 120 yds. E. by N. of Nanjivey cross-road, to the 20-fm. Level; Victory Shaft, 160 yds. E. by N. of Wills, on the underlie to the 110-fm. Level; Berriman's Shaft, 130 yds. E. by N. of Victory, on the underlie to the 90-fm. Level, and Old Sump Shaft, 100 yds. E.N.E. of Berriman's, to the 80-fm. Level. Adit Level enters the mine from St. Ives Consols, to the west, but its course between the mines is not shown on the plan. It extends through the sett to its portal near Western Hotel in St. Ives, connecting with Wills Shaft at a depth of 28 fms., Victory Shaft at 33 fms., Berriman's Shaft at 30 fms., and Old Sump Shaft at 22 fms.; water issuing from the adit is now used as part of the water supply of St. Ives. The 10-fm., 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels block out the lode from about 50 fms. E. of Old Sump Shaft to Wills Shaft, a distance of 230 fms., although the latter shaft does not reach below the 30-fm. Level. The 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels extend from 50 fms. E. of Old Sump Shaft to 35 fms. W. of Victory Shaft. The 60-fm. Level is driven from 85 fms. E. of Old Sump Shaft to 35 fms. W. of Victory Shaft; the 70-fm. and 80-fm. levels from 38 fms. E. of Old Sump Shaft to 80 fms. W. of Victory Shaft; the 90-fm. Level connects Berriman's and Victory Shafts and continues 50 fms. W. of the latter; the 100-fm. Level extends 40 fms. E. and 46 fms. W. of Victory Shaft and the 110-fm. Level is short. Stoping is rather patchy but spread over most of the blocked out area, only the 60-fm. Level east and the 70-fm. and 80-fm. levels west extending some 30 and 40 fms. beyond stoped ground; in all about 20 per cent of the developed ground has been removed.

South Lode, according to the plan, seems to have been developed only at Adit Level from a crosscut 15 fms. S. from Victory Shaft and from another 22 fms. E. of Berriman's Shaft; the latter crosscut continues 60 fms. S. of South Lode but there are no other drives from it.

Beyond the fact that both copper and tin ores were produced at Trenwith (13,080 tons of 11 per cent copper ore and 20 tons of black tin were raised between 1825 and 1856 and 19 tons of black tin in 1856–57.) little is known of its early history, but owing to the occurrence of pitchblende its name has become well known in later years. In 1843, Henwood (p. 19) stated that difficulties in smelting the copper ores produced here were found to be due to the presence of pitchblende which the miners took for black copper oxide. On the discovery of the mistake, the minerals were thrown on the dumps. This caused Henwood to write: Was there ever an instance in which an acquaintance with Mineralogy and Chemistry would have been more useful '. After lying idle for more than 50 years the dumps were being worked over for uranium ores in 1907, and in 1908 the property, together with the two adjacent mines to the west (St. Ives Consols and Rosewall Hill and Ransom United) and Giew Mine, 2 miles to the south, was taken over by a company known as St. Ives Consolidated Mines Ltd., which continued to work the levels of Trenwith above the 60-fm. selectively and pick over the dumps for uranium ores. Between 1911 and 1917, 694 tons of uranium ore were produced, mainly from dumps; the small amount that came from underground occurred in scattered patches as thin films in joints in the gangue or country. 9 tons of black tin were returned in 1912 and 1913. In 1917 the group of mines was taken over by the Thermo Electric Corporation which, however, abandoned the northern mines and concentrated on Giew Mine.

Bravella and Applin

Est. [SW 610 404] According to Cann (1917) a lode parallel to Standard Lode or Main Lode of St. Ives Consols and Wheal Trenwith lies 300 yds. S., and was worked in Wheal Applin (or Wheal Tavas) in granite country south of St. Ives Consols and in Wheal Bravella (or Bahavella) in metamorphic rocks south of Wheal Trenwith. No trace of the old shafts now exist but Cann (p. 20) states that those of Wheal Applin were 20 fms. deep and those of Wheal Bravella, 60 fms. deep. In more recent years an adit level was driven on the lode from the shore on the south side of Pednolva Point, about 5 ft. above high-water mark; it follows the lode for 100 fms. westwards. Cann records that the lode, 1 to 3 ft. wide in pale grey killas, coursing E. 23° N. and underlying 5° S., carries chalcopyrite, pyrite and a small amount of uranium ore.

Bravella and Applin:Bahavella Shaft was adjacent to the farmhouse of that name. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Great Cleveland

[SW 48435 38562] A mine under Towednack hamlet, 2 miles S.W. of St. Ives (6-in. Corn. 61 S.W., S.E., 68 N.W.). The plan (A.M. R 9) is a surface plan showing the assumed position of six tin lodes, coursing E. 15° N. and underlying southwards, within a transverse distance of 250 yds.; they are intersected by three N.-S. crosscourses. The only lode named, Great Lode, is next north of the most southerly and passes about 60 yds. N. of St. Wednack's Church. There are no other records.

Great Cleveland: This description accords with that by A. K. Hamilton Jenkin of Wheal Montague, which was working around 1770 and again in 1851–55. The lode was said to be 2 to 3 ft. wide and carrying tin. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Tyringham Consols

[SW 49440 38580] 1.75 miles S.W. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E-; A.M. R 185 B. Also known as West Wheal Providence and later as Wheal Buzza or Bussow (A.M. R 75). Country: granite.

The plans (Tyringham Consols, undated, Buzza 1882) are old and worn and show mainly the hypothetical positions of three lodes, coursing E. 23° N. and underlying south, and four trawns or crosscourses; the underground workings on the section do not agree. The lodes, from north to south are Tyringham Lode, passing through the northern part of Higher Bossow, Montague Lode, 200 yds. S. of Tyringham, and South Lode, 83 yds. S. of Montague. The western crosscourse, trending N. 12° W. and underlying west, crosses Tyringham Lode about 200 yds. W. of Higher Bussow and heaves it 35 fms. left, the next crosscourse, 170 yds .E., called Parkin's Lode, trends N. 12° W., underlies west, and crosses Tyringham Lode on the west side of Higher Bussow, the third crosscourse, called Rosewall Hill Trawn, trends N. 10° E. and underlies west, passes just east of Higher Bussow, and the fourth, trending N. 30° W. and underlying west passes along the Polmantor Water valley, 700 yds. E. of Higher Bussow.

Tyringham Lode is the only one shown as worked to any extent. It was opened up from Drysack Shaft, 450 yds. W.S.W. of Higher Bussow, 40 fms. deep (there are no drives from this shaft); Ada's Flat Rod Shaft, 130 yds. E.N.E. of Drysack, to the 10-fm. Level below adit (24 fms.); Highbarrow Shaft, 15 yds. E.N.E. of Ada's Flat Rod, to the 10 fm. Level; West Trawn Shaft, 85 yds. E.N.E. of Highbarrow, to adit, at the junction of the lode and western crosscourse; Trawn Shaft, 70 yds. N. by W. of West Trawn, to adit, at the heaved junction of the lode and crosscourse; Adit Shaft, 50 yds. N.E. of Trawn, to adit; Cooper's Engine Shaft, 53 yds. E.N.E. of Adit, to the 30-fm. Level below adit (16 fms.) and Giester's Shaft, 20 yds. E.N.E. of Cooper's Engine, to adit. Adit Level connects all shafts and continues 23 fms. E. of Giester's. At 15 fms. E. of Giester's a crosscut adit is driven 60 fms. S.E. and there turns south-south-west for 70 fms. to its portal which is at the hypothetical intersection of Montague's Lode and the crosscourse called Parkin's Lode. The 10-fm. Level connects Ada's Flat Rod and Highbarrow shafts and at Cooper's^–Engine Shaft the 17-fm. Level extends for 5 fms. E. and 9 fms. W. and the 30-fm. Level for 10 fms. W. There is a stope on each side of Drysack Shaft, 15 fms. high and 15 fms. wide, commencing 7 fms. below surface; at Ada's Flat Rod and Highbarrow shafts, a stope 16 fms. high and 20 fms. wide commences 9 fms. below surface; at Trawn Shaft there is a small stope and at Giester's a stope 20 fms. high and 16 fms. wide.

At 180 yds. S.E. of West Trawn Shaft is Brown's Shaft, presumably sunk on the intersection of Montague's and Parkin's lodes; it is about 20 yds. W. of adit portal. The only other workings are from Parkin's Shaft, 300 yds. S. by E. of Brown's, from which a drainage adit extends 200 fms. N.E. by E. to its portal 400 yds. S.E. by E. of Higher Bussow. At Parkin's Shaft there is a drive 10 fms. N. and 5 fms. S. at the 10-fm. Level and another 5 fms . S. at the 16-fm. Level; these develop a deposit called South Carbona which seems to have been worked to some extent at surface. As West Providence, the mine produced 790 tons of black tin and 1,535 tons of copper ore during the years 1851–62 and 1881–3.

These production figures are quoted again for West Wheal Providence near Gwinear (p.166) to which site they almost certainly correctly pertain. Tyringham Consols had been abandoned by 1868. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Balnoon or Worvas Downs

[SW 51145 38287], [SW 51145 38285] 1.5 miles S. by W. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E., 68 N.E. The mine was first known as Balnoon or Balnoon Consols (A.M. R 317) and later as Worvas Downs (A.M. R 303 B and 5414). Country: granite.

There are reputed to be six or more lodes in the sett coursing about N.E. and one coursing N. by E. Descriptions of the mine in its early years state that two lodes, known as North Vervis and Goath, are not true fissure veins but consist of belts of altered granite country crossed by numerous small irregular veinlets that carry cassiterite within the belt but are barren beyond. The altered granite is characterized by pink and green feldspars often with irregular outlines, as distinct from the porphyritic white feldspars of the surrounding country. The change has taken place along lines parallel with the general lode trend of the neighbourhood, Goath Lode coursing N. 35° E. and underlying 20 to 40° N.W., and North Vervis Lode E. 30° N. and underlying 10° to 40° N.W. The altered belts vary from a few inches to 30 ft. in width and they are proved to terminate abruptly both laterally and in depth. Goath Lode has been traced for 120 fms. along the strike and to 35 fms. depth, while North Vervis has been worked to a depth of 80 fms., where, according to Henwood (1843, p. 26), it was completely surrounded at ends, sides, and bottom, by hard granite, without leaving the slightest trace of its further existence in any direction '. As would be expected from this type of deposit, the ore is very irregularly distributed, being most productive where the veinlets carrying the cassiterite traversed the areas with greenish chloritized feldspars. The deposits as a whole seem to resemble carbonas but were classed as tin-floors by Hawkins (1822, p. 31).

The most northerly lode in the sett is Worvas Lode. coursing E. 35° N. and underlying 25° N.W. to the 10-fm. Level and nearly vertical below; this lode is the only one developed in recent years to any extent and is possibly that which was earlier known as North Vervis Lode. South of this are five lodes, shown hypothetically on the old Balnoon plans, all coursing N.E.: they are Millett's Lode, dipping north, 60 yds. S.E. of Worvas Lode; No. 1 Red Lode, dipping south, 50 yds. S.E. of Millett's; No. 2 Red Lode, dipping north, 23 yds. S.E. of No. 1 Red; No. 3 Red Lode, dipping south, 28 yds. S.E. of No. 2 Red, and Mitchell's Lode, dipping north, 58 yds. S.E. of No. 3 Red. There is also Dog Lode, coursing N. 23° E. and dipping west, probably that earlier known as Goath Lode; this has been worked between No. 3 Red and Mitchell's lodes on the west. The sett extends southwards nearly as far as Nance and there are reputed to be other parallel lodes, south of Mitchell's.

Worvas Lode was opened up from Engine Shaft, 545 yds. S.E. of Halse Town Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level below Deep Adit (24 fms.). Shallow Adit Level (16 fms. at Engine Shaft), commences 365 yds. W. by S. of the shaft; for the first 100 fms. from the portal it is crooked but there seems to pick up the lode which it follows to 100 fms. E. of the shaft, a distance of 200 fms. Deep Adit Level opens up the lode for 75 fms. E. and 145 fms. W. of the shaft; the 10-fm. Level is driven 66 fms. E. The 20-fm. Level extends for 26 fms. E. and 60 fms. W. of the shaft; the 30-fm. Level for 30 fms. E. and 15 fms. W.; the 40-fm. Level for 15 fms. E. and 13 fms. W.; the 50-fm. Level for 23 fms. E. and 22 fms. W.; the 60-fm. Level for 33 fms. E. and 24 fms. W., and the 70-fm. Level for 25 fms. E. The longitudinal section shows old stoping at surface for a length of 26 fms. and depth of 7 fms. at 100 yds. W. of Engine Shaft; for about 6 fms. on each side of the shaft to Shallow Adit Level, and for a length of 50 fms., partly to Shallow Adit and partly to 4 or 5 fms. depth commencing 40 yds. E. of the shaft. There are also old stopes between Shallow Adit and the 30-fm. levels west of the shaft and between the 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels around the shaft. Later stoping is from above Shallow Adit Level to below the 70-fm. Level for 65 fms. E. of the shaft on the 10-fm. Level and 60 fms. W. on the 20-fm., tapering down to 40 fms. E. and 30 fms. W. on the 60-fm. Level; this more recent stoping was done according to the section, partly before 1904 and partly between that year and 1909. In all, about 33 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. Three crosscourses, called counter lodes, trending about N. 30° W. and dipping about 45° W., intersect Worvas Lode, apparently without heaving it. The most easterly crosses the 60-fm. Level 23 fms. E. of Engine Shaft, the central counter crosses Engine Shaft at the 20-fm. Level and the western one crosses Shallow Adit Level 40 fms. W. of the shaft. The eastern counter has been driven on for 30 fms. S. at the 60-fm. Level and the western for 13 fms. N. at the 40-fm. Level, for 18 fms. N. at the 50-fm. Level and for 22 fms. N. and 5 fms. S. at the 60-fm. Level, but they are not known to have been stoped.

An old shaft seems to be situated on or near the outcrops of each of the five lodes south of Worvas Lode. From the eastern end of Shallow Adit Level on Worvas Lode a crosscut 42 fms. S.E. meets Highburrow Shaft on No. 1 Red Lode. Millett's Shaft, 65 yds. E.S.E. of Engine Shaft is on Millett's Lode. According to a report by F. C. Cann, dated 1935, this shaft was opened about 1904–8 and found to be 9 fms. deep.

Dog Lode was opened up from Dog Shaft, 200 yds. S. by E. of Engine Shaft (and 185 yds. W.N.W. of Higher Worvas farm). There is an openwork 100 yds. long and 60 ft. deep just north of the shaft. A small amount of clearing was done at Dog Shaft during the war, in 1943. Balnoon plans include a small longitudinal section showing workings to a depth of 15 fms., extending 45 fms. from Harvey's Shaft; but the position of this is not known.

Balnoon produced 165 tons of black tin during the years 1837–9 and 1852–6, and Worvas Downs, 48 tons of black tin during 1862–4 and 1905. Attempts to re-open the mine, 1904–8 were unsuccessful (Collins 1912, pp. 407–8), and further attempts during the 1939–45 war were soon abandoned.

Some of the old small mines were operating in the late 18th. century and were amalgamated in 1817; Balnoon Mine had been worked prior to 1758. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Trelyon Consols

[SW 52095 39000] 1 mile S. by E. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.; A.M. R 152 A and 401. Also known as Trelyon Downs Mine and part once known as Wheal Venture. Country : granite traversed by an elvan dyke.

The earlier plan (dated 1854) shows only the hypothetical position of four lodes, trending about E.N.E., within a transverse distance of 70 yds. and named Widden North, Widden Middle, Widden Caunter and Widden South. The caunter courses only a few degrees more to the east than the others and Widden South Lode, trending about 15° more to the north, crosses all the others. The lodes are shown to be intersected by six crosscourses bearing north-west. The lodes of the earlier plan do not agree with those on the later plan (dated 1876), which shows the underground workings, though they are in about the same position. There is some confusion in the names of the lodes on the later plan and on the longitudinal sections. The chief seems to be East-West Lode, coursing E. 20° N. and underlying 12° S., that has been developed for a length of about 200 fms. About the middle of the workings it is intersected by North Lode, coursing E.-W. and underlying 10° S., which heaves it some 30 fms. right, though, owing to the oblique angle of the intersection, the heaved part of East-West Lode, to the east, is only about 5 fms. S. of the position of that lode in the west. (The heaved portion on the east is named South Lode on the longitudinal section.) Near the western end of the workings on East-West Lode, it is crossed by North-South Lode, trending N. 25° W. and underlying 40° W.; there seems to be no heave. Another lode (unnamed on the plans) 45 fms. N. of East-West Lode, coursing E. 25° N. and underlying a few degrees south, has been developed a short way eastwards of the eastern end of the workings on East-West Lode.

East-West Lode and that part of North Lode that separates the two heaved parts of the other were opened up from New Shaft, 150 yds. N. by E. of Knill's Monument, on the underlie to the 80-fm. Level below adit (17 fms.); Parry's Shaft, 120 yds. E.N.E. of New, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level, and Lawry's Shaft, 100 yds. E.N.E. of Parry's, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level. Adit Level follows the lodes from 33 fms. W. of Parry's Shaft to Lawry's, which it meets at 10 fms. below surface and continues at 15 fms. depth for 25 fms. E. and there turns north for 23 fms. to meet the unnamed lode. The 10-fm. Level connects New and Parry's shafts and extends 15 fms. W. and 8 fms. E. of Lawry's Shaft. The 20-fm. Level follows the lode from 66 fms. W. of New Shaft to 13 fms. E. of Parry's and for 13 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of Lawry's Shaft. The 30-fm. Level, the longest continuous drive, extends from 36 fms. W. of New Shaft to 28 fms. E. of Lawry's, a distance of 188 fms. The 40-fm. Level is driven for 30 fms. W. and 20 fms. E. of New Shaft and for 70 fms. W. and 43 fms. E. of Lawry's Shaft; the 50-fm. Level for 33 fms. W. and 18 fms. E. of New Shaft and for 83 fms. W. and 55 fms. E. of Lawry's Shaft. The 60-fm. Level extends for 40 fms. W. and 12 fms. E. of New Shaft, and the 70-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. and 60 fms. E.; the 80-fm. Level is short. A large block of stoping of some 50 fms. horizontal measurement, pitching about 60° W., occupies the space between New and Parry's shafts at Adit Level and extends down to the 60-fm. Level with a small projection down to the 70-fm. Old men's stoping from surface to the Adit Level extends about 25 fms. W. and 45 fms. E. of Lawry's Shaft, and from the 10-fm. to 40-fm. levels the lode is stoped for 66 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of that shaft; there is one small stope, 10 fms. long between the 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels at 20 fms. E. of Lawry's Shaft; in all about 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

North Lode has not been developed south of East-West Lode, but on the north side of the junction, which is just west of Parry's Shaft, the 10-fm. Level is driven for 26 fms. W., the 30-fm. Level for 35 fms. W., the 40-fm. Level for 30 fms. W. and the 50-fm. Level for 20 fms. W. From the Western end of the 30-fm. Level a rise meets the 25-fm. Level which extends thence for 30 fms. W. There is a stope 10 fms. above and 3 fms. below the 25-fm. Level for its full length and another, between the 10-fm. and 40-fm. levels, with a maximum length of 20 fms., commencing 8 fms. W. of the position of Parry's Shaft.

The longitudinal section of East-West Lode shows three crosscourses, close together, underlying 40° W. and crossing New Shaft between the 10-fm. and 30-fm. levels; the lowest of these crosses the 40-fm. Level 12 fms. W. of New Shaft; this is probably called North-South Lode. It has been driven on for 10 fms. S. of East-West Lode at the 40-fm. Level, for 10 fms. N. and 46 fms. S. on the 50-fm. Level (23 fms. W. of New Shaft), for 25 fms. N. at the 55-fm. Level, for 5 fms. N. and 86 fms. S. at the 60-fm., for 86 fms. S. at the 60-fm. Level (38 fms. W. of New Shaft) and for 63 fms. S. at the 70-fm. Level (42 fms. S. of New Shaft). Stopes between the 40-fm. and 70-fm. levels extend nearly to the ends of the drives and about 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

The unnamed lode to the north was worked by a crosscut 25 fms. N. from Adit Level on East-West Lode at 25 fms. E. of Lawry's Shaft, and another 20 fms. N. from the 40-fm. Level on East-West Lode at 22 fms. E. of Lawry's Shaft; also from Flat Rod Shaft, 145 yds. N.E. by N. of Lawry's, on the underlie to the 16-fm. Level and Daniel's Shaft, 150 yds. E. by N. of Flat Rod, on the underlie to the 20-fm. Level. Development on the lode is small, the 10-fm. and 16-fm. Levels from Flat Rod Shaft opening it up for about 30 fms. W. and 40 fms. E. and the 10-fm. and 20-fm. levels at Daniel's Shaft for 28 fms. E. The drive at the 40-fm. Level extends 33 fms. E. from the end of the crosscut. Adit Level follows the lode from the end of the crosscut to Flat Rod Shaft and thence takes an irregular course to Daniel's Shaft beyond which it runs 42 fms. S.E. to Whip Shaft and thence as drainage adit is nearly straight, as though following a lode for 155 fms. E.N.E. to its portal about 240 yds. S.E. of the Cornish Arms inn, Trelyon village; it is now used for the water supply of St. Ives. Another adit, called Widden Deep Adit, commences at the base of the cliffs, but is only shown as extending 70 fms. W.S.W. (Wheal Providence plan). There are no known accounts of the nature of the lodes in Trelyon Consols. In 1851 it sold 100 tons of 9 per cent copper ore and in the period 1853–74, 1,214 tons of black tin. An alternative source gives a production of 630 tons of copper ore from 1849 to 1870.

Margery

[SW 52055 39385] Three-quarters of a mile S. by E. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.; A.M. R 165 A. Country : metamorphosed killas overlying granite.

The workings are mainly on one narrow lode coursing E. 30° to 40° N. and underlying 26° S.E. Copper ore was raised from the higher levels and cassiterite from the lower. The most productive ground is said to have occurred inland, near the granite contact, but the lode was sufficiently productive to warrant a considerable amount of driving eastwards, beneath the sea.

Main Lode was worked from High Burrow Shaft, 65 yds. W. of the St. Ives-Hayle road and 235 yds. N.N.W. of Cornish Arms inn, Trelyon, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level below Deep Adit (46 fms.); Flat Rod Shaft, 20 yds. E. of the road and 153 yds. E.N.E. of High Burrow, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level; Engine Shaft, 140 yds. E.N.E. of Flat Rod, on the underlie to the 120-fm. Level (adit here is at 29 fms.), and America Shaft, on the cliffs, 153 yds. E. by N. of Engine, on the underlie to the 165-fm. Level (adit here is at 3 fms.). The last shaft is inclined a few degrees east and its bottom lies about 20 fms. seawards of high-water mark; there are other shallower shafts on the lode. Deep Adit Level extends from 87 fms. W. of High Burrow Shaft to its portal 16 fms. E. of America Shaft, a distance of 330 fms. The only drive above Deep Adit is Shallow Adit Level, driven 55 fms. W. of Flat Rod Shaft. A crosscourse called Caunter Lode trending N. 10° W. and underlying 32° W. crops out at Engine Shaft; it does not appear to heave Main Lode. Below Deep Adit Level the drives west of the crosscourse are at slightly shallower depths than those to the east and the only connection between them is a 6-fm. winze 35 fms. E. of Flat Rod Shaft that links the 50-fm. Levels on each side of the crosscourse. West of the crosscourse the 10-fm. Level is driven 87 fms. W. of High Burrow Shaft ; the 17-fm. Level extends 20 fms. W. and 12 fms. E. of that shaft; the 30-fm. Level (actually 20 fms. below Deep Adit) connects Flat Rod and High Burrow shafts and extends 43 fms. W. of the latter; the 40-fm. Level is driven for 73 fms. W. and 36 fms. E. of Flat Rod Shaft, and the 50-fm. Level for 50 fms. W. and 38 fms. E. East of the crosscourse the lode is completely blocked out down to the 120-fm. Level between Engine and America Shafts. Drives west of Engine Shaft are the 20-fm. Level for 26 fms. to the crosscourse; the 50-fm. Level for 45 fms. W., to 6 fms. beyond the erosscourse (where the winze from the 50-fm. Level from Flat Rod Shaft connects); the 60-fm. Level for 30 fms. W.; the 70-fm. Level for 66 fms. W.; the 80-fm. Level for 26 fms. W. and the 90-fm. Level for 16 fms. W. Drives east from America Shaft are mostly of about 85 fms. in length and block out the lode from the 40-fm. Level to the 120-fm. Level; they extend about 100 fms. beyond high-tide mark. The 132-fm. and 145-fm. levels extend for 50 fms. W. and 70 fms. E. of America Shaft, the 155-fm. level for 70 fms. W. and 46 fms. E. and the 165-fm. Level for 23 fms. W. and 16 fms. E. West of the crosscourse the lode is stoped from above Deep Adit Level to the 40-fm. Level between High Burrow Shaft and 50 fms. E. of Flat Rod Shaft and there are some small stopes between Deep Adit and the 10-fm. Level for 80 fms. W. of High Burrow Shaft. The longitudinal section (dated 1865) indicates most of these stopes as old workings. At America and Engine Shafts there is patchy stoping between the 17-fm. and 165-fm. levels extending to a maximum of 20 fms. W. of Engine Shaft on the 80-fm. Level and to 80 fms. E. of America Shaft from the 50-fm. to the 140-fm.

On Caunter Lode there is a drive 23 fms. S. from the 20-fm. Level on Main Lode at 20 fms. W. of Engine Shaft and another, 25 fms. N. from the 40-fm. Level at 30 fms. W. of Engine Shaft; this lode is not known to have been stoped.

The mine was worked profitably for tin in 1770 but closed in 1817; it worked again in 1828–31. Official returns of output are:-1854–68, 115 tons of black tin; 1855–70, 16,365 tons of 51/4 per cent copper ore; 1861 and 1866, 4.5 tons of 68 per cent lead ore. In addition, 35 tons of pyrite were sold.

Providence

[SW 52215 38540] 1.25 miles S. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.; A.M. R 250 A and 1020 A.M. R152A. The mine includes Wheal Speed [SW 523 386] and several other small mines. Country: granite overlain to the north-east by metamorphosed killas.

The chief lode, called Standard or Laity, is heaved about 12 fms. right by a crosscourse or trawn striking N. 30° W. and underlying 23° E. East of the crosscourse the lode courses E. 15° N. and is nearly vertical, and close to the crosscourse it branches westwards into two parts, the northern being named Standard or North Laity and the southern, South or South Laity. For about 50 fms. W. of the crosscourse Standard Lode courses about E.-W., but farther west it changes strike to W. 25° N., the underlie is nearly vertical. South Lode courses E. 30° N., and underlies about 18° S. About 50 fms. E. of the crosscourse measured at the 65-fm. Level, Standard Lode is intersected by Comfort Lode, coursing N. 30° W. and underlying 40° W. In depth Comfort Lode and the crosscourse meet and run side by side for about 3 fms., below which they cross and continue together for a few fathoms more before resuming their respective underlies. According to Henwood (1865, p. 182) the intersection of Standard and Comfort Lodes show no evidence as to which is the earlier, but on some levels Comfort heaves the other. About 150 fms. E. of the crosscourse Standard Lode meets Caunter Lode, coursing N.E. and underlying 35° N.W., and East Providence Lode, about 10 fms. E. of the Caunter, is parallel to it in dip and strike north of the line of Standard Lode, but southwards courses N.-S. and underlies 18° W. Hawk's Lode, coursing E. 35° N. and underlying 10° S., lies 100 fms. N. of Standard Lode and there are other lodes in the property which have not been extensively developed. Several carbonas, generally associated with the major lodes occur, the largest, Nos. 4, 5 and 6, are on the north side of Standard Lode. The granite-killas junction at surface, trending N.N.W., passes about 30 yds. E. of Dunstan's Shaft on Standard Lode and a few yards west of Gilbard's Shaft on Hawk's Lode. There is no record of the underground form of the granite; most of the workings are in that rock, but the higher levels on Hawk's Lode pass eastwards into killas.

Standard Lode, east of the intersection with Comfort Lode, is 11 ft. wide, and consists of quartz, greenish and red feldspars, and earthy brown iron ore with some cassiterite, chalcocite and pyrite. Westwards, its two branches, Standard and South lodes, are each 1 to 11 ft. wide and their chief constituents are quartz, earthy brown iron ore, chloritized feldspars and cassiterite which occurs in rich bunches; chalcocite and pyrite occur more rarely than to the east. According to the longitudinal section (dated 1877), Standard Lode was worked from Little Speed Shaft, 420 yds. E. by S. of Knill's Monument, on the underlie to the 85-fm. Level below Deep Adit (33 fms.); Normond's Shaft, 145 yds. E. by N. of Little Speed, on the underlie to the 35-fm. Level ; Higg's Shaft, 95 yds. E. by S. of Normond's, on the underlie to below the 150-fm. Level, and Dunstan's Shaft, 195 yds. E. by N. of Higg's and a few yards west of the St. Ives-Hayle road, 120 yds. N. by W. of the Carbis Valley Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, on the underlie to the 105-fm. Level (Deep Adit here is at 42 frns.). The earlier plans (dated 1855) show also shafts west of Little Speed Shaft, of which there is now no trace at surface. These are Speed Engine Shaft, 48 yds. W. of Little Speed, to the 20-fm. Level; Counting House Shaft, 100 yds. W. of Speed Engine, to Shallow Adit (34 fms.); Good Fortune Shaft, 55 yds. W. of Counting House, to Deep Adit (60 fms.), and Sluts Hole Shaft, 40 yds. W. of Good Fortune, to Shallow Adit. Shallow Adit Level extends from 10 fms. W. of Sluts Hole Shaft to its portal 80 fms. E. of Dunstan's Shaft, a distance of 425 fms., and Deep Adit Level from 30 fms. W. of Good Fortune Shaft to its portal near the railway 200 yds. W. of Carbis Valley Station, over 100 fms. longer than Shallow Adit Level and for part of its eastern course on Caunter and East Providence lodes. From the 12-fm. to the 85-fm. levels the lode is completely blocked out from about 40 fms. W. of Little Speed Shaft to about 50 fms. E. of Dunstan's, a distance of 320 fms. The 95-fm. Level extends for 43 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. of Higg's Shaft ; the 105-fm. Level for 70 fms. W. and 120 fms. E., connecting with Dunstan's Shaft at 100 fms. E.; the 115-fm. Level is driven for 74 fms. W. and 42 fms. E. of Higg's Shaft; the 125-fm. Level for 30 fms. W. and 38 fms. E.; the 140-fm. Level is short and the 150-fm. Level extends 40 fms. E. The older longitudinal section shows old stoping from just below surface, nearly to Deep Adit Level for 40 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. of Good Fortune Shaft and for 20 fms. W. and 28 fms. E. of Little Speed Shaft, and an old stope 6 fms. high for 20 fms. W. and 45 fms. E. of Higg's Shaft, about 10 fms. below surface. More recent stoping is patchily scattered over most of the area developed from Shallow Adit to the 85-fm. Level, but most drives extend 20 or 30 fms. beyond stoped ground. There are tiny stopes on the 95-fm., 105-fm., and 115-fm. levels west of Higg's Shaft; about 25 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. Comfort Lode, underlying 40° W., intersects Standard Lode, crossing Higg's Shaft at the 65-fm. Level and Caunter Lode, with similar underlie crosses the 65-fm. Level at 45 fms. E. of Dunstan's Shaft.

South Lode is developed from drives branching from those on Standard Lode near Normond's Shaft. The 24-fm. Level follows the lode for 65 fms. W. from near Normond's Shaft. The 35-fm. Level is driven 30 fms. E. from a crosscut 12 fms. S. from Standard Lode at 22 fms. E. of Little Speed Shaft. The 65-fm. Level extends for 40 fms. W. from near Normond's Shaft, the 75-fm. Level for 80 fms. W. and the 85-fm. Level for 90 fms. W. There is a tiny stope below the 24-fm. Level and small stopes above and below the three bottom levels for nearly their full lengths.

Comfort Lode varies from a few inches to 6 ft. in width; it carried much cassiterite near its junction with Standard Lode but values fell off away from the junction. The other minerals present include quartz, tourmaline, greenish and brownish feldspar and some limonite. It was opened up from the drives on Standard Lode near Higg's Shaft. At the 45-fm. Level there is a drive 55 fms. N.W. from 12 fms. E. of the shaft; at the 55-fm. Level a drive 10 fms. N.W. from 6 fms. E.; at the 65-fm. Level a drive 26 fms. N.W. and 75 fms. S.E.; at the 75-fm. Level a drive 20 fms. N.W. and 110 fms. S.E. from 10 fms. W. of the shaft; at the 85-fm. Level a drive 10 fms. N.E. and 18 fms. S.W. from 17 fms. W. of the shaft; at the 105-fm. and 115-fm. levels there are drives about 10 fms. N.W., respectively from 35 fms. and 45 fms. W. of the shaft. There is a tiny stope on the 45-fm. Level, north-west of the intersection with Standard Lode but the main stopes are patchily distributed between and above and below the 65-fm. and 75-fm. levels, south-cast of the intersection; a branch of Comfort Lode has also been stoped for 10 fms. high and 18 fms. long at the 75-fm. Level.

Caunter and East Providence lodes have been developed from the eastern ends of the drives on Standard Lode, the former for about 70 fms. N.E. and 75 fms. S.W. of the intersection between the 55-fm, and 85-fm. levels and the latter for nearly 100 fms. N.E. and 20 fms. S. of the intersection at the 65-fm. to 85-fm. Caunter Lode has been stoped extensively between the 55-fm. and 85-fm. levels for 60 fms. N.E. and 65 fms. S.W. of the intersection with Standard Lode, but there are no longitudinal sections showing the amount of stoping on East Providence Lode. The latter has also been worked in East Providence Mine, southwards from Boorman's Shaft, 165 yds. S. by E. of Dunstan's Shaft.

Crosscuts follow the crosscourse north and south from Standard Lode at several levels. Drives south are at atilt, for 100 fms. from Standard Lode, and at the 65-fm. and 75-fm. for about 85 fms. S. A drive 100 fms. N. at Adit Level meets Hawk's Lode about 7 fms. E. of Hawk's Shaft, which is 180 yds. W. of the Chy-an-Gweal Methodist Chapel, and is on the underlie south to the 66-fm. Level below Deep Adit (43 fms.). There is only a short drive at Shallow Adit Level (23 fms.). At Deep Adit, the 14-fm. and 26-fm. levels, the lode is developed for 10 fms. E. and 20 fms. W. of the shaft and the 36-fm. and 46-fm. levels extend 30 fms. E. and 30 fms. W.; the 56-fm. Level is driven 12 fms. E. and 23 fms. W. and the 66-fm. Level is short. The lode is stoped here from below the 14-fm. to the 56-fm. Level, for a maximum of 20 fms. E. and 25 fms. W. of the shaft. The crosscourse heaves the lode about 10 fms. right.

The chief workings on Hawk's Lode are from Gilbard's Shaft, 130 yds. N.E. of the Chy-an-Gweal Methodist Chapel, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level below adit (43 fms.); Copper Works Shaft, 60 yds. N.E. of Gilbards, on the underlie to adit; Sanders' Shaft, 72 yds. E.N.E. of Copper Works, on the underlie to the 90-fm. Level; Barnfield's Shaft, 52 yds. E. of Sanders', to the 22-fm. Level, and Tucker's Shaft, low down on the cliffs, 50 yds. E.N.E. of Barnfield's, on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level (adit here is at 10 fms.). From the 22-fm. to the 50-fm. Level the lode is blocked out from about 40 fms. W. of Gilbard's Shaft to about 110 fms. E. of Tucker's, a distance of about 250 fms. The 60-fm. Level extends from 80 fms. W. of Sanders' Shaft to 103 fms. E. of Tucker's; the 70-fm. Level from 45 fms. W. of Sanders' Shaft to 98 fms. E. of Tucker's; the 80-fm. Level is driven for 50 fms. W. and 70 fms. E. of Sanders' Shaft, and the 90-fm. Level for 26 fms. W. and 45 fms. E. Stoping from about 15 fms. below surface covers the whole of the blocked-out area but is patchy, especially below the 70-fm. Level; only two of the drives eastwards extend more than 20 fms. beyond stoped ground, namely the 32-fm. and 40-fm. The workings on this part of the lode are believed to have been abandoned by 1847.

A crosscut north from Standard Lode at 15 fms. E. of Higg's Shaft on the 85-fm. Level, driven beneath No. 4 Carbona, meets No. 1 North (tin) Lode at 90 fms., No. 2 North (tin) Lode at 100 fms. and No. 3 North (copper) Lode at 105 fms. All three have been driven on for about 20 fms. on the 85-fm. Level and on No. 1 North there is a drive of 30 fms. length on the 75-fm. Level. All course a few degrees north of east and underlie 12^° N.; No. 3 North Lode may be part of Hawk's Lode for the workings from the crosscut lie between those from Hawk's Shaft and those from Gilbard's Shaft. There are small stopes on each of the three lodes.

The chief carbonas occur on the north wall of Standard Lode. No. 1 Carbona, 10 fms. W. of Normond's Shaft, connects with Standard Lode from the 65-fm. to just above the 85-fm. levels; it is up to 35 ft. wide, 90 ft. in length north to south, and 110 ft. in height. The next carbona on Standard Lode is No. 4 which leaves the north wall of the lode 17 fms. E. of Higg's Shaft between the 55-fm. and 75-fm. levels. Up to 60 ft. maximum width it extends 350 ft. N. from the lode and about 70 ft. S. Irregular in vertical section its longest development is on the 75-fm. Level. Downward projections meet the 85-fm. crosscut (to the three North Lodes) at two places and on this drive there are two detached occurrences of ore at 75 fms. and 90 fms. N. of Standard Lode, the latter lying in the footwall of No. 1 North Lode. Another carbona which is not named leaves the north wall of Standard Lode at 40 fms. E. of Higg's Shaft on the 55-fm. Level; it is about 20 ft. wide and 110 ft. long north to south. No. 5 Carbona connects with Standard Lode 58 fms. E. of Higg's Shaft (and 35 fms. W. of Dunstan's Shaft) on the 75-fm. Level. About 25 ft. wide and 20 to 60 ft. high, it is just over 200 ft. long, its axis trending N. 8^° E. At its northern end it connects with No. 6 Carbona that branches from Standard Lode 5 fms. E. of Dunstan's Shaft at the 75-fm. and 85-fm. levels. About 20 ft. wide and 30 to 100 ft. high, it is nearly 300 ft. long, trending W. 35° N. and connects with the northern end of No. 5 Carbona. There are other carbonas south or Standard Lode, but not connected with it like those on the north. No. 2, 15 to 20 ft. wide and 220 ft. long, trends N. 5° W. with its northern end 18 fms. S. of Standard Lode at Higg's Shaft, and No. 3, up to 20 ft. wide and 100 ft. long, trending N. 15° E. is associated with Comfort Lode at the 75-fm. Level, 17 fms. S.E. of the intersection of that lode and Standard Lode. Little is known of the mineralogical character of the carbonas; some are stated to carry quartz and tourmaline with cassiterite (Henwood 1865, pp. 183, 181) and others quartz, chlorite and pyrite with cassiterite.

The minerals recorded from Wheal Providence are cassiterite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, cuprite, melaconite, malachite, azurite, clinoclase, liroconite, native copper, mispickel, pyrite, pitchblende and torbernite. The last two minerals, as small detached masses, were found on the 35-fm. and 45-fm. levels in the eastern parts of the mine, probably in killas country rock. About 3 tons of pitchblende were raised up to 1846 (see Penberthy 1846, p. 106) and in 1907 the dumps were tried for this and other uranium minerals (see Dines 1930, p. 215).

Carbis was mentioned as a tin work in 1584 but the earliest known production from Wheal Providence is 30 tons of copper ore in 1757–59. By 1821 the old Wheal Providence had closed but a new company formed in 1832 amalgamated many of the adjacent small workings. Production figures for Wheal Providence are:-1836–55, 10,300 tons of 8 per cent copper ore; 1862–66, 31 tons of 9.25 per cent copper ore, 1873–78, 43.5 tons of 6.25 per cent copper ore; 1853–88, 7,088 tons of black tin; 1908–10, 51.5 tons of black tin. In 1907 a company, registered as Providence Tin Mines Ltd., was formed to re-open the mine and though a modern plant was erected and some ore treated, little work was done underground (Collins, 1912, p.562). Compilers comment: Phillips and Darlington (1857) quote the output of Wheal Speed as 4,096 tons of copper ore from 1825 to 1843 but many authorities believe that most, if not all, of this tonnage refers to the mine of that title in Breage, later part of St. Aubyn and Grylls Mine (p.213). Wheal Speed in St. Ives became part of Providence Mines in 1832 and returns appear under that name; in 1846 the copper ore of Providence section failed.

East Providence

[SW 52735 38670] 1.25 miles S. by E. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.; A.M. R 41 C. Country: granite on the west, but mainly metamorphosed killas.

The plan (dated 1861), which is very fragmentary, shows four detached workings. One is on the southward extension of the N.-S. part of East Wheal Providence Lode of Wheal Providence, from Boorman's Shaft, 20 yds. S. of the Carbis Valley Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, the second is a small working from Carbona Shaft, 235 yds. E. by S. of the chapel, the third is at Harvey's Shaft, 120 yds. S. of Carbis Valley railway station and the fourth on Providence North Lode at Pool's Shaft, 20 yds. N. of the station. The plan includes no longitudinal sections.

East Providence Lode courses N. 10° E. and underlies about 22° W. Boorman's Shaft, sunk west of the outcrop, is inclined about 20° S. and meets the lode at the 134-fm. Level. The plan shows only a drive at the 122-fm. Level for 20 fms. N. and 100 fms. S. of the position of the shaft collar and another for 20 fms. N. and 90 fms. S. at the 134-fm. Level; there are short drives (or crosscuts) west from the shaft at the 70-fm. and 94-fm. levels.

Carbona Lode, trending about N. 15^° W. and underlying west, was tried from Carbona Shaft, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level, from which there is a drive 12 fms. S. at the 20-fm. and another 3 fms. N. and 4 fms. S. at the 30-fm. Level.

Harvey's Engine Shaft is on the underlie of a lode coursing E.-W. and underlying 15° N. The lode is developed for 5 fms. E. and 7 fms. W. of the shaft at adit, the 5-fm. and 25-fm. levels, and the 10-fm. Level extends 12 fms. W.

Providence North Lode courses E. 20° N. and underlies 10° N. Pool's Shaft is on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level. Adit Level follows the lode for 28 fms. W. and 68 fms. E. of the shaft, to its portal on the cliffs 130 yds. N.E. of Carbis Valley Station. The 10-fm., 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels block out the lode for about 8 fms. E. and W. of the shaft.

There are no records of the character of the lodes. The mine produced 97 tons of black tin between 1863 and 1871.

East Providence: A. K. Hamilton Jenkin records three adits driven into this sett. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

South Providence

[SW 52320 37950] 1.5 miles S. by E. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 61 S.E., 68 N.E.; A.M. R 393. Earlier known as South Wheal Speed (A.M.R 77 B). Country: granite. This property has a sett, lying just south of Wheal Providence, measuring about 1,300 yds. N.-S. and 1,100 yds. E.-W., and embracing the farms or hamlets of Trenwortha, Boskerris Wortha and Laity, and ending southwards, just north of Treverrack; the extent of the underground working, however, is very small. The plans under the name of South Wheal Speed (dated 1853) and South Wheal Providence (dated 1909) are essentially similar.

Engine Lode, coursing E. 8° N. and underlying 12° N., was worked from Engine Shaft, just east of the northernmost building of Boskerris Wortha, on the underlie to 72 fms. below surface (there is no adit), and East Whim Shaft, 88 yds. E. of Engine Shaft, on the underlie to the 40-fm. Level. Flat Rod Shaft, 103 yds. E. of East Whim, is only some 12 fms. deep, and there are no drives from it. The 10-fm. Level is driven 20 fms. E. of Engine Shaft. The 20-fm., 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels block out the lode between Engine and East Whim shafts and the 30-fm. extends 20 fms. W. of Engine Shaft. The 50-fm. Level is driven for 25 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and the 60-fm. Level for 46 fms. E. and 28 fms. W.; there is no drive at the bottom of Engine Shaft. From the eastern end of the 60-fm. Level there is a crosscut 5 fms. N. and 15 fms. S. and from the 40-fm. Level just east of Engine Shaft a drive 22 fms. S. by W. is on a carbona.

The longitudinal section of South Wheal Speed shows patchy stoping between Engine and East Whim shafts on the 30-fm., 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels. That of South Wheal Providence shows no further driving, but the area between the shafts from just below surface to below the 50-fm. Level is indicated as almost completely worked away and there are two small stopes on the 60-fm. Level, one west of Engine Shaft. A crosscourse trending N. 12° E. and dipping 45° W. crosses Flat Rod Shaft at 10 fms. below surface and the 60-fm. Level at 45 fms. E. of Engine Shaft. This is called Comfort Lode on the South Wheal Speed section, but it bears no relationship to the lode of that name in Wheal Providence to the north.

South Wheal Speed plan shows old workings 35 fms. long on a lode coursing E. 18° N., about 60 yds. S. by W. of Engine Shaft, but it is not clear if these are surface workings or a drive. From Adit Shaft, 295 yds. N. by E. of Engine Shaft, drainage adit extends 48 fms. N. to its portal; there are no E.-W. drives from the adit and it is not shown to be connected with the main workings.

A specimen of ore from this mine (4089) was examined microscopically by Dr. J. Phemister. It consists of a schorl rock composed of massive vein quartz, dusky with inclusions, occasionally growth-zoned and twinned in the peripheral zone. Aggregates of small prisms of brown and blue-green tourmaline are embedded in the quartz and, in places, sharply cut by veins of quartz continuous with the main quartz of the rock. Nests of gilbertite also occur in the quartz. In places aggregates of small flakes of muscovite are numerous (4090) and give the rock the appearance of a greisen. Apatite is an occasional accessory mineral.

As South Wheal Speed: 54 tons of black tin in 1852–55 and 105 tons of 5 per cent copper ore in 1851. As South Wheal Providence: 1855–57, 6.5 tons and 1875–82, 73.5 tons of black tin.

Hawkes Point

[SW 53830 38477] A property situated on Carrack Gladden headland, 1.5 miles S.E. of St. Ives (6-in. Corn. 61 S.E.), also called Wheal Fanny Adela. The plan (A.M. R 283), shows the hypothetical position of seven lodes coursing E.N.E., three coursing N.N.E. and two coursing N.W. by N., within a sett some 800 yds. wide, extending south-westwards about 1,800 yds. inland from the headland, east of East Wheal Providence. Around an old shaft, about 10 yds. from the cliff edge at the point, are fragments of rock containing chlorite with mispickel, chalcopyrite, pyrite and blende. The workings are apparently only shallow and are reported to be on lodes about 3 ft. wide, dipping both north and south.

Records of output are 670 tons of 4 per cent copper ore, 15 cwt. of black tin and 1 ton of ochre during the years 1851–3. Small amounts of nickel and cobalt ores and mispickel are said also to have been raised. 14 cwt. of black tin was returned in 1883–84. As Wheal Fanny Adela the mine sold 36 tons of copper ores in 1868–69.

Cupid

[SW 53030 37740] There are traces of this mine in the woodland 1 mile W. by N. of Uny Lelant (6-in. Corn. 68 N.E.), 400 yds. E. of Laity, where dump material around old shafts contains some chloritic veinstone with pyrite. There are no records of output.

Lelant Wheal Towan

[SW 54790 37440] On the west side of Hayle river estuary (6-in. Corn. 62 S.W., 69 N.W.) seven lodes, all coursing about E.N.E., have been tried under this name. A plan (dated 1855), in private possession, shows the most southerly lode, underlying north, about 300 yds. S. of Uny Lelant church; the next lode, 100 yds. farther north, measured along the coast, underlies south. The third lode, underlying north, passes under the church. At 200 yds. N. of the church, the fourth lode underlies north, and at a further 85 yds. N., the fifth lode, underlying north, is said to have two drives westwards on it from the coast. At 100 yds. further north and near the headland that terminates the west side of the estuary, the sixth lode, underlying north, has an adit at sea level and a short drive west above, while 50 yds. farther north the seventh lode, coursing more to the north than the others, intersects the sixth lode about 170 yds. inland from the cliff; the last lode has three shallow shafts on it east of the intersection. There are no known records of output.

West Mary and Gill

These two mines are stated to be in St. Ives Parish (6-in. Corn. 61 S.W., S.E.) but their positions are not known. West Wheal Mary is recorded as having produced 9 tons of copper ore, 7 tons of zinc ore and 5 tons of arsenic in 1878 and 1879, and Wheal Gill, between 20 and 30 tons of zinc ore between 1820 and 1830.

[SW 69386 44277] West Mary: This production is recorded from West Wheal Mary in Redruth and may be from a mine near Wheal Mary (pp.370–1). Gill:This is correctly a lead-zinc mine in St. Ive parish (pp.620–1). (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Alluvials

All the valleys in the Towednack area have been worked over in the past for alluvial tin. The valley between Towednack church and Amalebrea (6-in. Corn. 68 N.W.) was being exploited about 1872 and Henwood (1873, p. 196) records an exposure there, in the lower part of Cold Harbour moor, as follows : A layer of 2.5 ft. of peat rested on 3 ft. of granitic gravel, unequally mixed with blue clay to different depths in various parts of the exposure. Below this was 6.5 ft. of gravel, brownish buff in the upper part and reddish brown below. The upper part carried small quantities of detrital cassiterite and the lower part, which was more productive, contained also angular and more or less rounded masses of tin-bearing veinstone. The granite bedrock was undulating and of unequal hardness; the deeper depressions yielded moderate amounts of detrital ore.

Trencrom Hill

This area, the southern part of St. Ives district, about 1½ miles wide, extends 4 miles W. from the valley of the Hayle River, its northern boundary passing half a mile S. of Towednack church. The country rock is mainly granite, the fine-grained variety occupying much of the western part. The contact with the overlying metamorphosed killas, striking about N.N.E., passes about half a mile E. of the summit of Trencrom Hill.

The lodes, in the main, trend E.N.E. and traverse both coarse and fine varieties of granite as well as killas. Several crosscourses, trending generally a few degrees west of north, do not heave the lodes more than a few fathoms. Other than tin and copper ores, no minerals are known to have been raised in the area. Mining activity was thriving here before the 19th century and records of production are incomplete. As far as can be seen from statistics of output, the Wheal Sisters group of mines was by far the most important, having produced more than 13,000 tons of black tin and 10,000 tons of copper ore since about 1825. The next in importance was the Wheal Reeth Consols group, including Giew Mine, with a recorded output of over 3,000 tons of black tin. Within the killas country, on the east, are Wheal Merth and Wheal Treloweth. The former, a group of small mines lying within half a mile of the granite contact, produced tin ore, but the patchy distribution of high values in otherwise low grade lodes are indicative of the marginal part of an emanative centre and extensive deposits of tin ore are unlikely to occur. Wheal Treloweth, 1.5 miles E. of the granite contact, produced only copper.

In the Wheal Sisters mines, over a mile within the granite country, the presence of large amounts of both copper and tin ores is noteworthy. The workings reach a depth of 230 fms. from surface on Wheal Mary Lode. If the copper zone is above the tin zone it seems likely that tin may continue to a considerable distance below the bottom of the mines. It is possible, however, that the tin and copper zones are here ' telescoped ', the copper occurring in parts of tin lodes that were reopened at a later period; there are, unfortunately, no known records of the nature of structure of the lodes of these mines, though from Henwood's account of Wheal Mary (1843, Table xix) cassiterite was present in the higher levels; he does not record copper ore.

Conquer

A property at Conquer Downs, 1.5 miles S.W. of Towednack church (6-in. Corn. 68 N.W.). The plan (A.M. R 185 D) is a surface plan showing the assumed positions of eleven lodes just west of the Downs, four on the north of the Downs and two on the east. The lodes are shown as coursing roughly both N.E. and N.W., the former dipping S.E. and the latter S.W.; the country rock is fine-grained granite. The only lode on which there are signs of mining is Wheal Conquer Lode, coursing E. 40° N., on which there is Flat Rod Shaft, 80 yds. E. by N. of the Barrow at the western corner of the Downs, Engine Shaft, near the lane, 330 yds. N.E. of Flat Rod Shaft, and Hosking's Shaft, 60 yds. N.E. of Engine Shaft. There are no other records.

Carnquidden

Spaniard Lode, coursing about E. 20° N. and underlying steeply south in fine-grained granite country crosses Carnquidden Downs, 1.75 miles S.W. of Towednack church (6-in. Corn. 68 N.W.) and has been worked by numerous old shafts extending from 200 yds. W.S.W. of Middle Carnquidden farm, to within 300 yds. W. of Little Carnquidden farm, a distance of 900 yds. The plan (A.M. 6423) shows Lower Adit commencing 400 yds. S.W. of Middle Carnquidden farm and, with several adit shafts, crosscut 110 fms. N. to the most westerly shaft on the lode, and following the lode thence for about 90 fms. E.N.E. to beneath the farm. Middle Adit is shown following the lode for 50 fms. E. from a shaft just east of the farm. No workings are shown from the numerous shafts indicated on the Ordnance map, in a line crossing the middle of the Downs.

An assay plan and section shows results of investigations carried out in 1911. According to the section Chysauster Shaft is 108 ft. deep, and from it 1st Level, at a depth of of 55 ft. extends 200 ft. E. and 2nd Level, from shaft bottom, extends 160 ft. E. Another shaft 40 ft. E. of the first, reaches to 1st Level and a winze, 140 ft. E. of the deeper shaft, connects 1st and 2nd levels. The assay plan indicates that 2nd Level is driven 340 ft. E. of Chysauster Shaft. The site of this shaft is not marked on the earlier plan. The assay plan shows a branch trending N.E. at 150 ft. E. of Chysauster Shaft on 1st Level and 120 ft. E. on 2nd Level; drives follow this for short distances. The assay figures show the lode up to 4 ft. wide but generally narrow and values ranging from nothing to 186 lb. of black tin per ton over a width of 6 in., but values are patchy and average about 15 lb. over a width of 12 in. The mine was abandoned in 1912 after three year's investigation; no stoping was done.

Georgia Consols

[SW 48805 36505] 1 mile S. of Towednack church. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn 68 N.W., N.E.; A.M. R 73 B. Country: fine-grained granite.

Though the plan (dated 1853) shows the hypothetical positions of 12 lodes, coursing about E.N.E., within a transverse distance of about 700 yds., only two have been worked. These are Coles Lode, coursing E. 12° N. and underlying steeply south and Lane Lode striking parallel with Coles and 15 fms. S. at the 22-fm. Level but underlying 20° N.; the two seem to intersect at the 52-fm. Level.

Coles Lode was developed from High Burrow Shaft, 30 yds. N. of the lane to Georgia hamlet and 400 yds. N. by W. of Little Amalebrea farm, vertical to the 12-fm. Level below adit (16 fms.) and on the underlie to the 32-fm.; Flat Rod Shaft, close to the south side of the lane, 90 yds. E. by N. of High Burrow, vertical to the 12-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 70-fm.; Engine Shaft, 100 yds. E. of Flat Rod, vertical to the 62-fm. Level (adit here is at 10 fms.) and passing through both lodes at the 52-fm., and East Whim Shaft, 40 yds. E. by N. of Engine, the depth of which is not known. Drainage adit commences near the stream 380 yds. N.E. of Little Amalebrea farm and is driven as a crosscut with several adit shafts 110 fms. W. by N., crossing Lane Lode at 70 fms. from its portal and meeting Coles Lode at an adit shaft 25 yds. E.N.E. of Flat Rod Shaft. From the adit shaft the drive continues as Adit Level on Coles Lode for 100 fms. W.; it is not connected with Flat Rod or High Burrow shafts. The 12-fm. Level extends from 30 fms. W. of High Burrow Shaft to 30 fms. E. of

Engine Shaft, a distance of 120 fms. The 22-fm., 32-fm., 42-fm. and 52-fm. levels block out the lode from the position of High Burrow Shaft to 40 fms. E. of Engine Shaft. The 62-fm. Level is in two parts, one driven 30 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. of Flat Rod Shaft and the other 16 fms. W. and 3 fms. E. of Engine Shaft. The 70-fm. Level extends 22 fms. W. and 8 fms. E. of Flat Rod Shaft. A subsidence just west of High Burrow Shaft suggests that there may be stoping near surface but according to the longitudinal section stoping commences below adit and, to the 52-fm. level, is very patchy but fairly evenly distributed over the developed area and between the 52-fm. and 70-fm. levels stopes extend 30 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of Flat Rod Shaft; in all about 24 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. A cross-course trending N. 10° E. and underlying 30° W. crosses Flat Rod Shaft just above the 62-fm. Level; it does not appear to heave the lodes. The longitudinal section shows a horizontal line about 3 fms. above the 52-fm. Level, above which the country is indicated as being Whitstone ' (a local name for fine-grained granite) and, below, granite.

Lane Lode was developed by crosscuts from the workings on Coles Lode. The 12-fm. Level extends from opposite High Burrow Shaft to 20 fms. E. of the crosscut from Engine Shaft, a distance of 125 fms. The 22-fm., 32-fm. and 42-fm. levels open up the lode for about 40 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and there is a shorter drive on the 52-fm. Level here and from a crosscut 2 fms. S. from the 52-fm. Level on Coles Lode at 15 fms. E.of High Burrow Shaft; the amount of stoping is not known.

A crosscut 30 fms. S. from Engine Shaft at the 12-fm. Level meets Noon West Lode, coursing N. 35° E., just east of Noon West Shaft, from which there is a drive 5 fms. S.W. and 8 fms. N.E. The only other lode on which there is known to have been some work done is Wheal Lane Lode, 300 yds. S. of Coles Lode, coursing E. 18° N., on which is Winterbottom's Shaft, 200 yds. E. of Little Amalebrea farm.

Little is known concerning the lodes at this mine. The subsidence just west of High Burrow Shaft exposes soft very fine textured, grey granite traversed by hard dark peach veins. The mine was investigated in 1929 but the parts of the lodes remaining were found to be thin and patchy and the project was abandoned. Between 1852 and 1855 the mine produced 170 tons of black tin.

Giew

[SW 50050 37245] 2.25 miles S.S.W. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 N.E.; A.M. 7699 nd A.M. 1923. The mine, which includes an old property known as Billia, is named South Providence on the Ordnance map. This is believed to be an error, for the mine of that name, and formerly called South Wheal Speed, lies three-quarters of a mile to the north-east. Country: granite.

Main Lode, which has been developed for a length of about 700 fms., courses E. 28° N. on the west, N.E. for a length of about 100 fms. in the middle of the developed ground and E. 30° N. on the east. The underlie is 20° S. on the west, 12° S.E. in the central area and 18° S. on the east; the lode is crossed by the St. Ives-Ludgvan road about 500 yds. N. of Cripple's Ease. It was worked from an unnamed shaft, just east of the lane 300 yds. W. by S. of Bo!enna farm, on the underlie to the 20-fm. Level below adit (about 4 fms.); Billia Shaft, 220 yds. E. by S. of the unnamed (and 150 yds. S.W. of the farm), vertical to the 15-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 25-fm.; Skiproad or New Billia Shaft, 90 yds. E.N.E. of Billia, on the underlie to the 61-fm. Level; Giew Engine Shaft, 160 yds. E.N.E. of Skiproad, vertical to adit (10 fms.) and on the underlie to the 122-fm. Level ; Martin's Shaft, 110 yds. E.N.E. of Giew Engine, on the underlie to the 92-fm. Level; Robinson's Shaft, 100 yds. E.N.E. of Martin's, vertical to the 20-fm. Level (adit here is at 18 fms.) and on the underlie to the 212-fm. ; Blackburn's Shaft, 180 yds. N.E. by E. of Robinson's (and 100 yds. W. of the Cripple's Ease road), to the 30-fm. Level, and Franks Shaft, 175 yds. N.E. by E. of Blackburn's (and 42 yds. E of the road), on the underlie, but crooked, to the 217-fm. Level (adit here is at 27 fms. depth). That part of the lode that trends N.E. is from Robinson's Shaft to just east of Blackburn's. Three crosscourses, each trending about N. 10° W., intersect the lode, one, underlying 10° W., crops out 50 yds. W. of Giew Engine Shaft, the second, underlying 20° W, crosses Robinson's Shaft at the 62-fm. Level and the third, underlying 30° W., crops out 60 yds. W. of Frank's Shaft; the last heaves the lode about 10 to 15 fms. right but the others do not seem to cause dislocation.

Adit Level extends from about 15 fms. W. of the unnamed shaft to 25 fms. E. of Frank's Shaft, a distance of about 520 fms. At the unnamed shaft the 10-fm. and 20-fm. levels are driven about 15 fms. E. and W. and do not connect with workings farther east. At Billia and Skiproad shafts, the 15-fm. and 25-fm. levels connect the two shafts and extend respectively 40 fms. and 20 fms. W. of Billia and 15 fms. and 38 fms. E. of Skiproad. The 35-fm. Level at Skiproad Shaft extends for 30 fms. W. and 52 fms. E. and the 50-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. and 80 fms. E., where it connects with Giew Engine Shaft; the 61-fm. Level at the bottom of Skiproad Shaft is short. At Giew Engine Shaft, all levels from the 20-fm. to the 92-fm. extend about 40 fms. W. to and a little west of, the westernmost crosscourse. Between Giew Engine and Robinson's shaft, the lode is blocked out down to the 122-fm. Level. Drives east from Robinson's Shaft from the 52-fm. to the 202-fm. block out the lode for about 100 fms. and of these only the 62-fm., 122-fm. and 142-fm. levels continue 180 fms. E. to connect with Frank's Shaft. From the 132-fm. to the 202-fm. the lode is developed for about 40 fms. W. of Robin-son's Shaft, up to the central crosscourse. The 212-fm. Level at the bottom of the shaft is short. From Frank's Shaft the 80-fm., 100-fm., 172-fm., 182-fm. and 202-fm. drives extend about 60 or 70 fms. W. and the bottom or 217-fm. Level is driven 85 fms. W. Eastwards of Frank's Shaft the 30-fm. Level is driven for 105 fms., the 60-fm. Level for 160 fms., the 80-fm. Level for 150 fms., the 100-fm. Level for 203 fms., the 122-fm. Level for 195 fms., the 142-fm. Level (longest) for 218 fms., the 162-fm. Level for 180 fms., the 182-fm. Level for 155 fms., the 202-fm. Level for 118 fms. and the 217-fm. Level for 85 fms. The longitudinal section (dated 1923) shows stoping in two colours, one indicating work done by earlier workers and the other stopes worked by the company then operating. Earlier stoping is a solid block of ground from 30 fms. W. of Giew Engine Shaft to Robinson's Shaft from near surface to the 92-fm. Level and below for 40 fms. W. and up to 100 fms. E. of Robinson's Shaft, down to the 202-fm. Level. Other early stoping is from the 45-fm. Level to the 100-fm. for 20 fms. W. and 80 fms. E. of Frank's Shaft, for about 60 fms. E. of Blackburn's Shaft on the 20-fm. Level, and small stopes on the 122-fm. and 142-fm. levels near Frank's Shaft. There is a small area of modern stoping between adit and the 50-fm. Level for 30 fms. W. and 48 fms. E. of Skiproad Shaft, but the bulk is around Frank's Shaft from the 10-fm. Level to the 217-fm. Level, extending for about 75 fms. W. of the shaft and eastwards for the full length at all the drives ; the stope between the 122-fm. and 142-fm. levels extends about 10 fms. beyond the drives. Apart from the 122-fm. Level west from Robinson's Shaft, the last 100 fms. of which seem to be in barren ground, and the short 212-fm. Level at the bottom of that shaft, stoping almost everywhere reaches to the ends of the drives. The drives eastward, the longest of which (the 142-fm.) is about under the summit of Trink Hill, are said to enter the sett of Trink Hill Mines Ltd., but no mine is known to have been opened up in the area at and east of the hill top.

A crosscut 70 fms. N. by W. from the 62-fm. Level at 20 fms. W. of Giew Engine Shaft is driven in the western crosscourse and meets Behu Lode, on which there are short drives. A crosscut 87 fms. N. by W. from Robinson's Shaft, at the 20-fm. Level, intersects North Lode at 76 fms. on which there is a drive 12 fms. E. A crooked crosscut 62 fms. S.E. from the 102-fm. Level at 20 fms. W. of Robinson's Shaft proves no further lodes.

Giew is an old mine the early records of which are lost. It was once part of a group known as Wheal Reeth Consols, and in 1908 was taken over by the St. Ives Consolidated Mines Ltd. that worked St. Ives Consols, Trenwith and Rosewall Hill and Ransom mines about 2 miles N. This company ceased operations in 1915 and in 1917 the Thermo Electric Corporation Ltd. took over the mines but abandoned all save Giew which continued to produce regularly throughout the period of depression that followed the 1914–18 war; it was the only active tin producer in Cornwall in the years 1921 and 1922, but closed in 1923. During its latter period of activity the ore raised yielded over 30 lb. of black tin per ton of 63 per cent metal. The ending of the stope breasts at the extreme ends of the drives east of Frank's Shaft suggests that further productive ground may exist to the east. The only recorded outputs are 145 tons of black tin from Billia between 1865 and 1867 and 504.5 tons of black tin from Giew in 1911–13.

Reeth

[SW 50585 36870] 2.5 miles S.S.W. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 N.E.; A.M. R 62 C. The sett includes Wheal Durloe and was once part of Wheal Reath Consols (A.M. R 62 B). Country: granite.

The mine worked a group of lodes skirting the south side of Trink Hill. Wheal Durloe exploited Durloe Lode, coursing E. 20^° N. and underlying 10° S., on the west of the Cripple's Ease road. In Wheal Reath proper, on the east of the road, there are four lodes. To the north is the eastward extension of Durloe Lode, coursing E. 25° N. and underlying 18° S. on the west and E. 5° S. and underlying 20° S. on the east. The eastern part is crossed by an unnamed lode coursing E. 40° N. and underlying 26° S.E. and joins the hangingwall of North Lode which trends E. 20^° N. and underlies 12^° N. on the west of the junction and E. 40° N. and underlies 28° N.W. on the east. About 10 fms. S. of North Lode at adit, at the place where it changes strike, is South Lode, coursing E. 30° N.; to the west this lode underlies 8° S. to the 100-fm. Level and 20° S. below, and to the east the underlie is 12° N. to the 100-fm. Level and 18° S. below.

Durloe Lode (plan R 62 B) was worked from Trewhellas Shaft, on the west side of the stream 300 yds. S. of Bolenna farm, on the underlie to the 10-fm. Level below adit (12 fms.); West Whim Shaft, 75 yds. E. by N. of Trewhellas, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level; Durloe Shaft, 190 yds. E. by N. of West Whim, on the underlie to the 110-fm. Level (adit here is at 15 fms.), and Magy's Shaft, 140 yds. E.N.E. of Durloe and 190 yds. W. by N. of Engine Inn in Cripple's Ease, vertical to adit (25 fms.) and on the underlie to the 140-fm. Level. Adit Level follows the lode from 10 fms. W. of Trewhellas Shaft to 36 fms. E. of Magy's Shaft, a distance of 310 fms. The 10-fm. Level extends from 15 fms. W. of Trewhellas Shaft to 35 fms. E. of West Whim Shaft, the 20-fm. Level for 30 fms. W. and 45 fms. E. of West Whim Shaft and the 30-fm. Level for 18 fms. E.; these drives are not connected to the workings west from Durloe Shaft. At Durloe and Magy's shafts the lode is developed from the 27-fm. Level to the 110-fm. for about 50 fms. W. of Durloe Shaft and 75 fms. E. of Magy's, the longest drive east being the 90-fm. which is 110 fms. long. The 120-fm. Level is driven for 40 fms. W. and 60 fms. E. of Magy's Shaft, the 130-fm. Level for 3 fms. W. and 40 fms. E. and the 140-fm. Level for 8 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. There is stoping from surface to the 10-fm. Level from 10 fms. W. of Trewhellas Shaft to 35 fms. E. of West Whim Shaft and this block continues to the 20-fm. Level for the full length of that drive. At Durloe and Magy's shafts the stope pattern suggests an east-pitching ore shoot from surface to the 130-fm. Level, with a horizontal measurement of 150 fms. (west from Magy's Shaft) at Adit Level and of 100 fms. (30 west and 70 east of Magy's Shaft) at the 100-fm. Level; about 70 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. A crosscourse trending N.E. and underlying about 25° N.W. intersects the lode crossing Magy's Shaft at the 48-fm. Level, and another, trending N. 10° W. and underlying 8° W. crops out 120 yds. W. of Durloe Shaft. A crosscut 45 fms. S. by E. from Adit Level at 45 fms. W. of Durloe Shaft meets a lode on which there is a short drive and another, 35 fms. S. by E. at the 48-fm. Level just east of Magy's Shaft, intersects a lode at 30 fms. on which there is a drive 12 fms. W. and 18 fms. E.

Durloe Lode east of the Cripple's Ease road (plan R 62 C) was opened up from Davey's Shaft, 280 yds. E. by N. of Engine Inn, on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level and Unity Shaft, 100 yds. E. by N. of Davey's, on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level on Durloe Lode and, below, on the underlie of the unnamed lode to the 100-fm. Level. Davey's Shaft is situated at the point where the lode changes strike from E. 25° N. to E. 5° S. and the lode down to the 70-fm. Level has been blocked out for about 85 fms. W. of Davey's Shaft and about 100 fms. E. of Unity Shaft, to its junction with North Lode. In addition to the named levels on this lode there is a Deep Adit and a Shallow Adit, but there is no longitudinal section showing the depths of these or the amount of stoping.

The unnamed lode was developed from the drives on Durloe Lode and in depth from Unity Shaft. The 20-fm. Level extends for 55 fms. S.W. from Durloe Lode at 15 fms. W. of Unity Shaft; the 30-fm. Level for 63 fms. S.W. and 10 fms. N.E. of Durloe Lode at 10 fms. W. of the shaft; the 40-fm. Level for 60 fms. S.W. and 28 fms. N.E. of Durloe Lode at 5 fms. W. of the shaft; the 50-fm. Level for 48 fms. S.W. of Durloe Lode at the shaft; the 60-fm. Level for 20 fms. S.W. of Durloe Lode just east of the shaft; the 70-fm. Level for 60 fms. S.W. of the shaft and the 74-fm. Level for 23 fms. N.E. ; the 90-fm. Level for 8 fms. S.W. and 12 fms. N.E. of the shaft ; the 100-fm. Level for 30 fms. S.W. and 10 fms. N.E.; and the 110-fm. Level for 25 fms. N.E. of the shaft position, probably from a winze; the amount of stoping is not known.

North Lode was developed from Reath Shaft, about 220 yds. E. by S. of Engine Inn, to the 10-fm. Level below adit (25 fms.); Boundary (or Banbury) Shaft, 105 yds. E.N.E. of Reeth, to the 50-fm. Level ; Bag's Shaft, 65 yds. E. by N. of Boundary, to the 70-fm. Level; Garden or Engine Shaft, 60 yds. E.N.E. of Bag's (and 125 yds. S.E. of Unity Shaft on Durloe Lode), vertical to the 30-fm. Level and on the northerly underlie to the 150-fm.; Monster's Shaft, 240 yds. E.N.E. of Garden, vertical to the 20-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 150-fm., and Trink Shaft, 220 yds. N.E. of Monster's (and 280 yds. E. by S. of Twelve O'Clock Rock), on the underlie to the 90-fm. Level (adit here is at 23 fms.). There are seven adit shafts, more or less on the course of the lode, for nearly 400 yds. N.E. of Trink Shaft. The plan and longitudinal section do not agree ; workings 20 fms. deeper are shown on the latter at Garden and Monster's shafts, but on the former Trink Shaft is shown as 70 fms. deeper than on the section, with levels extending to 30 fms. E. of it. Down to the 40-fm. Level, the lode is partially blocked out from Garden Shaft to Reath Shaft but between Garden and Monster's shafts there is only a drive 45 fms. E. from the former at the 30-fm. Level, and east of Monster's Shaft are Adit Level and the 30-fm. which connects Monster's and Trink shafts. From the 40-fm. to the 90-fm. the lode is completely blocked out from about 80 fms. W. of Garden Shaft to about 15 fms. E. of Trink Shaft. From the 100-fm. to the 130-fm. development extends from about 45 fms. W. of Garden Shaft to 25 fms. E. of Monster's. The 140-fm. and 150-fm. levels are each in two parts, the 140-fm. is driven for 10 fms. W. and 40 fms. E. of Garden Shaft and 65 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. of Monster's and the 150-fm. for 6 fms. W. and 20 fms. E. of Garden Shaft and 50 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. of Monster's. The longitudinal section shows old stopes from surface to the 40-fm. Level extending to a maximum of 130 fms. W. of Garden Shaft and another block from surface to the 20-fm. Level to 55 fms. W. of Monster's Shaft. At the 40-fm. Level stopes extend from 60 fms. W. of Garden Shaft to Trink Shaft and at the 140-fm. Level from 10 fms. W. of Garden Shaft to 20 fms. E. of Monster's. Within this area the lode has been extensively stoped. Adit Level connecting with the adit shafts east of Trink Shaft is crooked and, in all, extends 260 yds. E.N.E. of Trink Shaft, to a point 200 yds. N. of Trink hamlet.

South Lode was worked from Ned's (or Stevens) Shaft, 250 yds. S.E. of Twelve O'Clock Rock (and 130 yds. E. by N. of Monster's Shaft on North Lode) on the underlie to the 220-fm. Level below adit (33 fms.) and New (or Frederick's) Shaft, 193 yds. W.S.W. of Ned's, on the underlie to the 180-fm. Level. The longitudinal section shows, in broken lines, a shaft called Peart's, 220 yds. W. of New Shaft to the 150-fm. Level with drives only eastwards to New Shaft. This may be a proposed shaft. From adit to the 180-fm. Level the lode is blocked out from 100 fms. W. of New Shaft to about 100 fms. E. of Ned's, but the 30-fm., 40-fm., 170-fm. and 180-fm. drives extend nearly 140 fms. E. The 190-fm. Level extends for 46 fms. W. and 140 fms. E. of Ned's Shaft; the 200-fm. Level for 40 fms. W. and 130 fms. E.; the 210-fm. Level for 8 fms. W. and 110 fms. E. and the 220-fm. Level for 8 fms. W. and 80 fms. E. Sto ping from Adit Level to the 180-fm. Level extends 100 fms. W. of New Shaft and about 70 fms. E. of Ned's Shaft; it is patchy above the 40-fm. Level and east of Ned's Shaft. Between the 180-fm. and 220-fm. levels there is stoping for about 90 fms. E. of Ned's Shaft.

A small undated longitudinal section included with the plans shows work done by Wheal Reath Mining and Exploration Syndicate at two shafts, respectively at 70 yds. S.W. and 97 yds. S.W. of Davey's Shaft on Durloe Lode. They are 10 fms. deep and connected at the bottom by a drive below which there is stoping to about 4 fms. depth; there is also some stoping, apparently opencast, south-west of the more westerly shaft. These works may be on the outcrop of the unnamed lode.

The mine is known to have been active in the 1850's (Trounson 1942, p. 128) and records of output are incomplete. Wheal Reath raised 1,955 tons of black tin during the years 1837–9 and 1853–67. Durloe produced 483 tons of black tin between 1859 and 1864. There is also a record under the name Reath Consols of 888 tons of black tin from 1855 to 1859.

Sisters

[SW 50695 36260] 2.5 miles S. by W. of St. Ives. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 N.E.; A.M. R 36 D, and 6522 A and B. The mine was formed by the amalgamation of several adjacent small mines, Wheal Mary (A.M. R 36 D and 6522 D) [SW 50995 36590], Wheal Kitty or Polpeor [SW 50890 36225] (A.M. R 36 D and 6522 C), Old Tincroft or Tincroft Consols (A.M. R 36 D and R 98) [SW 50035 36085], Wheal Margaret [SW 50305 36130] and Trencrom Mine [SW 51455 36750]. Country : granite.

Six or more lodes with a general E.N.E. trend, lying within a transverse distance of 450 yds. between Trink Hill and Trencrom Hill, have been worked for a distance of about 2,300 yds. between Nancledra on the west, and Trevarrack on the east; they have yielded both tin and copper ores.

Wheal Mary operated on the northernmost lode which courses E. 10° N. on the west, E. 30° N. in the central part of the workings and E.-W. on the east where it intersects Wheal Kitty Sump Lode about 420 yds. E. by N. of Brunnion hamlet ; the underlie is 12° to 18^° S. Wheal Mary Lode, 1 to 31 ft. wide, consists, according to Henwood (1843. Table xix). of quartz, brownish-green feldspar, tourmaline, earthy red iron ore and cassiterite. Where the lode is poor in cassiterite the feldspars of the granite wall rock are white, where rich, pink, and at very rich parts the margins of the feldspar crystals are indistinct. The lode was developed from Wheal Mary Shaft, 80 yds. S. of Cuckoo Rock and 500 yds. N.B. of Nancledra ; Oxley's Shaft, 320 yds. E. by N. of Wheal Mary, to below adit (28 fms.); Old Engine or Sump Shaft, 112 yds. E. by N. of Oxley's, on the underlie to the 80-fm. Level; Horton's Shaft, 83 yds. E. of Old Engine, on the underlie to the 80-fm. Level; Hyde's Shaft, 150 yds. E. by N. of Horton's, on the underlie to the 190-fm. Level, and New Engine Shaft, 430 yds. E.N.E. of Hyde's, on the underlie to the 220-fm. Level. The change of strike from E. 10° N. to E. 30°N. occurs at Hyde's Shaft and from E. 30° N. to E.-W. at New Engine Shaft. The plan and sections (dated 1881) are incomplete, the former shows no underground workings west of Old Engine Shaft and the latter, none west of Oxley's Shaft. The workings appear to be in two sections, one at Old Engine and Horton's shafts and the other, the chief development, at Hyde's and New Engine shafts; they are apparently only connected at adit and the 80-fm. levels. A section shows Oxley's Shaft to 10 fms. below adit (28 fms.), Old Engine Shaft to 10 fms. below' the 60-fm. Level (the plan shows it to the 80-fm.) and Horton's Shaft to the 40-fm. Level (the plan to the 80-fm.). There is stoping from surface to Adit Level from 20 fms. W. of Oxley's Shaft to 8 fms. E. of Horton's; from Adit to the 20-fm. Level between Oxley's and Old Engine Shafts, and from the 20-fm. Level to the 60-fm. the lode is stoped from 15 fms. W. of Old Engine Shaft to 10 fms. E. of Horton's. The section of the development at Hyde's and New Engine shafts shows that down to the 70-fm. Level drives extend about 40 fms. W. and 120 fms. E. of the former and, at the latter, all drives west are short and, apart from Adit Level, only the 40-fm. and 60-fm. levels extend 50 fms. E. From the 80-fm. to the 170-fm., the levels develop the lode completely from about 40 fms. W. of Hyde's Shaft to about 100 fms. E. of New Engine Shaft. The 180-fm. level extends from Hyde's Shaft to 100 fms. E. of New Engine; the 190-fm. Level from Hyde's Shaft to 45 fms. E. of New Engine; the 200-fm. Level for 165 fms. W. and 60 fms. E. of New Engine; the 210-fm. Level for 125 fms. W. and 45 fms. E., and the 220-fm. Levet for 35 fms. W. and 5 fms. E. From above the 10-fm. Level at Hyde's Shaft and the 40-fm. Level at New Engine Shaft the lode is stoped extensively over the blocked-out ground down to the 210-fm. Level. All drives west, as well as the stope breasts, end at a vertical line some 40 fms. W. of Hyde's Shaft, as though against a boundary or cross-course, but the plan shows the 80-fm. Level extending 75 fms. W. to Horton's Shaft and the 90-fm. Level continuing to 70 fms. W. of Hyde's. The drives eastward of New Engine Shaft also end at a vertical line about 100 fms. E. of the shaft. Some of these pass about 20 fms. E. of a crosscourse but the 90-fm. and the 130-fm. to the 180-fm. levels east end at the drives on Wheal Kitty Sump Lode and of these the 150-fm., 160-fm. and 170-fm. levels extend up to 60 fms. E , beyond Wheal Kitty Sump Lode.

Just north-east of the easternmost workings on Wheal Mary Lode, another lode, striking E. 30^° N. and underlying 22^° N. has been opened up from Field's Shaft, 230 yds. E.N.E. of New Engine Shaft, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level, and Michell's Shaft, 120 yds. N.E. of Field's, on the underlie to the 10-fm. Level. Shallow Adit Level extends from 20 fms. W. of Field's Shaft to 70 fms. E. of Michell's; Deep Adit Level from 30 fms. W. of Field's Shaft to 15 fms. E. of Michell's; the 10-fm. Level from 20 fms. W. of Field's Shaft to Michell's; the 20-fm. Level for 50 fms. W. and 40 fms. E. of Field's Shaft; the 30-fm. Level for 30 fms. W. and 40 fms. E.; the 40-fm. Level for 5 fms. W. and 15 fms. E., and the 50-fm. Level for 10 fms. W. and 12 fms. E.; the amount of stoping is not known.

Old Tincroft, Wheal Margaret and Wheal Kitty mines are situated in that order from west to east on a group of lodes, close together, the northern one of which lies about 100 yds. S. of Wheal Mary Lode. The northern lode is known as North Russo Lode on the west, as Wheal Kitty Sump Lode farther east, and, beyond the intersection with Wheal Mary Lode as Fox's Lode. The general trend is E. 23° to 30° N. and the underlie steeply north on the west and 16^° N. in the east. The part known as North Russo Lode was opened up from West Carnmoor Shaft, 200 yds. N. by E. of the stone cross at Brunnion Carn; East Carnmoor Shaft, 170 yds. E.N.E. of West Carnmoor, and North Brunnion Shaft, 160 yds. E.N.E. of East Carnmoor. From 12 fms. W. of West Carnmoor Shaft to 110 fms. E. of North Brunnion Shaft the lode is developed at irregular intervals down to the 70-fm. Level on the west and to the 130-fm. Level on the east; there is no longitudinal section. The part known as Wheal Kitty Sump Lode was developed from Pearce's Shaft, 230 yds. E. of Brunnion hamlet and 300 yds. E.N.E. of North Brunnion Shaft, on the underlie to the 160-fm. Level. About 40 fms. E. of Pearce's Shaft the lode splits into North Branch and South Branch which are 20 fms. apart at the widest point. Drives on the former extend about 140 fms. E. to the intersection with Wheal Mary Lode, while South Branch, coursing about E. 15° N. and underlying steeply north, was opened up from Praed's Shaft, 160 yds. E. by N. of Pearce's, on the underlie to the 76-fm. Level. The lode is opened up at Adit Level from 40 fms. W. of Pearce's Shaft, eastwards, but, according to the plan, the development below on Wheal Kitty Sump Lode and its North Branch is on the 100-fm. to the 160-fm. levels from 40 fms. W. of Pearce's Shaft (where the ends of the drives are only a few fathoms from those eastwards on North Russo section; some may connect), to the intersection with Wheal Mary Lode, a distance of about 160 fms. The same levels divide and follow South Branch, which is opened up at higher levels for 60 fms. E. of Praed's Shaft. There is no longitudinal section for Wheal Kitty Sump Lode. The part of the lode known as Fox's, was worked from Fox's Shaft, 205 yds. E.N.E. of Praed's, on the underlie to the 180-fm. Level. From Fox's Shaft the 10-fm. Level extends 10 fms. W. and the drives become successively longer down to the 170-fm. Level which is driven 36 fms. W. ; these drives meet the intersection with Wheal Mary Lode. The drives east also increase in length downwards from 30 fms. E. at the 20-fm. Level to 120 fms. E. at the 160-fm. Level; the 170-fm. Level is shorter and the 180 frn. Level extends 10 fms. E. and 15 fms. W. There is patchy stoping from the 10-fm. Level to the 80-fm., but from the 90-fm. to the 170-fm. the lode is extensively stoned for 30 fms. W. and 90 fms. E. of the shaft.

The next lode to the south, coursing E. 18° to 30° N. and underlying 18° S., lies 20 to 30 fms. S. of North Russo Lode. In Old Tincroft section, in the west, it is known as Bramble Lode, in Wheal Margaret section as Wheal Margaret Lode and in Wheal Kitty section as Mushell's Lode. In Old Tincroft it was opened up from Diamond Shaft, 385 yds. S. of Cuckoo Rock and 330 yds. E. by N. of Nancledra school, on the underlie to the 36-fm. Level; Old Tincroft Shaft, 85 yds. E. by N. of Diamond, on the underlie to the 42-fm. Level, and Bramble Shaft, 105 yds. E. by N. of Old Tincroft, on the underlie to the 42-fm. Level. In Wheal Margaret section is Wheal Margaret (or Western) Engine Shaft, 185 yds. E. by N. of Bramble Shaft, on the underlie to the 80-fm. Level and in Wheal Kitty section, Mushell's Shaft (possibly that named William's Shaft on the Ordnance map), 205 yds. E.N.E. of Wheal Margaret Engine Shaft, on the underlie to the 180-fm. Level; North Russo Shaft, 190 yds. E.N.E. of Mushell's, on the underlie to the 170-fm. Level; North Russo Engine Shaft, 40 yds. E.N.E. of North Russo, on the underlie to the 150-fm. Level, and South Brunnion Shaft, 65 yds. E.N.E. of North Russo Engine, on the underlie to the 150-fm. Level. Neither of the two shafts named North Russo seem to be connected with North Russo Lode. Between Diamond and Wheal Margaret Engine shafts the lode, according to the plan, is only partially developed down to the 42-fm. Level. The 80-fm. Level from the bottom of Wheal Margaret Engine Shaft connects with Mushell's Shaft and there are no drives shown above this except at adit. The 100-fm., 110-fm. and 120-fm. levels extend about 70 fms. W. of Mushell's Shaft and the 130-fm. anu 140-fm. levels about 30 fms. W. Between Mushell's and North Russo shafts the lode is fully blocked out from adit to the 170-fm. Level and the 180-fm. extends for 30 fms. E. of the former shaft. Between North Russo and South Brunnion shafts the lode is fully developed down to the 150-fm. Level and the 160-fm. extends for 45 fms. E. of the former shaft. East of South Brunnion Shaft the 30-fm. Level extends for 25 fms., the 56-fm. Level for 45 fms. and the 70-fm. Level for 90 fms. The 100-fm., 110-fm. and 120-fm. levels are driven for 170 fms. E. of South Brunnion Shaft ; these are the longest drives in this direction but from 75 fms. to 140 fms. E. of that shaft there are levels down to the 180-fm., presumably from winzes. The 140-fm. and 150-fm. levels extend about 48 fms. E. of South Brunnion Shaft. There is no longitudinal section of the workings on this lode. From Adit Level at 5 fms. E. of Mushell's Shaft a crosscut 170 fms. N.N.W. intersects North Russo Lode at 20 fms. and Wheal Mary Lode at 120 fms.; it passes 10 fms. E. of Old Engine Shaft on the last lode.

Bolitho Shaft, 260 yds. E. by N. of South Brunnion Shaft, is on an unnamed lode coursing E. 18° S. and underlying 20° S. The shaft follows the underlie to the 60-fm. Level and the lode is opened up to about 30 fms. W. and 25 fms. E. of the shaft at the 20-fm., 30-fm., 50-fm. and 60-fm. levels ; the amount of stoping is not known.

South Russo Lode, coursing E. 15° N. and underlying 8°S., branches from the hangingwall of Mushell's Lode just east of Mushell's Shaft. It was developed by drives from the workings on Mushell's Lode and from Ellis's Shaft 73 yds. S.S.E. of North Russo Shaft, on the underlie to the 80-fm. Level; Park Chapel Shaft, 85 yds. E. by N. of Ellis's on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level, and Boundary Shaft, 110 yds. E. by N. of Park Chapel, on the underlie to the 90-fm. Level. Just east of Boundary Shaft the lode splits into North Branch, which continues E. 15° N. and South Branch which courses E. 10° N. and underlies 10° S. The latter branch was developed from Giesler's Shaft, 148 yds. E. of Boundary Shaft and 280 yds. N.W. of Polpeor Methodist Chapel, on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level. West of Ellis's Shaft the 50-fm. Level is driven 100 fms. to join Mushell's Shaft, and eastwards the lode and North Branch are developed down to the 80-fm. Level to nearly 50 fms. E. of Boundary Shaft. The 90-fm.

Level leaves the drive on Mushell's Lode at 20 fms. E. of Mushell's Shaft and extends 190 fms. E. to join Boundary Shaft and the 100-fm. Level, from Mushell's Lode near Mushell's Shaft, extends 55 fms. E. On South Branch only Adit Level leaves the lode at Boundary Shaft and extends to 40 fms. E. of Giesler's Shaft. From the latter shaft the 30-fm. and 50-fm. levels are driven for 48 fms. W. and about 30 fms. E., the 60-fm. Level for 18 fms. W. and 50 fms. E. and the 70-fm. Level for 8 fms. W. and 70 fms. E.; the amount of stoping on South Russo Lode is not known.

About midway between the eastern ends of the levels on Mushell's and South Russo lodes, which are here about 50 fms. apart, is Wicker's Lode, coursing E. 22° N. and underlying partly north and partly south. It was opened up from Growan Shaft, 75 yds. N.N.W. of Giesler's, to the 40-fm. Level and Wicket's Shaft, 120 yds. E.N.E. of Growan, to the 100-fm. Level. Adit, the 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels extend 30 fms. W. of Growan Shaft. The 40-fm. joins Growan and Wicket's shafts and continues 85 fms. E. of the latter. From the 50-fm. to the 86-fm. the lode is opened up for about 30 fms. W. and to a maximum (at the 70-fm.) of 135 fms. E. of Wicket's Shaft and the 100-fm. extends about 10 fms. W. and 20 fms. E.; the amount of stoping is not known. A crosscut 155 fms. N. by W. from the eastern end of the workings on South Russo Lode, South Branch, at the 86-fm. Level, intersects Wicket's Lode at 50 fms., Wheal Kitty Sump Lode, South Branch, at 140 fms. and meets North Branch.

Trencrom Mine, lying at the east of the Wheal Sisters sett, worked a lode coursing N.E. and almost in alignment with Fox's Lode of Wheal Kitty; the underlie is 22° N.W. The lode was worked from Trencrom Engine Shaft, 85 yds. N.N.W. of the road junction in Trencrom hamlet, on the underlie to the 130-fm. Level; Hollow Shaft, 150 yds. N.E. of Trencrom Engine, on the underlie to the 170-fm. Level, and Dawe's or Curnow's Shaft, 220 yds. N.E. of Hollow, on the underlie to the 80-fm. Level; there are other shallow shafts. Drives south-west from Trencrom Engine Shaft are generally short but the 80-fm. and 90-fm. extend 40 fms. S.W. Down to the 80-fm. Level the lode is fully blocked out from Trencrom Engine Shaft to about 20 fms. N.E. of Dawe's Shaft, and, down to the 130-fm. Level, from Trencrom Engine Shaft to 80 fms. N.E. of Hollow Shaft. The 140-fm., 150-fm. and 160-fm. levels extend for about 40 fms. S.W. and 80 fms. N.E.; the 170-fm. Level is short. There is a longitudinal section reputed to be of the workings on this lode, but it is very different from the plan and correlation of shafts is doubtful. The deepest level shown on it is the 100-fm. at a shaft called Engine Shaft from which the lode is blocked out for about 20 fms. W. and 60 fms. E. and there is some patchy stoping. The shafts on this section, apart from Engine Shaft, are unnamed, but the names are given on a similar section with Lelant Consols plans (A.M. R 94).

It is not clear when the amalgamation of the smaller mines into Wheal Sisters took place for the records under that name date from before those of the individual mines. It is possible that a small property was called Wheal Sisters before the amalgamation. Records of output are as follows:-Wheal Sisters: 1825–48, 3,006 tons of 8 per cent copper ore; 1845–8, 1875 to 1900, 4,650 tons of black tin and 2,990 tons of 8 per cent copper ore. Wheal Kitty: 1834–9, 1852–7, 3,160 tons of 15 per cent copper ore. Wheal Mary: 1837–9, 1848–76, 3,940 tons of black tin and 1,540 tons of 6 per cent copper ore. Wheal Margaret: 1855–7, 3,340 tons of black tin. Mary and Kitty United: 1860–2, 60 tons of black tin. Trencrom Mine: 1861–72, 1,025 tons of black tin and 2 tons of copper ore. Mary and Trencrom: 1877, 230 tons of black tin.

Mineral Statistics gives the following production figures:- Sisters: 1845–48, 2,986 tons of 8 per cent copper ore; 1875–1901, 5,368 tons and 1908. 2 tons of black tin—Mr Justin Brooke maintains that these figures correctly refer to a mine of the same title in St. Neot parish (p.613). Margaret: 3,378 tons of black tin in 1855–75. Polpeor: 1874–75, 393 tons of black tin. Old Tincroft Consols: 1875, 15 tons of tinstuff and 1876, 4.5 tons of black tin. New Tincroft United: 1877–79, 504 tons of tinstuff worth £232. Trencrom: 1862, 2 tons of high grade copper ore; 1861–75, 937 tons and 1913, 6 tons of black tin—these returns may include some properly attributable to New Trencom Mine (pp.135–6). Mary: 1855–76, 3,304 tons of black tin. Mary and Trencrom: 1877, 228 tons of black tin. Kitty: 1852–73, 2,192 tons of black tin. The return quoted for Mary and Kitty United refers to Wheal Mary in Redruth according to Mineral Statistics. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Lelant Consols

[SW 50465 35910] A small mine in granite country, half a mile E. of Nancledra (6-in. Corn. 68 N.E.) and 200 yds. S. of the western workings of Wheal Sisters. The plan (A.M. R 94) shows an E.-W. lode, underlying 15^° S. and worked from Engine Shaft, 100 yds. S. by E. of the stone cross at Brunnion Carn, on the underlie to the 80-fm. Level ; Richard's Shaft, 100 yds. E. of Engine, on the underlie to the 60-fm. Level and Rodd's Shaft, 65 yds. E. of Richard's to the 20-fm. Level. Adit Level (16 fms.) extends from Engine Shaft to 18 fms. E. of Rodd's; the 20-fm. Level from 23 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to 20 fms. E. of Rodd's; the 30-fm. Level from 28 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to Richard's; the 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels from 36 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to 100 fms. and 85 fms. E. respectively of Richard's; the 60-fm. Level from 40 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to Richard's; the 70-fm. Level for 30 fms. W. and 25 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and the 80-fm. Level for 20 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. Stoping is patchy but spread fairly evenly over the blocked-out ground; about 35 per cent of the developed area has been removed. At the eastern end of Adit Level a crosscut 20 fms. N. meets another lode on which there is a drive 20 fms. E.N.E. to a fourth shaft; there are tiny stopes above and below this latter drive. Another lode, coursing E. 14° N. was worked from a shaft 170 yds. S. of Engine Shaft, and others 300 yds. W.S.W. of the first and some 100 yds. N.E. of Lock Farm; there are no plans of the workings here which may have gone under the name Trembethow. From 1853 to 1857 the mine produced 144 tons of black tin and in 1864, 12 tons.

Praed Consols

[SW 51625 36030] In the area covering the southern and south-western slopes of Trencrom Hill (6-in. Corn. 68 N.E.) there are reputed to be 8 or 9 lodes trending about N.E. by E. within a transverse distance of about 600 yds. Some of these were tried in the area north of Ninnesbridge under the name Praed Consols, which included an older mine called Wheal Cherry. Praed Consols plan (A.M. R 121) shows four detached sets of workings which cannot now be located with certainty; the plan is not oriented. The chief working is from an underlay shaft called Tyringham, which has drives 50 fms. long at the 20-fm. and 35-fm. levels. Other workings, presumably west, south and south-east of Tyringham Shaft are, respectively, 150 yds., 130 yds. and 220 yds. away, all are at Adit Level only, and the longest drive, of 50 fms., is at the south working which is on Wheal Cherry North Lode.

Trevarrack

[SW 52375 37215] A small mine 1.25 miles W. of Uny Lelant (6-in. Corn. 68 N.W.). Situated in granite country, 350 yds. W. of the contact, is Brown's Shaft, 300 yds. N.W. of Beersheba farm, around which there is granite debris with peach veinstone. There are no other records.

Trevarrack: Also known as Wheal Thunder. Started in the early 1870's, it was sunk to 61 fms. below surface. The lode was 3 ft. wide with a little tin. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

New Trencrom

[SW 51455 36750] 2 miles S.W. by W. of Uny Lelant. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 N.E.; A.M. 8157. Also known as Trencrom Hill Mine and includes Mount Lane Mine [SW 522 364]. Country : granite, overlain to the east by metamorphosed killas.

The property has a sett 600 yds. wide by 1,300 yds. long, oriented with its longer axis about E.N.E. (more or less the local lode trend) through the summit of Trencrom Hill, which is about 200 yds. inside the granite boundary. The sett, therefore, includes part of the area worked in Praed Consols and the plan (dated 1925) shows workings on Wheal Cherry Lode and two others called respectively North and South lodes. The property was being investigated in 1907 and again in 1911, and between 1919 and 1925 produced a little black tin, but does not appear to have progressed much beyond the stage of prospecting works.

North Lode, coursing E. 30° N. was opened up near the north-western margin of the sett about at its mid point, from three air shafts respectively 440 yds. W.S.W., 380 yds. W.S.W. and 285 yds. W. by S. of Mennor Methodist Chapel. The western shaft is 21 fms. deep, the middle shaft 16 fms. deep and the eastern shaft 9 fms. deep. Shallow Adit Level commences 12 yds. W. of the eastern shaft collar and is driven 84 fms. S.W. connecting with middle shaft at a depth of 6 fms. and western at a depth of 12 fms.; it extends 10 fms. S.W. of the latter. Deep Adit Level commences 80 yds. N.E. of eastern shaft and is driven, connecting with each shaft bottom, to 26 fms. S.W. of western shaft, a length of about 142 fms. There are some tiny stopes between Shallow and Deep adits west of the western shaft on Deep Adit between western and middle shafts and east of eastern shaft above Shallow Adit. Sampling over much of Deep Adit Level gave values ranging between 3 and 50 lb. of black tin per ton and averaging about 22 lb. to the west of middle shaft, and 12 lb. to the east of it, over a width of 18 in.

South Lode, coursing E. 22° N., was opened up by an adit with portal (on the granitekillas contact), 340 yds. S.E. by E. of the Methodist Chapel and 20 yds. E. of the road from Mennor to Lelant Down and a shaft 11 fms. deep, 18 yds. W. of the road. Adit Level extends 80 fms. W. of the portal and at 50 fms. W. the drive divides, following a branch for a few fathoms on the south side of the lode; no further details are known save that the lode is reputed to be wide and to average 5 lb. of black tin per ton.

Wheal Cherry Lode, striking E. 20° N. across the southern corner of the sett, was opened up from China Clay Shaft, 350 yds. E. by N. of Ninnesbridge Methodist Chapel, 8 fms. deep ; Engine Shaft, 70 yds. E.N.E. of China Clay, 12 fms. deep; Wheal Cherry Shaft, 60 yds. E.N.E. of Engine, 12 fms. deep ; East Shaft, 37 yds. E.N.E. of Wheal Cherry, and Air Shaft, 68 yds. E.N.E. of East, 12 fms. deep. All reach Deep Adit Level which extends from 40 fms. W. of China Clay Shaft to 15 fms. E. of Air Shaft, a distance of 170 fms. Shallow Adit Level, about 4 fms. below surface, connects Wheal Cherry and East shafts. There are three tiny stopes above Shallow Adit Level. Assay values of a length of Deep Adit Level extending 30 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of Air Shaft, where the lode is in killas country show the content to range from 2 to 111 lb. of black tin per ton and to average about 23 lb. over 18 in.; no stoping has been done here. At Engine Shaft the lode splits eastwards and a drive follows the southern branch to 35 fms. E. of the shaft; it is 8 fms. from the lode at the eastern end.

A lode called Mount Lane Lode, coursing about E. 40° N. and underlying between 20^° N.W. and vertical, was opened up by the Non-Ferrous Development Control, under the name Mount Lane Mine, in 1943, when a shaft close to the east side of the road, 350 yds. S. by W. of Mennor Methodist Chapel, was deepened to 51 ft., and a level about 30 ft. from surface was extended to 30 ft. N.E. and 90 ft. S.W. of the shaft; the lode above this level has been, in part, stoped away by earlier workers. The country rock consists of fine-grained granite but in the end of the western drive large white feldspars are present. The lode is generally narrow and consists of a 2 to 6-in. leader of comby, vughy quartz with soft chloritic veins; at the footwall 6 to 8 in. of dark hard tourmaline peach occurs and at the hangingwall the country is altered for 2 ft. to dark tourmaline rock with red feldspars towards the outer margin. About 20 ft. E. of the shaft the lode is crossed at right angles by a half-inch quartz vein and 3 in. of soft earthy chlorite, underlying 20° S.W.; this exhibits slickensiding pitching 30° N.W. Beyond it the country rock is much broken and the lode, which is disordered, continues only some 4 or 5 ft. Samples taken in the level showed recovery to be only some 3 or 4 lb. of tin metal (chemical assay) over widths of 1.5 to 2.5 ft. One sample from the side of the shaft at a depth of 48 ft. showed 40–45 lb. of black tin at 55.7 per cent metal but values at the bottom were only 7 to 14 lb.; the project was abandoned after 3 or 4 months work.

Merth

[SW 52855 35650] 1.25 miles S.W. of Uny Lelant. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 N.E. This name is associated with a group of mines, known variously as East Wheal Margaret (A.M. R 20 B and 6238 B) [SW 52545 35775], Trevethoe Mine (A.M. 6238 A) [SW 52845 35670], Wheal Strawberry [SW 524 357], South Wheal Kitty (A.M. R 400) [SW 524 357] and Collurian Mine [SW 52765 35110]. Country : metamorphosed killas and greenstone, a quarter of a mile E. of the granite contact.

Several lodes, coursing generally about E.N.E., within a transverse distance of about 600 yds., occur on either side of the steep-sided valley, half a mile W. of Canon's Town on the Hayle-Penzance road. On the north side of the valley, about midway between the stream and Carntiscoe farm, is East Wheal Margaret (also called West Poldice or East Wheal Merth) and on the valley slopes between this and the stream is Wheal Merth sett. Close to the stream and 200 yds. E. or downstream from Wheal Merth is Trevethoe Mine and immediately east of it, Wheal Strawberry. South Wheal Kitty and Collurian Mine worked lodes on the south side of the valley opposite Wheal Merth. About 1900 to 1905 the mines were taken over under the name Trevethoe Mines Ltd., when some work was done underground at Trevethoe and some prospecting carried out at East Wheal Margaret and Collurian. This last mine was again prospected in 1937–8, retaining its original name; owing to false reports of the values proved at the period, the mine was again tried in 1942 but found to be below workable value above adit.

Merth: First recorded in 1740 since when it has been worked spasmodically, absorbing smaller nearby mines. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

East Wheal Margaret

[SW 52545 35775] East Wheal Margaret exploited two lodes, James's, coursing E. 10° N. and nearly vertical, and Curgenvening's, coursing E. 20° N. and underlying 14° S., about 95 yds. S. of James's. James's Lode was worked from Engine Shaft, 135 yds. S.E. of Carntiscoe farm, to the 77-fm. Level; New Shaft, 180 yds. W.S.W. of Engine, to the 57-fm. Level and Pool's Shaft, 80 yds. W.S.W. of New, to the 27-fm. Level. The longest drives are the 27-fm. and 37-fm. levels, the former extending from 20 fms. W. of Pool's Shaft to 50 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and the latter from 40 fms. W. of New Shaft to 70 fms. E. of Engine Shaft; each is about 200 fms. long. The 47-fm. and 57-fm. levels develop the lode from about 10 fms. W. of New Shaft to just east of Engine Shaft and the 67-fm. and 77-fm. levels are shorter, driven east and west from Engine Shaft. At Engine Shaft the lode splits eastwards and the southern branch has been developed between the 27-fm. and the 57-fm. levels for about 30 fms. E. of Engine Shaft; the lode and branch are about 6 fms. apart at the east ends of the drives. At 50 fms. W. of Engine Shaft on the 27-fm. Level, James's Lode is crossed by Caunter Lode, coursing about E. 30° N. and underlying south. This has been opened up for 55 fms. S.W. from James's Lode at the 27-fm. Level and by Davey's Shaft, 60 yds. S.E. of New Shaft, vertical to the 17-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 27-fm. The amount of stoping is not known. A crosscut 25 fms. N. from the 27-fm. Level at 35 fms. E. of New Shaft cuts four lodes on which there are short drives, and a crosscut 20 fms. S. from the 37-fm. Level at 55 fms. E. of Engine Shaft proves no further lodes. James's Lode is believed to have been opened up for a length of 100 fms. at Adit Level (10 fms. deep at Engine Shaft) during 1903, under Trevethoe Mines Ltd., and, according to a report in private possession in which it is referred to as Main Lode, it was found a few inches to 5 ft. wide and carried very irregular values ranging from nothing to 600 lb. of black tin per ton, while on a drive of about 63 fms. length at 10 frns. below adit it was valueless.

Curgenvening's Lode was opened up from Curgenvening's Shaft, 115 yds. S. by E. of Engine Shaft; on the underlie to the 40-fm. Level and James's Shaft, 135 yds. S.W. of the other, also on the underlie to the 40-fm. Level. Adit Level extends from 28 fms. S.W. of James's Shaft to 30 fms. N.B. of Curgenvening's, a distance of 125 fms. The 10-fm. and 20-fm. levels develop the lode from about 15 fms. S.W. of James's Shaft to 20 fms. N.E. of Curgenvening's. The 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels are each in two parts, one driven about 5 fms. each way from James's Shaft and the other extending 50 fms. W. from Curgenvening's Shaft. The amount of stoping is not known. During the operations under Trevethoe Mines Ltd., this lode is believed to have been prospected under the name South Lode. It was opened up for 32 fms. at Adit Level and for a short distance at 10 fms. below, and found to be 2 ft. wide; though carrying some values as high as 50 lb. of black tin to the ton on Adit Level it was elsewhere poor, yielding only 3 lb. over a width of 1.5 ft. on the 10-fm. Level.

This lode seems also to have been worked on the south side of the valley in South Wheal Kitty. Just west of the Collurian workings, there is a shaft 65 yds. S. of the stream and 380 yds. S. by W. of Carntiscoe farm, and another, 135 yds. S.W. of the first; these are in alignment with James's and Curgenvening's shafts. About 35 yds. N.E. of the shaft nearer the stream there is an open gunnis on the valley side about 3 ft. wide, 10 ft. deep and 15 yds. long.

Trevethoe Mine

[SW 52845 35670] Trevethoe Mine, during the 1900 and 1905 activity, seems to have carried out development only at adit and possibly at 10 fms. below, though the levels are not named on the plan (dated 1904). The lode, coursing about E. 20° to 30° N. and nearly vertical was opened up from Engine Shaft, 85 yds. N. of the stream and 570 yds. W.N.W. of Canon's Villa possibly to 10 fms. below adit. Adit commences as a crosscut 15 fms. N. from close to the stream 110 yds. W.S.W. of Engine Shaft. At 7 fms. from the entrance of the crosscut Adit Level is driven 100 fms. E.N.E., passing about 10 fms. S. of Engine Shaft. A level presumed to be the 10-fm. is driven 10 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. of a crosscut south from Engine Shaft, and a crosscut 12 fms. S. from the eastern end of this drive meets another lode that has been followed for 38 fms. E.N.E. The amount of stoning done, if any, is not known.

Wheal Strawberry Lode, coursing about E. 25° N. was worked from Strawberry Shaft, about 250 yds. E. of Engine Shaft at Trevethoe Mine and 90 yds. N. of the stream. The drainage adit extends from Strawberry Shaft for 140 fms. E.S.E., with three adit shafts, to its portal 120 yds. N. of Canon's Villa. Old shafts about 150 yds. S.E. of Splattenridden may be on Strawberry Lode. There are no plans of the workings.

Collurian Mine

[SW 52765 35110] Collurian Mine is an old work with surface excavations on the outcrops of three lodes. Two of these were opened up about 1900 by a crosscut adit south from its portal 37 yds. S. of the stream and 350 yds. S. by E. of Carntiscoe farm. The crosscut intersected No. 1 or Collurian Lode at 60 ft. from the entrance and No. 2 or Strawberry Lode at 240 ft. No. 1 Lode courses E. 12° N. and underlies 24° S. and No. 2 Lode courses E. 20° N. and underlies 20° N. No. 1 Lode was opened up to 180 ft. W. and the drive was connected to a shaft at 78 ft. W. of the crosscut; the drive east soon entered collapsed gunnisses. No. 2 Lode was followed for 200 ft. E.; at 156 ft. E. of the crosscut a shaft from surface, said to be 50 ft. deep, is short of connection with the drive by 20 ft. The workings were reopened in 1937 and of nine samples taken on No. 2 Lode, two showed values of over 200 lb. of black tin per ton, one of over 80 lb., one of over 20 lb., and the rest were below economic value; the average width was 21 in. Again reopened in 1942 by the wartime Non-Ferrous Development Control, the drive west on No. 1 Lode was extended 50 ft. S.W. on a narrow quartz string and from the end of this a crosscut 40 ft. N. and 30 ft. S. failed to prove a lode; narrow veins of granite traverse the greenstone country here. The lode splits westwards into thin quartz strings in greenstone country. The crosscut south, which is all in greenstone country with occasional bands of killas except for about 40 ft. at the entrance which is entirely in kiilas, was extended 60 ft. beyond No. 2 Lode where it met a small E.-W. quartz stringer of no value. No. 2 Lode was opened up for 60 ft. W. of the crosscut, where it also splits into small quartz strings, and the drive east extended by about 20 ft. or so where a small winze was sunk. The lode in the drive east is about 2.5 ft. wide, consisting, near the hangingwall, of quartz bands, in places cementing greenstone breccia, towards the footwall of a main leader, a foot or so wide, of quartz and hard, green, chloritic peach, occasionally showing comb structure with vughy centre, and, along the footwall, of a soft olive-green chlorite with red staining, carrying some cassiterite. Sampling at every five feet along this eastern drive on No. 2 Lode gave an average of 3.03 lb. of black tin per ton over a width of 27 in., the values ranging from 0.8 lb. to 9.6 lb.

The third lode in Collurian section, coursing E. 12° N. was worked at an early period in a series of shallow shafts and small surface pits extending 400 yds. W. from an old shaft situated 400 yds. W.S.W. of Canon's Villa.

Records of output are:-East Wheal Margaret: 1852–65, 789 tons of black tin and 2 tons in 1902. Trevethoe: 1903 and 1905, 7.5 tons of black tin.

Treloweth

[SW 54130 35565] 0.75 mile S. of Uny Lelant. l-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.W.; A.M. R 256. Country: killas.

The lode, coursing E. 30° N. and underlying 30° N.W. on the west side of Hayle River valley may be the westward extension of the lode of West Wheal Alfred of the Gwinear district (see (Map 3)). It was opened up from Coles Engine Shaft, 220 yds. E. of St. Erth Station entrance, vertical to the 60-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 154-fm. Level below adit (3 fms.), and Woodfall's Shaft, 178 yds. S.W. of Coles Engine, vertical to the 30-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 80-fm. There are numerous other adit and shallow shafts, notably Brightman's, 205 yds. E.N.E. of Coles Engine, sunk to about 20 fms. depth but with no drives from it save adit (2 fms. depth), and a short drive at 16 fms. below, and Old Water Engine Shaft, 176 yds. W.S.W. of Woodfall's, 15 fms. deep with adit at 4 fms. depth. Development is somewhat irregular. Adit Level extends far beyond the deeper workings but is not shown completely on the plan (dated 1855). West of Woodfall's Shaft the 20-fm. Level is driven for 40 fms., the 50-fm. Level for 76 fms. and the 60-fm., 70-fm. and 80-fm. levels each for about 45 fms. East of Woodfall's Shaft the only drives are the 40-fm., 60-fm. and 70-fm. which all connect with Coles Engine Shaft. Apart from the three drives just mentioned, levels from Coles Engine Shaft down to the 126-fm. Level develop the lode for about 50 fms. E. and 20 fms. W.; the 134-fm. Level extends for 100 fms. E. and 56 fms. W.; the 144-fm. Level for 90 fms. E. and 15 fms. W., and the 154-fm. Level for 30 fms. E. Stoping is patchy and confined between the 50-fm. and 80-fm. levels for 20 fms. E. and 25 fms. W. of Woodfall's Shaft and between the 60-fm. and 144-fm. levels for 40 fms. E. and 20 fms. W. of Coles Engine Shaft; some slopes between the 60-fm. and 80-fm. levels, however, extend for 55 fms. E. and between the 134-fm. and 144-fm. levels for 95 fms. E. In all about 15 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed and the stope pattern suggests east pitching ore shoots. A crosscourse trending N. 32° W. and with slight westerly underlie intersects the lode about 40 fms. W. of Woodfall's Shaft and heaves it about 4 fms. right. Another crosscourse, trending N. 5° W., crops out 35 yds. E. of Woodfall's Shaft; this underlies 8° E. down to the 70-fm. Level, 50° E. down to the 90-fm. Level and 20° E. below; it is not encountered by any drives above the 40-fm. Level, save adit; it appears to heave the lode 3 fms. left on the 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels but not below.

At about 40 fms. W. of Woodfall's Shaft a crosscut follows the western crosscourse for 60 fms. N. at the 60-fm. Level and another for 65 fms. S. from the 50-fm. Level; they appear to have met no further lodes. Adit continues west following a crooked course to several adit shafts, the most westerly being 240 yds. W.S.W. of Woodfall's Shaft. From a shaft 120 yds. W.S.W. of Woodfall's, a crosscut adit extends 70 fms. S.E. and 85 fms. N.W. to another adit shaft 90 yds. W.S.W. of the railway station entrance; thence the adit crosscut continues 70 fms. W. by N. to yet another adit shaft and there turns north-west for 75 fms.; it appears to have proved no further lodes. There is a detached working from two shafts close to and one on either side of the railway embankment 450 yds. S.W. of St. Erth Station. The shafts are connected probably at adit level and, from the northern one, a drive 10 fms. E.N.E. and 23 fms. W.S.W. follows a lode. From about 3 fms. E. of the northern shaft, from this level, a crosscut 35 fms. S.S.E. seems to follow a crosscourse.

At the 116-fm. Level, near Engine Shaft, the lode was 15 ft. wide and of quartz with copper ore; it was still large and patchily ore-bearing at 134 fms. Work began in 1812. Official statistics give:- 1854–66, 6,283 tons of 6.5 per cent copper ore and 1900–01, 10 tons of black tin.

References

CANN, F. C. 1917. The Mines, Lodes and Minerals of the Stennack Valley, St. Ives. Trans. Corn. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. x, pp. 11–25.

COLLINS, J. H. 1912. Observations on the West of England Mining Region. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn vol. xiv.

DINES, H. G. 1930. Uranium in Cornwall. Mining Mag., vol. xlii, pp. 213–7.

GILBERT, J. 1878. A Vugh in St. Ives Consols Mine. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. ix, pp. 158–60.

HAWKINS, J. 1822. On the stratified deposits of Tin-stone, called Tin-floors, and on the diffusion of Tin-stone through the mass of some primitive rocks. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. ii, pp. 30–48.

HENWOOD, W. J. 1843. On the Metalliferous Deposits of Cornwall and Devon. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. v.

HENWOOD, W. J. 1865. Observations on Providence Mines. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. vii, pp. 179–84.

HENWOOD, W. J. 1873. On the Detrital Tin Ore of Cornwall. Journ. Roy. Inst. Corn., vol. iv, pp. 191254.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1907. Mining Appendix in The Geology of the Land's End District (Sheets 351, 358). Mem. Geol. Sun^,.

PENBERTHY, J. 1846. Notes of the discovery of a quantity of pitchblende, at Providence Mines, near St. Ives. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. vi, pp. 106–7.

TROUNSON, J.H.1942. The Cornish Mineral Industry, Part iii, St. Just and St. Ives Mining Districts. Mining Mag., vol. lxvii, pp. 119–30.

3. Gwinear District

In the Gwinear district (Map 3), situated between the Hayle River estuary and the western edge of Carnmenellis granite, the country rock consists of killas of the Mylor series with intrusions of greenstone and elvan dykes. The greenstone occurs in masses along a belt of country, about a mile wide, extending from just south of St. Erth and through Gwinear town. The elvan dykes course approximately E.N.E., though some of later date than the others strike more to the east. The lodes also trend E.N.E., but a few, notably around Fraddam, are caunter lodes striking east or south-east. The crosscourses present trend N.N.W., and one, known as the Great Fluccan, that heaves the lodes to the right-hand, passes through Alfred Consols and Fraddam and continues into the Breage neighbourhood to the south.

Some of the lodes are brecciated and include lumps of granite as well as of local rocks (see Henwood 1843, Table xxxiii). They are, in some cases, associated with elvan dykes, and the tin deposits of Parbola and of Relistien consist of impregnated elvans. The lodes, on the whole, were found to be irregularly mineralized, the ores occurring as separate bunches or shoots, so that their exploitation was difficult (see Collins 1912, p. 181). With the possible exception of Parbola, none of the mines has been in active production in the present century though several have been unsuccessfully tried.

The district has produced mainly copper, though some tin has been raised. Small amounts of arsenic have been produced and wolfram has been recorded but not worked. In addition, minerals of the higher zones (including galena, cerussite, blende and silver ores) have been raised, occasionally from cross-courses, which have also been found to carry antimonite and cobalt, bismuth and uranium ores. Silver of the district occurs not only associated with the sulphides of copper ores and galena, but also as native silver, cerargyrite and pyrargyrite.

St. Erth-Gwithian

This area is a belt about 2 miles wide bordering the east side of Hayle or St. Erth River from a quarter of a mile S. of St. Erth to the estuary at Hayle and thence following the coast north-eastwards to 3 miles beyond Gwithian.

The country rocks are mainly killas with some greenstones east of St. Erth, where elvan dykes also occur, trending E.N.E. The mines were essentially copper producers the chief being the group known as Alfred Consols or Great Wheal Alfred, with a recorded production approaching 160,000 tons of concentrates. Small amounts of zinc and lead ores have been raised at many of the mines, and also a little silver. Tin is recorded from only three of the mines and outputs are insignificant, the largest, 80 tons of black tin, having come from Mellanear. Records of the nature of the lodes and of details of mineral associations are lacking. Many of the mines had commenced before the 19th century, most had ceased operations soon after the 1850's and all finished before the present century.

West Alfred

[SW 55125 35905] 0.5 mile N. of St. Erth. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.W.; A.M. R 192 A. Country: killas.

West Alfred: Started life as Wheal Trelissick. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

In this mine two lodes have been developed and two others tried. Main Lode courses E. 15° N. and underlies 32° N.; it has been developed for a length of about 370 fms., and North Part, parallel to and a few fathoms north of Main Lode, has been opened up for 95 fms.

The others, known as Fluccan and Old Whim Shaft lodes, are both proved beyond the western end of the workings on Main Lode.

The distances between the various shafts as shown on the longitudinal section of Main Lode, do not agree exactly with those on the plan (dated 1855), and the section shows a horizontal surface throughout the length of the development, whereas the western shafts are on the alluvial tracts of St. Erth River (13 ft. 0.D.) while the eastern ones, on the valley side, are on ground rising above the 50-ft. contour. Levels are named according to their depths vertically below surface but the longitudinal section is drawn in the plane of the lode, the bottom (55-fm.) level being about 70 fms. below surface as measured down the underlay.

The mine is reputed to have reached a depth of 100 fms. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

The shafts on Main Lode are Leman's, on the west side of the alluvial tract, 250 yds. S. by W. of the railway bridge over St. Erth River, vertical to the 37-fm. Level ; Mexico, on the eastern margin of the alluvium, 250 yds. S.E. of the bridge, vertical to the 55-fm. Level and passing through the lode between that and the 45-fm. Level; Footway, 70 yds. S.S.E. of Mexico, a crooked incline to the 30-fm. Level; Carr's Engine, 87 yds. E. by N. of Mexico, a vertical shaft shown on the longitudinal section to the 55-fm. Level and on the plan to pass just north of that level but with no crosscuts south to the lode; Old Engine, 93 yds. E. by S. of Mexico, vertical to just below the 37-fm. Level, and Goddard's, 108 yds. E. of Old Engine, vertical to the 37-fm. Level. The shallowest drive is the 11-fm. Level which extends 16 fms. E. from Footway Shaft, and the next, the 23-fm. which extends 85 fms. E. from Old Engine Shaft. Apart from these, the plans show no development above the 30-fm. Level; this opens up the lode for 27 fms. E. and 140 fms. W. of the crosscut 18 fms. S. from Mexico Shaft. It is, however, in two parts separated by about 8 fms., the last 60 fms. at the western end being from a rise from the western end of the 37-fm. Level. The 37-fm. is the longest drive, extending 217 fms. E. and 82 fms. W. of the crosscut 11 fms. S. from Mexico Shaft. The 45-fm. Level extends for 156 fms. E. and 26 fms. W. of Mexico Shaft and the 55-fm. for 116 fms. E. and 10 fms. W. The largest block of stoping is from just below the 11-fm. Level to the 45-fm. extending 40 fms. E. and 30 fms. W. of Mexico Shaft. There are small stopes above the 30-fm. Level at Leman's Shaft, above the 45-fm. Level just east of Old Engine Shaft and above the 55-fm. Level 40 fms. E. of Mexico Shaft.

North Part Lode is developed from crosscuts north from Main Lode workings. The 11-fm. Level near Footway Shaft, 7 fms. N. of the drive on Main Lode, is 20 fms. long, the 30-fm. Level is driven for 52 fms. E. from Footway Shaft and for 5 fms. E. and 15 fms. W. of the crosscut from Mexico Shaft; there is a short drive on the 55-fm. Level just north of Mexico Shaft, where North Part lies 4 fms. N. of Main Lode; the amount of stoping is not known.

Of the other two lodes Fluccan Lode was opened up from Coles Engine Shaft, 80 yds. W. by N. of Leman's Shaft. At a depth of 40 fms. a crosscut 20 fms. S.S.E. intersects the lode, coursing E. 10° N., at 4 fms., but the drives are short. The crosscut passes through the position of Main Lode 10 fms. W. of the western end of the 30-fm. Level but there is no development from it.

The other lode was developed to a small extent from Old Whim Shaft, 66 yds. W.S.W. of Leman's Shaft, vertical to a depth of 14 fms. At 10 fms. depth a crosscut 25 fms. S,E. passes through the lode, coursing about N.E. and underlying north, at 10 fms.; the lode has been opened up for 5 fms. N.E. and 10 fms. S.W. of the crosscut. At 14 fms. depth a crosscut 5 fms. S. meets the lode which has thence been followed for 20 fms. N.E.

The output from 1815 to 1854 is recorded as 4,325 tons of 7 per cent copper ore.

According to A. K. Hamilton Jenkin output was 5,014 tons of copper ore in 1820–27. The mine was reworked in 1851–61. The lode was said to reach a width of 18–24 ft. in places. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Mellanear

[SW 56085 36165] 0.75 mile N.E. by N. of St. Erth. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.W.; A.M. R 54 and 2374. Country: killas traversed by an elvan dyke.

Main Lode, which courses E. 15° N. on the west and E.-W. on the east and underlies 28° N., is the eastward extension of Main Lode of West Wheal Alfred; it has been developed for a distance of nearly 400 fms., to a depth of 150 fms. below adit (13 fms.); North Lode, coursing E. 25° N. and underlying 18° N., 60 fms. N. of Main Lode, has been opened up to a small extent in the east of the property. The blue-grey killas country is traversed by an elvan dyke which strikes nearly parallel to Main Lode, crops out 200 yds. S. of it and, with a flat northerly dip, is intersected by the lode about 100 fms. below surface.

The shafts on Main Lode are Gundry's, 300 yds. N.E. of Trclissick, vertical to the 100-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 150-fm.; Skip, 320 yds. E. by S. of Gundry's, vertical to Adit Level and on the underlie to the 100-fm.; Mellanear or Engine, 60 yds. N.B. of Skip (and 100 yds. N. of Mellanear cottages), vertical to the 50-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 110-fm., and Garden or Old Engine, 55 yds. S.E. of Mellanear, vertical to the 40-fm. Level. Levels above the 100-fm. are mainly driven from crosscuts south-south-east from Gundry's Shaft. From the 30-fm. to the 70-fm. levels the lode splits westward at 10 fms. to 20 fms. W. of the Gundry's Shaft crosscuts but the two branches reunite 30 to 50 fms. or more farther west; their maximum distance apart is 7 fms.

According to the section, depths of levels at Gundry's Shaft are below surface while at Skip, Engine and Garden shafts they are below adit (12 fms.), thus the 50-fm. Level on the east becomes the 60-fm. Level on the west. Adit Level extends 100 fms. W. and 112 fms. E. of Skip Shaft only; it is crooked and off the lode in places. From Garden Shaft the 12-fm. and 20-fm. levels extend about 20 fms. E.; the lode here assumes a steep dip above the 30-fm. Level. In the east, the 30-fm. Level extends from 20 fms. E. of Garden Shaft to 63 fms. W. of Skip Shaft, a distance of 130 fms. and in the west, the 30-fm. Level from Gundry's Shaft extends 65 fms. W. The 40-fm. Level west from Gundry's Shaft (which corresponds in depth with the 30-fm. on the east) is 80 fms. long and divides to follow both branches of the lode for 30 fms. The 50-fm. Level at Gundry's Shaft extends 50 fms. E. and 70 fms. W., the west drive follows both the two branches of the lode for the last 50 fms. but the drives do not reunite. The 50-fm. Level from Mellanear Shaft extends 160 fms. W. and there joins, by a short winze, the 60-fm. of Gundry's Shaft which continues to 136 fms. W. of Gundry's Shaft, a total distance of 330 fms. Below the last, all levels are named as from surface at Gundry's Shaft. The 70-fm., 80-fm., 90-fm., 100-fm. and 110-fm. levels block out the lode from Mellanear Shaft to 150 fms. W. of Gundry's, the 120-fm. Level extends 55 fms. W. and 70 fms. E. of Gundry's Shaft; the 130-fm. and 140-fm. levels are driven for 20 fms. W. and 50 fms. E. and the 150-fm. for 20 fms. E. Stoping is fairly uniformly spread over the whole of the developed ground from the 10-fm. Level to the 100-fm. Level and there are some small stopes on the levels below, to the 140-fm. at Gundry's Shaft; in all about 48 per cent of the ground has been removed.

North Lode was opened up from North Shaft, 100 yds. N. by E. of Mellanear Shaft, vertical to about 20 fms. below adit. A crosscut 10 fms. S. meets the lode at Adit Levehwhich is driven 18 fms. W. and 20 fms. E. (to drainage adit), and a winze, beginning 3 fms. E. of the crosscut meets the shaft at depth; from it the 12-fm. Level is driven 8 fms. each way.

Drainage adit, with an air shaft on it 60 yds. N. by E. of Garden Shaft, connects with the eastern end of Adit Level on North Lode at 68 fms. N. of Garden Shaft; thence, as shown on plan R 90 A of West Alfred Consols, it continues 68 fms. N. to its portal near the stream that flows north-westwards to Hayle. A crosscut from the eastern end of Adit Level on Main Lode, 63 fms. E. of Garden Shaft, extends 12 fms. N.W. and 8 fms. S.E.; it intersects a N.W. lode 10 fms. N. of Main Lode, on which there are short drives. There are three prospecting crosscuts, one driven 83 fms. S. from the 70-fm. Level on Main Lode, 80 fms. E. of Gundry's Shaft, the second 53 fms. N.N.W. from the 70-fm. Level, 48 fms. E. of Gundry's Shaft and the last, 183 fms. S.S.E. from the 30-fm. Level at Gundry's Shaft; all failed to prove further lodes.

The width and character of the lodes are not recorded; dumps contain quartz-chlorite veinstone with chalcopyrite, mispickel and pyrite and there are fine strings of pyrite traversing slaty country rock; blende and eassiterite are also present. The mine was an important copper producer and, according to Collins (1897, p. 81), was second only to Devon Great Consols between 1879 and 1888. Outputs are:-1815, 1816 and 1866–88, 66,410 tons of 6 per cent copper ore and 80 tons of black tin. The mine also produced 1,400 tons of blende and 12 tons of pyrite. The largest annual output of copper ore was 6,747 tons. Work appears to have ceased about 1890.

West Alfred Consols

[SW 56605 36420] 1.25 miles N.E. of St. Erth. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.W.; A.M. R 90 A. Formerly called Wheal Ann. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

Main Lode, coursing E. 28° N., and underlying 22° N., probably the eastward extension of Main Lode of Mellanear Mine, lies 260 yds. N. of the more or less parallel South Wheal Ann or South Lode. The killas country between them contains a north-dipping elvan dyke which trends about E. 40° N. so that it approaches the position of Main Lode about Halankene, but there are no records of its effect on the lode. A second elvan nearly parallel to the first, crops out about 80 yds. S. of South Lode.

Main Lode was worked from Phillip's or Flat Rod Shaft, 30 yds. W. of the stream and 285 yds. W.N.W. of Nineveh, vertical to the 55-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 110-fm. (but the deepest drive is the 95-fm.); Old Engine or Old Sump Shaft, 170 yds. E.N.E. of Phillip's Shaft, vertical to the 40-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 65-fm. ; Field's Engine Shaft, 130 yds. N.N.E. of Old Engine Shaft, vertical to the 85-fm. Level where it meets the lode, with crosscuts south to the lode above, and Footway Shaft, 107 yds. E. by N. of Old Engine Shaft, vertical to the 20-fm. Level, which it meets just west of the crosscut from Field's Engine Shaft.

The adit commences by the stream 30 yds. N. by E. of Phillip's Shaft and extends 80 fms. E. as a crosscut to meet the lode which it then follows for 417 fms. E.N.E., extending over 300 fms. beyond the limits of development at lower levels; it has nine air shafts, the most easterly of which is a quarter of a mile E.N.E. of Halankene. Adit Level is 5 fms. deep opposite Old Engine Shaft and 7 fms. deep at Field's Engine Shaft; Phillip's Shaft collar is at the same level as adit portal. The first level below adit is the 20-fm. which extends from 20 fms. W. of Old Engine Shaft to 50 fms. E. of Field's Engine Shaft, a total of 130 fms. The 30-fm. Level is driven for 25 fms. E. of Old Engine Shaft only, and the 36-fm. for 33 fms. W. of Phillip's Shaft only. The 40-fm. Level extends for 40 fms. W. and 50 fms. E. of Old Engine Shaft and the 50-fm. for 30 fms. W. The 55-fm., 65-fm. and 75-fm. levels block out the lode from about 100 fms. W. of Phillip's Shaft to 15 fms. E. of Field's Engine Shaft, a distance of about 250 fms. The 85-fm. Level extends for 85 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. of Phillip's Shaft and the 95-fm. for 20 fms. E.; there is also a drive 20 fms. long at the 95-fm. from the bottom of a winze below the 85-fm. at 65 fms. W. of Philip's Shaft. Longitudinal section R 54 of Mellanear Mine includes Phillip's Shaft; this shows a drive 30 fms. W. and 18 fms. E. of the shaft at the 100-fm. Level. The longitudinal section of West Alfred Consols (dated 1862) is not quite complete and does not show the westward drives on the 55-fm., 65-fm. and 75-fm. levels so far west as on the plan though they are indicated on R 54 of Mellanear. Stoping is patchy and mainly confined between about 6 fms. above the 55-fm. Level and the 75-fm. Level, extending from 50 fms. W. of Phillip's Shaft to 50 fms. E. of Old Engine Shaft. There is a small stope above and below the 20-fm. Level to 30 fms. E. of Old Engine Shaft and others on the 85-fm. Level, 15 fms. E. of Phillip's Shaft and on the 95-fm. Level west of that shaft.

South or South Wheal Ann Lode was opened up from two shafts, one 260 yds. E. and another 160 yds. S.E. of Nineveh. The first is vertical to Adit Level, which is driven 90 fms. E., and the second on the underlie to the 20-fm. Level below adit. From the second shaft Adit Level extends for 5 fms. E. and 45 fms. W., the 14-fm. Level for 35 fms. E. and 18 fms. W. and the 20-fm. for 10 fms. W. From the west end of Adit Level there is a crosscut 110 fms. N.W., with four air shafts; according to the plan this crosscut ends within 15 fms. of Adit Level on Main Lode. The amount of stoping on South Lode is not known.

From the 85-fm. Level on Main Lode, at 45 fms. W. of Phillip's Shaft, a crosscut 16 fms. N. by W. proves no further lodes, but another, 12 fms. N.W. and 15 fms. S.E. from Adit Level at an air shaft 270 yds. N.E. of Halankene, seems to have cut two lodes in the south drive, but neither was developed.

Main Lode was in places very wide, 8 ft. or more, but on entering an elvan it split into three narrow veins. On the 65-fm. and 75-fm. levels it carried local pockets of silver ore and some fibrous native silver. Rich tin ore is reported from the winze between the 85-fm. and 95-fm. levels. Minerals present are said to include mispickel, siderite, cerussite, calamine, native silver, argentite, cerargyrite, blende and copper ores. Records of output are:—Wheal Ann: 1815, 1816, 718 tons of copper ore. West Alfred Consols: 1852–65, 8,400 tons of 4.5 per cent copper ore, 3.5 tons of 58 per cent lead ore, 30 tons of zinc ore and 28 oz. of silver.

The mine began in 1805 and first closed in 1815. Re-opened in 1850 it soon changed title to West Alfred Consols and closed again in 1865. According to A. K. Hamilton Jenkin the output in 1815–16 was 662 tons of copper ore containing 41 tons of metal. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Official statistics give:- West Alfred Consols: 1851–65, 8,430 tons of 4.25 per cent copper ore; 1856–65, 5 tons of lead ore; 1862–64, 29.5 tons of zinc ore; and in 1862, tin worth £5. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988). (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Alfred Consols or Great Wheal Alfred

[SW 58345 37045] 1.5 miles N.E. of St. Erth. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.W., N.E.; A.M. R 90, R 127 and R 193. Includes Wheal Alfred (A.M. R 287 B) [SW 57785 37035] , East Wheal Alfred (A.M. 127A), North Wheal Alfred [SW 57210 37405] and South Wheal Alfred [SW 58880 36122]. Country: killas with greenstone intrusions, traversed by elvan dykes.

This large but fluctuating sett has also included part of West Alfred Consols, described above. The chief mines were Wheal Alfred, near the centre of the sett, and its western neighbour Alfred Consols, but the latter name has been applied to the whole group, as has also the name East Wheal Alfred. North Wheal Alfred lies 300 yds. N. of Wheal Alfred and South Wheal Alfred is 500 yds. S.

Alfred

[SW 57785 37035] Alfred Main Lode, which trends E.-W. on the west, E. 20° S. on the east and underlies 18^° to 20^° N., has been developed for a length of about 500 fms. and to a maximum depth of 230 fms. below adit (18 fms.). It is crossed by four other lodes, the first, on the west, called Middle Lode, trending about N. 40° E., has only been developed south of Main Lode; the second, about 100 fms. E. of the first, is called South Lode on the south side of Main Lode where it courses E. 35° N. and North Lode on the other side where it courses E. 10° to 40° N.; the third, called Branch or Weekses Lode, just over 100 fms. E. of North Lode, courses E. 20° N. and has been worked on both sides of Main Lode; all three have northerly dips near surface, but are nearly vertical in lower levels. The fourth is the western extension of Alfred Consols Lode that intersects Main Lode about 150 fms. E. of Branch Lode in the eastern end of the mine workings.

Main Lode was worked from Copper House or Taylor's Engine Shaft, 105 yds. N.N.W. of Wheal Alfred Methodist Chapel, vertical to the 125-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 230-fm.; Paynter's or Middle Engine Shaft, 140 yds. E. by N. of Copper House Shaft, vertical to the 125-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 200-fm.; Field's Engine or Woolf's Engine Shaft, 95 yds. E. of Paynter's, vertical to the 155-fm., passing through the lode at the 104-fm., whence there is also an incline on the underlie to the 155-fm.; Old Engine Shaft, 110 yds. S.E. by E. of Field's Engine, vertical to the 130-fm. Level, passing through the lode below the 40-fm.; Bull's Shaft, 53 yds. E.S.E. of Old Engine, vertical to the 90-fm. Level, passing through the lode at the 40-fm.; Cherry Garden or Cherry Tree Shaft, 112 yds. E. by N. of Bull's, vertical to the 80-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 125-fm.; Western Boundary Shaft, 185 yds. E. by S of Cherry Garden (and just north of Laity), vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 80-fm. Level, and Boundary or Treweek's Shaft, 120 yds. E.S.E. of Western Boundary, to just below adit.

Adit Level is continuous from 30 fms. W. of Copper House Shaft to 10 fms. E. of Boundary Shaft, a total of 440 fms. At the 10-fm. and 20-fm. levels the lode is developed from 20 fms. W. of Bull's Shaft to Boundary Shaft, some 210 fms. From the 30-fm. to the 76-fm., the levels block out the lode from 20 fms. W. of Copper House Shaft to 40 fms. E. of Western Boundary Shaft, a distance of about 400 fms. From the 80-fm. to the 150-fm. levels development extends from 20 fms. W. of Copper House Shaft to 95 fms. E. of Cherry Garden Shaft, about 360 fms. in all. From the 160-fm. to the 190-fm., the levels extend 100 fms. W. and 80 or 90 fms. E. of Copper House Shaft. The 200-fm., 210-fm. and 220-fm. levels block out the ground for 80 fms. W. and 40 fms. E. of Copper House Shaft; the 230-fm. Level, from the bottom of Copper House Shaft, is short.

The outcrop of a 60-ft. wide elvan that trends E. 40° N. and dips 45° N.W. crosses the position of Main Lode at Cherry Garden Shaft. Underground the elvan is intersected by the lode just above the 40-fm. Level at Bull's Shaft, at and below the 76-fm. Level at Field's Engine Shaft, at and below the 160-fm. Level at Copper House Shaft, and in the western ends of the 210-fm. and 220-fm. levels. The stope pattern suggests a main ore shoot with westerly pitch corresponding with the intersection of the elvan by lode, as though the former may have provided a feeder channel for the mineralizing solutions. The main ore shoot commences at Adit Level east of Bull's Shaft, where its horizontal measurement is 30 fms. At the 65-fm. Level the shoot extends 100 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. of the elvan. Down to the 150-fm. it extends for 60 fms. W. and 150 fms. E. and below the 150-fm. for 60 fms. W. and 70 fms. E., though in the 220-fm. Level the westernmost stopes are close to the elvan. From surface to the 130-fm. Level, for 30 or 40 fms. W. of Cherry Garden Shaft and eastwards to the limits of the workings there is no stoping except for some patches between Adit and the 40-fm. Level, for 50 fms. W. of Western Boundary Shaft and a little on the east. In all, about 35 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed and, except for the 200-fm., 210-fm. and 220-fm. levels, nearly all drives extend at least 20 fms. beyond stoned ground and some for over 100 fms. The lode is also said to have been worked at surface 600 yds. W. of Wheal Alfred Methodist Chapel.

Main Lode is intersected by a fluccan, coursing N. 5° W. and underlying 3° W., and by a crosscourse, trending N. 15° W. and underlying 20° W.; the outcrop of the former passes just east of, and of the latter 200 yds. E. of, Cherry Garden Shaft. The fluccan does not appear to throw the lode, but the crosscourse heaves it about 5 fms. right.

Middle Lode was developed by drives branching south-westwards from the 130-fm., 148-fm., 160-fm. and 170-fm. levels on Main Lode at 20 to 40 fms. W. of Copper House Shaft. The respective lengths of the drives are 20 fms., 40 fms., 80 fms. and 55 fms.; the amount of stoping is not known. From the south-west end of the 160-fm. drive a crosscut 40 fms. S.F. seems to be in barren ground.

South Lode was opened up at the 125-fm., 130-fm., 137-fm. and 148-fm. levels. The 125-fm. is 50 fms. in length, but it is not clear from the plan how this was opened up, since it is not shown to be connected with workings on Main Lode and no crosscut is indicated. The 130-fm. Level branches from Main Lode at Paynter's Shaft and extends 108 fms. W.S.N.V., the end being about 10 fms. beyond the end of the 125-fm. The 137-fm. Level is from a crosscut 5 fms. S. from Main Lode at 32 fms. W. of Paynter's Shaft, and is 75 fms. long, and the 148-fm. from a crosscut 10 fms. S. from Main Lode at 45 fms. W. of Paynter's Shaft; it is only 20 fms. long. Stoning from above the 125-fm. to the 137-fm. levels extends about 70 fms. from the eastern ends of the drives.

North Lode, probably the continuation of South Lode, was opened up partly from the workings on Main Lode and partly from Hoblyn's Shaft, 93 yds. N. by E. of Old Engine Shaft, vertical to the 130-fm. Level. The lode is developed from the 70-fm. Level down to the 130-fm. for about 120 fms. E. from its junction with Main Lode; the 111-fm. Level, however, is driven for 170 fms. E., beyond which the 120-fm. Level extends for a further 65 fms. E. from the end of a crosscut 47 fms. N. by W. from Phillip's or Falmouth Shaft (70 yds. N.E. of Cherry Garden Shaft, sunk vertically to the 130-fm. Level on Branch or Weekses Lode). The 137-fm. Level is 30 fms. long from the junction with Main Lode, and there is a drive of 40 fms. at the 143-fm. Level from a crosscut about 5 fms. N. from Field's Shaft. There are a few tiny stopes on the 70-fm. and 90-fm. levels, but the main stoping is between the 104-fm. and the 137-fm. levels and extends 118 fms. E. from the junction with Main Lode.

Branch or Weekses Lode developments at the 90-fm., 104-fm., 111-fm., 116-fm., and 125-fm. on the south side of Main Lode are chiefly from Crofts Shaft, 70 yds. S.E. of Copper House Shaft, vertical to the 116-fm. Level. There is also a drive at the 40-fm. Level, extending 40 fms. S.W. and 120 fms. N.E. of West Croft Shaft 180 yds. S.S.W. of Copper House Shaft. The longest drive at the lower levels is the 111-fm., which is 90 fms. in length. North of Main Lode, Branch Lode has been opened up on the 116-fm., 125-fm. and 130-fm. levels for about 60 fms. E. from Main Lode; these meet crosscuts north from Phillip's Shaft about 50 fms. E. of the junction with Main Lode. Stoping on Branch Lode on both sides of Main Lode is confined to a few small patches.

Alfred Consols Lode has only been tried in the Wheal Alfred section from the eastern ends of Adit and the 60-fm. levels, but is not known to have been stoped. The Adit extends 70 fn^-ls. W.S.W. from 10 fms. E. of Boundary Shaft and the 60-fm. for 50 fms. E.N.E. from 30 fms. W. of Boundary Shaft.

Three prospecting crosscuts, one 95 fms. S. by E. from West Croft Shaft at Adit Level, the second 40 fms. N.N.W. from Hoblyn's Shaft at the 70-fm. Level and the third 100 fms. S. by E. from the 60-fm. Level at 10 fms. E. of Cherry Garden Shaft, do not appear to prove further lodes.

Alfred Consols

[SW 58345 37045] Alfred Consols.-Lying just east of Wheal Alfred, this sett is traversed by the Great Fluccan crosscourse which trends N. 30° W. and underlies 10° W. The country rock at surface is partly killas, but mainly greenstone, and both are intersected by elvan dykes; there are no records of the country rocks encountered in depth.

The outcrop of the crosscourse passes through Davey's Shaft, 355 yds. E.N.E. of Laity. West of the crosscourse Main Lode courses E. 32° N. and underlies 24° N.W. According to the plan (dated 1866) the lode appears to split below the 70-fm. Level, for all the deeper levels are in duplicate, about 5 to 10 fms. apart. East of the crosscourse Main Lode courses E.10° N. and underlies 18° N., and there are some drives on a second lode 15 fms. S. of Main Lode down to the 100-fm. Level.

Main Lode was developed from Davey's Shaft, vertical to the 20-fm. Level and in the crosscourse with the inclination of the western section of the lode to the 160-fm. Level below adit (20 fms.), and from Field's Engine Shaft, 88 yds. W.S.W. of Davey's, vertical to the 10-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 170-fm. Level. West of Davey's Shaft (and of the crosscourse) the lode is developed from Adit Level to the 50-fm. for 80 fms.; from the 60-fm.. to the 150-fm. development is confined between the two shafts except for the 60-fm., 80-fm. and 120-fm. levels which extend 60 to 65 fms. W. of Field's Engine Shaft; the 160-fm. and 170-fm. levels from Field's Engine Shaft are short; the 160-fm. from Davey's Shaft extends 20 fms. W. East of Davey's Shaft development commences at the 60-fm. Level, which is driven 25 fms. E.; the 80-fm. and 90-fm. extend for 70 fms. E.; the 100-fm. and 110-fm. for 40 fms. E.; the 120-fm., 130-fm. and 140-fm. for 110 fms. E.; the 150-fm. for 60 fms. E., and the 160-fm. for 25 fms. E.

Stoping is mainly between the two shafts, from the 50-fm. to the 140-fm. levels, and there are three smaller stopes, one to about 15 fms. above Adit Level for 20 fms. W. and 35 fms. E. of Field's Engine Shaft, the second from adit to the 40-fm. Level extending 20 fms. W. of Field's Engine Shaft, and the third, 80 fms. long between the 120-fm. and 150-fm. levels, commencing 25 fms. E. of Davey's Shaft; in all, a little over 40 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

Development on the south branch, west of the crosscourse, is similar to that on Main Lode below the 70-fm. Level, but the amount of stoping is not known. The southern lode east of the crosscourse is opened up mainly on the 60-fm., 80-fm. and 100-fm. levels for a maximum of 70 fms. E., but is not known to have been stoped.

A detached working, in which an E.-W. north-dipping lode was developed to a small extent, lies east of the stream that passes Angarrack. A shaft 220 yds. E. by S. of Davey's, is vertical to 20 fms. below surface, and another, 47 yds. E. of the first, is vertical to 10 fms., and on the underlie to 20 fms. depth. These are connected by a drive at the 10-fm. which continues a further 50 fms. E.; the 20-fm. Level extends from the western shaft to 5 fms. beyond the eastern. There are no other records of these workings.

The lodes developed in Alfred Consols are said to average 2.5 ft. wide, but to range up to 24 ft. The metallic minerals recorded are chalcopyrite, chalcocite, erubescite, tetrahedrite, melaconite, cuprite, galena, cerussite, pyromorphite, mimetite, blende and cerargyrite; gangue minerals include chalcedony and fluorspar (see also Phillips 1814, pp. 158–9). In places the veinstuff contained rounded pieces of granite and of country rocks.

There are several long prospecting drives. From Hosking's Shaft (70 yds. S.S.E. of Davey's, vertical to the 80-fm. Level) a crooked crosscut, at adit, extends for about 137 fms. S. to Nicholl's Shaft, with eight air shafts. From the end of the 19-fm. Level, 5 fms. W. of Nicholl's Shaft, there is a crosscut 20 fms. N. by W. and 40 fms. S. by E.; the drive south intersects lodes at 15 fms. and 25 fms.; both were opened up for short distances. From Hosking's Shaft there are also crosscuts about 20 fms. S. at the 60-fm. and 80-fm. levels below adit. A crosscut of 110 fms. S. at the 100-fm. Level from near Davey's Shaft cuts a lode at 55 fms. which has been proved for 10 fms. W. Crosscuts leave Davey's Shaft at the 70-fm., 100-fm. and 120-fm. levels, the first, which extends for 140 fms. N. by W., intersects an E.-W. lode at 100 fms. which has been driven on for 38 fms. E.; the second, for 95 fms. N. by W., intersects the same lode at 85 fms., and the drive there extends 60 fms. E.; the third for 50 fms. N. seems to have proved no lodes. Another crosscut from Adit Level 30 fms. W. of Davey's Shaft extends 55 fms. W.N.W. and then 85 fms. N. by W.; near its northern end there is a drive on a lode 20 fms. E.N.E.

Alfred Consols: Davey's Shaft is labelled Fryer's Shaft on the mine plan. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

North Alfred

[SW 57210 37405] North Alfred. – Old dumps and shafts, spread over a length of about 250 yds. apparently on a lode trending E.N.E., exist 300 yds. S.E. of Trevarrack or 300 yds. N. of Wheal Alfred, but there are no known records.

North Alfred: This description relates to old workings in Great Wheal Alfred sett. North Alfred was farther north; two shafts are known by name, Engine and Flat Rod, the latter sunk to 70 fms. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

South Alfred

[SW 58880 36122] South Alfred.—A small mine in greenstone country on an E.-W., nearly vertical lode, with a shaft 120 yds. S.S.W. of Higher Treglistian or 500 yds. S. of Wheal Alfred, is produced 3 tons of 3.33 per cent copper ore in 1866.

Records of output from the mines of the Alfred Consols or Great Wheal Alfred group are difficult to piece together. Production before 1801 is not known, but Collins (1897, p. 79) states that in 1800 Alfred Consols was second only to Dolcoath as a copper producer. For subsequent years the following figures are recorded:—Alfred Consols: 1801–14, 45,000 tons of copper ore; 1815–32, 64,200 tons of 7.5 per cent copper ore; 1846–56, 26,241 tons of 9 per cent copper ore; 1857–64, 18,550 tons of copper ore. Great Wheal Alfred: 1852–63, 21,510 tons of 5 per cent copper ore. East Wheal Alfred: 1857–63, 1,490 tons of 7.5 per cent copper ore, 25 tons of blende and 95 tons of pyrite. Considerable quantities of galena and cerussite were raised before 1814, but later only a few hundredweight are recorded. Wheal Alfred and Alfred Consols also produced 245 tons of blende and one ton of black tin.

Official returns give:—Alfred Consols: 1846–64, 44,717 tons of 7.5 per cent copper ore; 1857–60, 242 tons of zinc ore; 1857–58, 3 tons of 74 per cent lead ore; and 1860–63, tin worth £72. East Alfred Consols: 1857–64, 2,029 tons of 6.25 per cent copper ore and 1857–59, 36 tons of zinc ore. Great Alfred: 1852–65, 21,656 tons of 5.33 per cent copper ore; 1855–63, 12 tons of 67 per cent lead ore; and 1855–64, tin worth £4,392. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

South Alfred: Formerly Bandowers Mine, but idle by 1819. Re-opened in 1861 with a shaft sunk 20 fms. below adit. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Bodraverran

[SW 57350 35415] This is a small mine 550 yds. N.N.W. of Praze (6-in. Corn. 69 N.W.) that worked a lode coursing E. 10^° N. and underlying 12° N. in killas country. The plan (A.M. R 220) shows Engine Shaft, 360 yds. N.W. of Bodraverran farm, vertical to the 20-fm. Level and Flat Rod Shaft, 173 yds. E. of Engine Shaft, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level. Adit Level (7 fms.) extends to 70 fms. E. and 86 fms. W. of Flat Rod Shaft; its western end is connected to Engine Shaft by a crosscut 12 fms. long. At Flat Rod Shaft the 10-fm. Level extends for 36 fms. E. and 10 fms. W.; the 20-fm. Level for 40 fms. E. and 12 fms. W., and the 30-fm. for 12 fms. E. The only drive below adit at Engine Shaft is the 20-fm. which is driven 10 fms. E. and 20 fms. W. of a crosscut 8 fms. S. from the shaft. The amount of stoping is not shown on the plan and there are no records of output.

Bodraverran: Closed in 1845. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Kayle

[SW 58320 35265] The site of this mine is not known beyond that it is near Praze; it worked a lode of similar trend and underlie as that of Bodraverran Mine and may be the same mine. Henwood (1843, Table xxxiii) indicates that the lode carried chalcopyrite and galena with limonite and chlorite, and there is a record of production of 575 tons of 74 per cent copper ore from 1826 to 1846.

Kayle: Lies immediately west of Wheal Carpenter (p.167) and worked the same lodes. It was active in 1792–98, 1800–04 and intermittently from 1826 to 1847. A new Engine Shaft, started in 1845, reached a depth of 50 fms. below adit (23 fms.). (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Angarrack

[SW 58780 38255] Also called Mellanoweth Mine or Wheal Maggot, this old mine worked Orchard Lode, coursing E. 32° N. and crossing the valley 50 yds. S. of the railway at Angarrack village, Mellanoweth Lode, coursing E. 20° N. and crossing the valley 50 yds. N. of the railway and a third lode parallel to the latter and 40 yds. farther north. There are two old shafts 350 yds. S.E. of where the railway crosses the stream. The lodes carried copper ores; anglesite and galena are said to have occurred in the gossan of one of them. In 1860, Angarrack Mine produced 15 tons of copper ore.

Angarrack: Started in 1808 and apparently closed in 1810 during which time it produced about 530 tons of 10 per cent copper ore. Reworked in 1851–62 when it reached a depth of 50 fms. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Squire, Elizabeth

[SW 55695 34200], [SW 54805 34125] These two mines are recorded as being in St. Erth parish but cannot now be located. The former raised 3,385 tons of copper ore from 1817 to 1824, and the latter 4,640 tons of copper ore from 1829 to 1838.

[SW 55695 34200] Squire: This mine is described on pp.188–9. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

[SW 54805 34125] Elizabeth: This mine lay between Trewinnard House and the west bank of the River Hayle, about a half mile S. by W. of St. Erth (6-in. Corn. 69 S.W.). It was later included in a mine known as Wheal Ellis. Henwood (1843) records the deepest level as the 14-fm. with a lode 6 ft. wide of quartz, chlorite and copper ores. At the 4-fm. Level there was also galena and blende. It worked in 1831–38, producing 4,640 tons of copper ore, much of it at 5.75 per cent grade. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Lucy

[SW 55495 38770] 0.5 mile N.W. of Phillack. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 62 S.W.; A.M. R 293 and 3772. Country: killas.

Before 1871 was known as Riviere Mine or Riviere Consols.

Four lodes were tried in this mine which is situated on the cliffs in the sand dune country north of Hayle: Carbona Lode on the north, coursing E. 20° N. and nearly vertical; Hitchen's Lode, coursing N. 40° E. at adit and E. 30° N. below and underlying 10° S.; Middle Lode, coursing E. 40° N. and underlying 10° S. and South Lode, coursing E. 40° N. and underlying 8° S. There are also said to be three other lodes, called Shewheal, Tin and Copper, within 40 fms. N. of Carbona Lode, but these have not been worked.

Drainage adit commences at the south-west end of Black Cliff, on the outcrop of Carbona Lode, and follows it 22 fms. E.N.E.; it there turns to S. 30° E. and continues 50 fms. as a crosscut, passing through Hitchen's Lode at 20 fms., Middle Lode at 25 fms. and South Lode at 50 fms. Adit Level on Hitchen's Lode extends 100 fms. N.E. from the crosscut, and at 50 fms. connects with the bottom of New Shaft, 13 fms. deep. Middle Lode is opened up at Adit Level for 5 fms. S.W. and 10 fms. N.E. of the crosscut and South Lode for 22 fms. N.E. At 65 yds. E. of adit entrance is Engine Shaft, vertical to the 20-fm. Level below adit (10 fms.), connected with adit crosscut by a drive 8 fms. W. and with Adit Level on Hitchen's Lode by another 3 fms. E. At the 10-fm. Level a crosscut 5 fms. N. from Engine Shaft meets Carbona Lode, there opened up for 3 fms. N.E., and another crosscut 10 fms. S.E. meets Hitchen's Lode, driven on for 3 fms. S.W. and 8 fms. N.E. At the 20-fm. Level a crosscut 5 fms. N. from Engine Shaft meets Carbona Lode which is driven on 5 fms. S.W. The longitudinal section (dated 1896) shows a few tiny stopes on Adit Level of Hitchen's Lode between New Shaft and the adit crosscut, and two on the 10-fm. Level. On Carbona Lode there is a stope 14 fms. long and 10 fms. deep below Adit Level, commencing 13 fms. from the adit entrance. From the bottom of an old shaft 315 yds. N.E. of Engine Shaft, a drive 10 fms. S.W. meets a crosscut called Batts Adit that commences on the cliff 60 yds. N.N.W. of the shaft and extends 48 fms. S.S,E.; from the bottom of Flat Rod Shaft, 350 yds. E. by N. of Engine Shaft, there is a crosscut 4 fms. N. and 10 fms. S., with short drives from the ends on lodes coursing E. 10° S., the northern one of which is called Watson's Lode.

There are no records of the nature of the lodes here. In 1872, 1873 and 1893–5 the mine produced 24 tons of black tin. Under the name West Wheal Lucy there is a record of half a ton of black tin in 1873, but the site of this mine is not known.

Official returns show:-1872–73, 13 tons of black tin; 1873–74, 16.5 tons of tinstuff; 1893, 15 tons of tinstuff worth £15 and 1895, 11.5 tons of black tin. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

West Wheal Lucy was the name for the 1872 reworking of Lelant Wheal Towan (p.126) and official returns show 10.5 tons of tinstuff sold for £25 in 1873. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Loggans

[SW 57420 39022] A mine, also called Phillack Iowans, on the eastern margin of the sand dunes, just west of Loggans Moor (6-in. Corn. 62 S.W.). Commencing 460 yds. N.W. of the first milestone from Hayle on the Camborne road there is a line of five old shafts extending for 400 yds. N. by W. It is not known whether these are air shafts to an adit crosscut or whether they are on a lode. There are no records.

Loggans: Probably the same mine as Wheal Dream, mentioned in 1770. It resumed work in 1851 for lead and was then only 6 fms. deep. The shafts mark the course of the adit driven to meet a "large copper lode". (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Boiling Well

[SW 57895 39732] 1 mile S.S.W. of Gwithian. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 62 S.W.; A.M. R 221. Country: killas.

Remains of the workings of this mine lie just within the dune area, a quarter of a mile N.W. of Pulsack, and include a ruined engine house and several old shaft dumps aligned E. 22° N. and spread over a distance of 450 yds. The mine plan (dated 1821) shows three lodes, North, Middle and South, coursing about north-east and worked for lengths of about 40 fms. down to the 30-fm. Level below adit, but it is not possible to locate the positions of the various shafts shown on the plan. Amongst the plan sheets are sections on lodes called Hallett's, King's and South; King's was the most important, having been developed for a length of 270 fms. and to the 72-fm. Level below adit. These sections are undated, but are probably later than 1821. The distances between the various shafts on King's Lode agree, in some measure, with the distances between the old shaft dumps, which are therefore regarded as being the surface indications of King's Lode workings. If this is true, King's Lode courses E. 22° N.; a transverse section shows it underlying 25° N. down to the 20-fm. level and 32° N. below, while Hallett's Lode underlies 15° S. and should intersect King's Lode just above the 50-fm. Level, but workings on it do not extend below the 40-fm. The underlie of South Lode and its relationship to King's are not known.

The shafts on King's Lode are Engine, probably situated near the ruined engine house, 250 yds. W. of the Hayle-Gwithian road, vertical to the 60-fm. Level, passing through the lode between the 40-fm. and 50-fm.; King's, 110 yds. E. by N. of Engine, to the 60-fm. Level; Austin's, 160 yds. E. by N. of King's, to the 50-fm. Level; Syrett's, 125 yds. E. by N. of Austin's, to the 40-fm. Level, and Fielding's, 72 yds. E. by N. of Syrett's, to the 20-fm. Level. Adit Level, which averages 6 fms. below surface, extends only 40 fms. W. and 14 fms. E. of Engine Shaft. The 10-fm. Level is in three separate sections, one extending for 20 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. of Engine Shaft, the second for 12 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of King's Shaft, and the third for 6 fms. E. of Syrett's Shaft. The 20-fm. Level is also in three sections, one from Engine Shaft to 38 fms. E. of King's Shaft, the second extending for 25 fms. W. and 35 fms. E. of Austin's Shaft, and the third extending from 12 fms. W. of Syrett's Shaft to Fielding's. The 30-fm. Level is the first continuous drive, and this and the 40-fm. extend from 33 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to Syrett's, a distance of 235 fms. The 50-fm. Level extends from 33 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to Austin's, a distance of 170 fms.; the 60-fm. from 33 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to 32 fms. E. of King's, a total of 120 fms., and the 72-fm. is driven 10 fms. each way from the bottom of a winze below the 60-fm. Level opposite Engine Shaft. Stoping is mainly from 10 fms. below surface down to the 50-fm. Level from Engine Shaft to 35 fms. E. of Austin's, and there are small stopes on the 20-fm., 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels around Syrett's Shaft, on the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels west of Engine Shaft and between the 50-fm. and 60-fm. levels about midway between Engine and King's shafts; in all, about 40 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. There are many crosscuts of unknown extent from all levels. Three nearly vertical crosscourses intersect the lode, one crossed by Adit Level 40 fms. W. of Engine Shaft probably determined the westward limits of the 30-fm. to the 60-fm. levels, and two others, respectively 40 fms. and 60 fms. E. of King's Shaft, but these are only indicated on the 20-fm., 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels.

Hallett's Lode was worked from crosscuts north from Engine Shaft and was developed at Adit Level, at the 10-fm. Level for 8 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of the shaft crosscut, at the 20-fm. Level for 21 fms. W. and 20 fms. E., at the 30-fm. Level for 26 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. and at the 40-fm. Level for 50 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. There is a block of stoping from adit to the 20-fm. Level for 6 fms. W. and la fms. E. of the shaft crosscuts and small stopes on the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels within 30 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of the crosscuts.

South Lode was opened up by crosscuts from King's Lode just east of King's Shaft, at the 40-fm. Level for 20 fms., at the 50-fm. Level for 10 fms. and at the 60-fm. Level for 10 fms., and there is a little stoping on the 40-fm. and 50-fm. drives.

The three lodes, North, Middle and South, shown on the 1821 plans cannot be correlated with those shown on the sections and described above. North Lode is shown as consisting of a group of nearly vertical ' branches ' trending N.E. and worked from Engine Shaft which is sunk vertically to the 30-fm. Level below adit (10 fms.) and from Vren's Shaft, 55 yds. N.E. of Engine Shaft, vertical to the 20-fm. Level. All drives are north-eastwards from Engine Shaft, adit extending for 50 fms., the 10-fm. for 30 fms. and the 20-fm. for 40 fms., but there is more than one drive at each level on the various branches. The longitudinal section shows only a small block of stoping for 5 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of Vren's Shaft. From Vren's Shaft there is a prospecting crosscut 52 fms. N. to a lode, but no drives from it. Middle Lode, coursing E. 35° N. and underlying 30° to 40° N., is developed only for a short distance at the 20-fm. Level from a crosscut 13 fms. S.E. from Engine Shaft. South Lode, coursing E. 35° N. and underlying 40° N., is developed from two adit shafts, respectively 70 yds. S. by E. and 105 yds. S.S.W. of Engine Shaft and from Flat Rod Shaft, 60 yds. S. by E. of Engine Shaft. Adit Level connects and extends 40 fms. W. and 35 fms. N.E. of the two adit shafts, a total of 110 fms. Flat Rod Shaft is vertical to the 10-fm. Level and follows the underlie to the 20-fm.; there is a drive 10 fms. S.W. and 20 fms. N.E. at the 10-fm. Level, but no drive at the 20-fm., though the lode has been opened up for 8 fms. from the end of a crosscut 7 fms. S.E. from Engine Shaft at the 30-fm. Level. There is only one tiny stope on South Lode above Adit Level, just east of the eastern adit shaft. A crosscut 43 fms. N. from the bottom of the eastern adit shaft connects with Flat Rod Shaft and joins Adit Level on North Lode at 10 fms. N.E. of Engine Shaft.

The nature of the lodes is unknown, but output is recorded as 2,990 tons of 6 per cent copper ore, 410 tons of 74 per cent lead ore, 54 tons of zinc ore, and 5,000 oz. of silver for the years 1854–61, though Phillips and Darlington (1857, p. 257) give 2,157 tons of 6.5 per cent copper ore for 1821–56.

An early working closed in 1815; it was reworked in 1819–21 as Wheal Boil and in the 1830's was called Wheal Rice. Re-opened in 1852, it finally closed in 1862. Official returns are: 1854–64, 3,196 tons of 6.33 per cent copper ore; 1855–59, 689 tons of 74 per cent lead ore; 1856–59, 515 tons of zinc ore and in 1857, tin worth £20. It also sold 15,511 oz. of silver. Collins describes a killas breccia cemented by cassiterite. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Liverpool

[SW 58 40] A mine that seems to have been little more than a trial, situated half a mile S. of Gwithian (6-in. Corn. 62 S.W.). There are three shafts, one just west of the road, 500 yds. N. of Trevarnon Round, the second 250 yds. S. of the first and the third 65 yds. E. of the second. The dumps consist mainly of dark grey, soft, puckered killas with some veinstone of hard brecciated killas cemented by quartz and chlorite. There are two generations of quartz: the earlier, with mispickel, is dark; the later, which carries blende and pyrite, is white. There are no records of output.

Liverpool: Was working in 1823 but closed in 1825. Re-opened in 1836, it produced 47 tons of 5.25 per cent copper ore in 1838. It was reworked in 1844–54 as West United Hills Mine; the bottom level was 35 fms. below adit (21 fms.). The lode was said to be 8 ft. wide, of gossan, pyrite, chalcocite and chalcopyrite with 2–3 inch leaders of galena. It coursed E.27°N. with a northerly underlie of 18°. The mine was probably worked as North Wheal Virgin before 1819, returning £143 worth of lead ore in 1807. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Emily

[SW 57905 41532] A mine on the cliffs 600 yds. N.W. of Gwithian (6-in. Corn. 62 N.W.), with an old shaft near the cliff edge opposite Strap Rocks which is said to be on an E.-W. lode, but traces of the workings are mostly obliterated. In 1859 the mine produced 169 tons of copper ore; it has also raised 25 tons of zinc ore and 75 tons of 73 per cent lead ore.

Emily: Re-opened in 1857 on "old men's workings", but closed in 1860. Engine Shaft developed 12-fm., 22-fm., 32-fm. and 42-fm. levels, the upper two driven many fathoms E. and W. but the lower two only 54 and 4 fms. long, respectively. Two lodes are reported, one of copper and one of lead, apparently joining at the 42-fm. Level where the lode was 9 ft. wide but poor. 40 tons of copper ore and 15 tons of galena were raised in 1857. Official returns show 73 tons of 75 per cent lead ore and 24 tons of zinc ore sold in 1860. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Nanterrow

[SW 59930 40777] About 1 mile E. by S. of Gwithian (6-in. Corn. 62 N.E., S.E.), this mine, said to have been worked for copper and zinc, has Engine Shaft, 150 yds. S.S.W. of Lower Nanterrow, and Mark's Shaft, 270 yds. S.S.E. of Engine Shaft. An adit drive connects the two shafts and continues about 50 yds. S. of Mark's. The lode of St. Andrew Mine crosses the road 200 yds. S. by E. of Mark's Shaft. There are no records.

Nancemellin

[SW 60220 40975] A trial, 1.25 miles E. by S. of Gwithian (6-in. Corn. 62 N.E., S.E.). There is a shaft 400 yds. S.E. of Lower Nanterrow, and another, 300 yds. N.E. of the first and 200 yds. W. of Nancemellin village. A third shaft, on the east side of the valley, 450 yds. E.S.E. of Nancemellin, may have been part of this mine or of another called Trevoryan. There are no records.

Nancemellin: Probably the same as Trevoryan which worked in 1838–41, producing 205 tons of copper ore. It was working again in 1850 when it sold copper ores worth more than £2,000. 6 tons of copper ore were raised in 1852–57 and, with Nanterrow, 6 tons of copper ore in 1860. South Nancemellin returned 7 tons of black tin in 1873. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

St. Andrew

[SW 59460 40295] 1 mile S.E. of Gwithian. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 62 S.E.; A.M. R 138 D. Country: killas.

The lode, which courses E. 30° N. and underlies 22° N.W., was worked from Engine Shaft, 500 yds. N.E. of Trevarnon farm, vertical to the 30-fm. Level below surface and on the underlie to the 100-fm. and Eastern Shaft, 60 yds. N.B. of Engine Shaft, vertical to the 90-fm. Level; there is no adit. At the 22-fm. Level there is a short drive from Engine Shaft; the 30-fm. Level extends from Engine Shaft to 45 fms. N.E. of Eastern Shaft; the longest level is the 40-fm., which is driven from 85 fms. S.W. of Engine Shaft to 100 fms. N.E. of Eastern Shaft, a total of 206 fms.; the 50-fm. Level extends from 60 fms. S.W. of Engine Shaft to 110 fms. N.E. of Eastern Shaft. Lower levels are much shorter, the 60-fm. extending 10 fms. S.W. and 18 fms. N.E. of Engine Shaft; the 75-fm. from 20 fms. S.W. of Engine Shaft to 46 fms. N.E. of Eastern; the 90-fm. connecting the two shafts and the 100-fm. for 26 fms. E. of Engine Shaft. Stoping from 3 fms. above the 30-fm. Level to 10 fms. below the 50-fm. is patchy and extends from 50 fms. S.W. of Engine Shaft to 85 fms. N.E. of Eastern Shaft. In the deeper levels the lode fissure was largely filled with fluccan, but there is a very small stope on the 90-fm. Level; about 25 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

The dumps are of dark, blue-grey killas with many lumps of barren white and pink quartz. Veinstuff is of brecciated blue-grey peach cemented by quartz with veinlets of pyrite running through both. Some fragments exhibit a coarse comb structure with well developed quartz crystals up to 1 in. in diameter; near their bases, at the lode wall, they contain crystals of blende up to 1 in. across. From 1836 to 1842 the mine produced 1,673 tons of copper ore; lead and zinc ores are also said to have been raised.

St. Andrew: Also known as West Wheal Andrew. Began in 1836 and closed in 1862. Alternatively described by A. K. Hamilton Jenkin with a Middle Shaft to the 90-fm. Level and Eastern Shaft to the 50-fm. An output of 5,661 tons of 5.25 per cent copper ore is reported for the period 1840–46 and 47 tons of copper ore in 1859–62. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Hartley

[SW 625 387] A small mine 1.5 miles E.S.E. of Gwithian (6-in. Corn. 62 S.E.) that may include a working known as Wheal Dolly and was probably at one time known as West Consolidated Mines. Little now remains of the surface workings which lie on the west side of the stream just south of Newmill and may be on the westward extension of the lode worked at West Roskear Mine. Between 1864 and 1866 the mine raised 7 tons of 7 per cent copper ore and 1.5 tons of black tin. Blende also occurs in the lode.

Hartley: This description and location is of Rose-in-Valley Mine but the output figures do refer to Hartley (see under). Rose-in-Valley was existent in 1754 after which it worked occasionally until the early 1900's, at which time the shaft (Engine Shaft?) was found to be 100 ft. deep with two N.-S. levels. Galena with blende is recorded from an E.-W. lode. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Hartley.[SW 625 387] Three-quarters of a mile N.W. of Barriper. It worked the extensions of lodes in Trevaskis and lay east of the road from Carnhell Green to Connor Downs. An adit driven 400 fms. S.E. from the stream about 0.5 mile S.E. of Roseworthy meets South Shaft, sunk 34 fins. below adit. A northern copper lode and southern copper-tin lode are recorded. The mine began just prior to 1824; it closed in 1827 and was re-opened from 1860 to 1867, raising tin worth £109 in 1863–66 and 7 tons of 8.5 per cent copper ore in 1866. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988)

Pascoe

[SW 61580 38392] A small mine immediately S.E. of Gwinear Road Station developed from, and probably later included with, Trevaskis. In 1836 it was said to be 5 fms. below adit (25 fms.) having yielded some rich tin ore from gossan. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988)

Triumph

[SW 62515 38125] One mile W.S.W. of Barriper and includes the former Wheal Dobna, worked prior to 1780. In the 1830–37 working it was drained by a northern branch of the Duffield adit. Dobna Lode was said to be 2.5 ft. wide and carrying chalcopyrite. In 1855 it was included in West Dolcoath Copper and Silver mines which worked west of the Barriper stream. This mine should not be confused with West Dolcoath which worked east of the stream. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988)

West Roskear

[SW 62305 40117]This mine is on the north side of the Hayle-Camborne road about three-quarters of a mile W. of Treswithian (1-in. geol. 352; 6-in. Corn. 62 S.E.).

West Roskear: Formerly called Wheal Rome, under which title it was working in 1792–95.(Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988)

According to the plan (A.M. R 156, dated 1879), drainage adit commences 110 yds. S.E. of the fourth milestone from Hayle and is driven 175 fms. N. by E. to Engine Shaft. At 135 fms. from the entrance there is an adit shaft and immediately north of it a drive 30 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. and at 8 fms. N. another drive 70 fms. W. by S. and 160 fms. E. by N.; nothing is known of these lodes.

Main Lode, coursing E. 18° N. and underlying 18° N., was worked from Lanyon's Shaft, 170 yds. N.N.W. of the fourth milestone, vertical to below adit and on the underlie to the 22-fm. Level; Steven's Shaft, 120 yds. E. by N. of Lanyon's, on the underlie to the 36-fm. Level, and Engine Shaft, 125 yds. E.N.E. of Steven's, vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 36-fm. Level. Adit Level (18 fms.) extends from 100 fms. W. of Lanyon's Shaft to 120 fms. E. of Engine Shaft, a distance of 340 fms.; the 12-fm. Level from 65 fms. W. of Lanyon's Shaft to 70 fms. E. of Engine Shaft, a total of 260 fms.; the 22-fm. Level from 83 fms. W. of Steven's Shaft to 16 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and the 36-fm. Level is driven 36 fms. W. and 10 fms. E. of Engine Shaft; there is no drive at the 36-fm. Level from Steven's Shaft. Stoping is in five blocks between 10 fms. above Adit Level and the 22-fm. Level, from 10 fms. W. of Lanyon's Shaft to 60 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and there is a very small stope above the 36-fm. west; in all about 20 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

The mine is said to have been worked for tin, copper, silver-lead and zinc ores.

Recorded outputs are: 1873–79, 477 tons of 5.33 per cent copper ore; 1874–79, 180 tons of tinstuff worth £130; 1852–53, lead ore worth £45 and 1874–79, 48 tons of 73 per cent lead ore, some containing up to 44 oz. of silver per ton; 1876–82, 347 tons of zinc ore; and 1877–79, 105 oz. of silver. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

St. Erth Valley Alluvials

In the vicinity of [SW 54 35] During the 1939–45 war the St. Erth valley was worked for alluvial tin. The deposits, consisting of sand and gravel with a peaty layer, were systematically bored from St. Erth church to 3.5 miles upstream. Within the limits of the Gwinear district, which extends to a quarter of a mile S. of the church (6-in. Corn. 69 N.W.), the depth of the alluvial deposits in the deepest part of the channel, which tends towards the east side of the tract, averages 22 ft., with a maximum of 48 ft. in one place. Values, which ranged from a trace to over 5 lb. of black tin per cubic yard, averaged 0.75 lb. and were distributed at all levels in the deposit except in a peaty layer about 5 ft. thick generally encountered near the middle. Much of the area for 400 yds. S. of St. Erth church was worked away by hydraulic sluicing and gravel pumps.

A line of 10 boreholes across the alluvial tract 550 yds. N. of St. Erth church showed the depth to bedrock to range from 17 to 28 ft.; here the values were confined to the bottom of the gravels. Only the deepest bores showed more than a trace; these carried less than 0.5 lb. of black tin per cubic yard.

The output from the St. Erth section of the alluvial deposits was 55 tons of black tin running at 70 to 72 per cent tin metal in a period of 15 months ending February, 1945.

Gwithian Sands

[SW 58 41] The sands of the foreshore at Gwithian, where the Red River, draining part of the Camborne mining area, enters the sea, contain cassiterite which is said to be concentrated about 1 ft. below surface, just above low-tide mark, in a belt about 12 yds. wide. Exploitation of these sands, and also of the adjacent dune sands, has been tried apparently without much success owing to the low content and the fine grain of the cassiterite.

Gwinear Downs

The area is approximately a semicircle with southern boundary forming a diameter of about 3 miles E.-W., just south of Gwinear Downs and Fraddam. The country rock is killas with a belt of greenstone intrusions about a mile wide, passing north-eastwards through Gwinear. There are numerous elvan dykes with general E.N.E. trend, but some, coursing more E.-W., result in intersections. Lode trend is also E.N.E., but there are many important ones which course about E.-W. and other caunter lodes striking south of east; in places, lodes of various trends form complicated groups or clusters as around Fraddam. Several crosscourses bearing west of north occur, one the Great Fluccan, a major dislocation, heaving lodes about 40 fms. right, has been traced from just south of Angarrack into Great Wheal Fortune of the Mount's Bay District, a distance of over 6 miles.

The chief product was copper, which seems to have been raised from all the mines except Parbola. According to records of output, the chief producers were the Tremayne group of mines, with over 29,000 tons of ore, followed by the Treasury group with over 26,000 tons, Rosewarne and Herland with over 18,000 tons, Pendarves and St. Aubyn Consols with over 15,000 tons and Relistien with over 12,000 tons. Small amounts of arsenic have been obtained at many of the mines and tin has been raised in small amounts at some. The Tremayne group, with an output of nearly 16,000 tons of black tin is outstanding and seems to indicate a relatively important emanative centre east of Fraddam.

Parbola, where cassiterite occurs as an impregnation in elvan is the only mine that was worked exclusively for tin, but its yield was not large. A little zinc was produced at Wheal Carpenter and New West Rosewarne and some lead at Rosewarne and Herland Mine which has also raised some silver ore from a crosscourse.

Trevaskis

[SW 61080 38065] Just south of Gwinear Road Station. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 62 S.E. Also known as Great Trevaskis or Trevaskus and later included with other mines under the name Calloose Mines. Country: killas with greenstone intrusions.

There are reputed to be 5 or 6 lodes in Trevaskis sett, but only Great Trevaskis Lode is known to have been worked to any extent. This courses E. 32° N., underlies steeply N.W., and consists of a mineralized belt which in killas country is up to 10 fms. wide, but in green-stone is narrow. There are no plans, but old surface workings can be traced from about 800 yds. S.W. to 400 yds. S.E. of the railway station, a distance of over 1,000 yds. The depth of the workings is said to be 90 fms. and the lode between Engine Shaft, 550 yds. S.W. of the station, and Old Shaft, 450 yds. E.N.E. of Engine Shaft, to have been extensively wrought for copper ores; subsidence at surface, between the two shafts, testifies to the width of the old stopes. Farther east the lode is in soft killas with occasional patches of greenstone, but has there been less extensively worked.

The mineralized belt consists of country rock traversed by numerous irregular veinlets of comby quartz with ore minerals. At some distance from the greenstone masses the killas is soft and clayey and here the veinlets carry some coarse cassiterite. Nearer the greenstone the killas is harder and the veinlets carry massive mispickel with chalcopyrite, pyrite and iron and copper oxides; chlorite is common, intergrown with quartz and exhibits radial structure. The ore is complex and, speaking of its appearance and composition, Henwood (1843, Table xxxv) states that it consists of Quartz, slate, blende, arsenical pyrite, oxide of tin, copper pyrites, galena, chlorite and traces of chalcedony; all mixed without any apparent arrangement '. In addition, the following minerals are also recorded: tetrahedrite, tennantite, native copper, siderite, dolomite and fluorspar.

The mine was working for copper in 1739 (Collins 1912, p. 599) but the only available records of production are 1,190 tons of 10 per cent copper ore and 110 tons of black tin in 1837–42. Between 1919 and 1926 the mine was included in the Calloose Mines, a group extending from Trevaskis to Wheal Hope and the old Calloose or Carloose Mine, about 1.5 miles S. A little work was done underground at Trevaskis but only above water level, some of the dumps of Wheal Hope were treated and a little excavation carried out on some alluvials within the sett but the project was a failure.

Annie

[SW 61235 37575] About 700 yds. S. by E. of Gwinear Road station (6-in. Corn. 62 S.E.), this mine had three shafts about 50 yds. apart, aligned E. 25° N.; there are no records.

Margaret

[SW 63115 38440] An old mine 1 mile E. of Gwinear Road Station (1-in. geol, 352; 6-in. Corn. 62 S.E.). Two lodes, worked on the west side of the valley, a quarter of a mile N. of Barripper, were probably the westward extension of North and South Entral lodes of West Dolcoath Mine. On the more northerly lode are two shafts, one 450 yds. N.N.W. of Barripper post office and the other 100 yds. E. of the first. On the other lode about 180 yds. S., there are traces of seven shafts, aligned E. 22° N. over a distance of 1,000 yds.; the most easterly is 300 yds. W.N.W. of the post office. There are no records of the workings or of output.

Rosewarne and Herland

[SW 60115 37255] 0.25 mile S. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.; A.M. R 217. Includes Drannack [SW 588 367], Bowling Green and Prince George [SW 59260 37025] mines and was later known as Rosewarne and Herland United. Also includes Wheal Pleasure and Wheal Fancy at the western end of the sett. Country : killas dipping 10° to 30° N. with elvan dykes that cause distortions in the killas.

The surface of the ground is disturbed by mining (but in part by elvan quarrying) for about 1,000 yds. E.N.E. from just north of Drannack Mill. Within this area are Drannack Mine on the west (just east of Alfred Consols), Wheal Herland on the east, which is due south of Gwinear village, while the Rosewarne section lies east of Herland and 500 yds. S.E. of Gwinear. There are no plans of the workings of Drannack or Herland but they are reputed to have been traversed by seven E.N.E. lodes, the names and characters of some of which have been preserved (see Hitchins 1801, Pl. XI). All are said to be less than 2 ft. in width and some impersistent, but workings were extensive and reach a depth of 152 fms. North Herland Lode, the only lode that has yielded tin ore, was gossany in the upper part and below carried chalcopyrite, cuprite, cassiterite and pyrite. Manor Old Lode lies to the south and is parallel in strike but meets North Herland Lode at a depth of 85 fms. Floors 2 or 3 ft. wide were encountered on this lode and it and Badger Lode contained fragments, in some cases rounded, of elvan, granite and slate in a matrix of quartzose granitic material with traces of sulphide ores (Henwood 1843, Table xxxiv). Herland Caunter Lode, which strikes nearly E.-W. and is said to have been traced for nearly three miles, yielded chalcopyrite, blende and pyrite; the blende was rich at the intersection with other lodes.

Several crosscourses, trending about N. 28° W. heave the lodes a few feet right. Some of these have a clay filling but others are quartz veins; one, known as Herland Cross Lode, traverses the sett 300 yds. E.N.E. of Drannack Vean and another 300 yds. farther east. The quartz-filled cross veins carry small quantitites of galena and antimonite, but one, in 1799, was found, at its point of intersection with Manor Old Lode, which it heaves 18 in. right, to carry a rich branch of silver ore and other minerals listed below in cracks confined to 6 or 8 in. on the eastern side of the 2-ft. width of the vein. The shoot commenced at a depth of 115 fms. and continued to 130 fms. and extended, on the average, 6 ft. N. and 12 ft. S. of the intersection with the lode, but in depth widened out to 12 ft. N. and 32 ft. S. The ore was a mixture of mispickel, galena, native bismuth, cobaltite, smaltite, cerargyrite, pyrargyrite and native capillary silver (Hitchens 1801; Phillips 1814, Pl. VIII; Henwood 1843, Table xxxiv). A little silver has also been recorded from the next crosscourse to the east and, in addition manganese and iron oxides, wolfram, antimony ores and pitchblende and uranites have also been recorded from the mine.

The plans (dated 1857) show only the workings of the Rosewarne section which worked two E.-W. lodes called North and Main and the eastward extension of one of the Herland lodes, called on the plan, Wheal Baily Lode, coursing E. 30° N. Wheal Royal Shaft, 250 yds. S.W. of Royal Standard Inn, is vertical and meets the last-named lode at Herland Adit Level (31 fms.) which follows the lode for 68 fms. E.N.E. At the eastern end there is a crosscut 60 fms. S.E. which cuts a tin lode at 33 fms. on which there is a short drive; there is also a crosscut 20 fms. N.N.W. from the bottom of Wheal Royal Shaft.

Main Lode was worked from Engine Shaft, 220 yds. S.E. of the inn, vertical to the 28-fm. Level below edit (26 fms.) and the lode is developed for 60 fms. E. and 30 fms. W. of Engine Shaft at Adit Level; for 63 fms. E. and 55 fms. W. of the shaft at the 8-fm. Level (from the western end of the latter drive there is a rise of 4 fms. up to Herland Adit Level, but this connexion is only shown on the longitudinal section); for 30 fms. E. and 15 fms. W. of Engine Shaft at the 18-fm. and for a short distance only at the 20-fm. Stopes are small and confined mainly between 25 fms. E. and 30 fms. W. of Engine Shaft on adit and the 8-fm. levels and there are very small stopes near the western end of the 8-fm. and on the eastern end of Herland Adit near the rise.

North Lode was worked from Bowling Green Shaft, 220 yds. E. by N. of Engine Shaft, vertical to the 8-fm. Level, with crosscuts about 10 fms. N. to the lode. Adit Level extends 55 fms. E. and 33 fms. W. of Bowling Green Shaft and from its western end there is a crosscut 40 fms. S. by W. to Adit Level on Main Lode; the drive at the 8-fm. is short. There are only two tiny stopes, one on adit and the other on the 8-fm. Level just east of Bowling Green Shaft. A crooked crosscut meets a N.E. lode at 3 fms. S. and an E.-W. lode at 43 fms. S.W. of Bowling Green Shaft on each of which there are short drives and there is another crosscut 15 fms. S.E. from the eastern end of Adit Level.

The output from Herland between 1816 and 1843 was 18,500 tons of 10.75 per cent copper ore. Between 1854 and 1874, under the names Rosewame or Rosewarne and Herland United, the mines produced 14,480 tons of 9.5 per cent copper ore and 172 tons of black tin. They have also raised 110 tons of blende and 12 tons of mispickel. About 156 tons of silver ore was sold from Herland before 1814 (Carne 1818, p. 121; Collins 1904, p. 117), and in 1854 Rosewarne and Herland produced 106 oz. of silver.

An output for West Rosewarne United of 0.5 ton of lead ore in 1859 may apply to part of this mine. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Herland mine was working in 1717, again from 1726 to 1762 and as North Herland from 1790. All the small workings were amalgamated in 1791, working until 1808. After a brief flurry in 1815–16, Herland re-opened in 1824 to close again in 1843. Early production figures include: Old Herland: £7,352 of copper ore in 1756; Herland and Drannack: 275 tons of copper ore in 1760; Pleasure: £1,003 of copper ore in 1755–56; Old Herland: 677 tons of copper ore in 1794 (two months only); Herland and Prince George: 9,139 tons of 12 per cent copper ore in 1800–04 and 2,362 tons of copper ore in 1807. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Rosewarne United

[SW 60960 37175], [SW 61320 36808] 1 mile E. by S. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358 and 352; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.; A.M. R 217 A. Includes North Rosewarne (A.M. 574) [SW 60960 37175] and New Rosewarne (A.M. R 212 A and 693) [SW 61320 36808], and may also include a mine called Copper Bottom [SW 63040 36605] or Hender. Country: killas with greenstone intruded by elvan dykes.

The chief mine was Rosewarne, later called New Rosewarne, which extends for over 1 mile E. from about 100 yds. S. of Rosewarne village. North Rosewarne is a small detached working about 200 yds. N. of the village.

In New Rosewarne the principal lode of this mine is South Lode that courses E.-W. on the west, E. 10° S. on the east and underlies steeply south. It has been opened up for a distance of over 2,000 yds. E. from just south of Parcventon and to a maximum depth of 104 fms. below adit, but for at least 900 yds. on the east the workings are not known to extend below adit. North Lode, coursing E. 15° N. branches eastward from the footwall of South Lode about 300 yds. E. of Cathebedron Cross and has been developed for nearly 400 yds. E. of the junction; there are also two lodes, north of South Lode, that have been tried in the western part of the sett.

On South Lode the shafts are as follows: Rule's, 300 yds. S.E. of Rosewarne House, vertical to adit; Pool's, 130 yds. E. of Rule's, vertical to the 34-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 58-fm.; Bickford's or Bush (possibly also called St. Aubyn's), 110 yds. E. of Pool's, vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 104-fm. Level; Richard's Engine, 140 yds. E. of Bickford's, vertical to the 70-fm. Level, passing through the lode at the 12-fm.; Phillip's, 105 yds. E. of Richard's Engine, vertical to the 46-fm. Level, passing through the lode below the 12-fm; Rule's (eastern), 92 yds. E. by S. of Phillip's, vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 58-fm. Level; Lanyon's, 115 yds. E. by S. of Rule's (eastern), vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 58-fm. Level; Footway, 98 yds. E. by S. of Lanyon's, vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level; Engine, 140 yds. E. by S. of Footway, vertical to the 22-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 90-fm.; Jenning's, 80 yds. E. by S. of Engine, vertical to the 12-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 70-fm., and Lane's, 160 yds. E. by S. of Jenning's (and 90 yds. N. by E. of Cathebedron Cross), vertical to the 34-fm. Level. Eastward of Lane's Shaft the plans show no workings below Adit Level, which continues another 400 fms. E. by S. with New Shaft, 230 yds. from Lane's, Highburrow Shaft 93 yds. from New and two others respectively at 166 yds. and 258 yds. from Highburrow. The eastern end of Adit Level is shown beneath the stream that flows from Praze-an-Beeble to Barripper, east by south of Cathebedron Cross, but the Ordnance map shows two further shafts on the line of strike, respectively at 100 yds. and 300 yds. E. of the stream.

The plan (dated 1875) is not so complete in the deeper levels as the longitudinal sections, of which there are two, one (dated 1859) showing developments from Bickford's Shaft eastwards to Highburrow Shaft, with Engine Shaft down to the 80-fm. Level and Bickford's to the 54-fm., while the other (dated 1877) shows later workings from Richard's Engine Shaft westwards to Rule's, with Bickford's Shaft to the 104-fm. Level. A plan (in private possession) of this western section shows the levels east of Richard's Engine Shaft as dammed, indicating that latterly the more easterly workings (referred to on the plan mentioned as Old Rosewarne) had been abandoned. A report (dated 1862) gives further information about development; this states that Engine Shaft had by then been deepened to the 90-fm. Level and that a considerable amount of driving additional to that shown on the earlier longitudinal section had been done from that shaft on the 46-fm., 58-fm., 70-fm., 80-fm. and 90-fm. levels. The following account of development on South Lode is taken from all the above sources of information.

Adit Level (13 fms.) extends from 10 fms. W. of Rule's Shaft to the valley east of Cathebedron Cross, a distance of about 1,000 fms. and for possibly a further 150 fms. E. The 12-fm. Level, from 45 fms. W. of Bickford's Shaft to 35 fms. E. of Jenning's Shaft, is about 460 fms. long. Levels from the 22-fm. to the 46-fm. block out the lode from 20 fms. W. of Rule's Shaft to 100 fms. E. of Lane's, a distance of 700 fms., and the 58-fm. Level extends from 45 fms. W. of Rule's to 33 fms. E. of Jenning's, a total of nearly 600 fms. The deepest continuous level is the 74-fm. of Bickford's Shaft which is the equivalent of the 70-fm. of Engine Shaft; this extends from below Pool's Shaft to 30 fms. E. of Jenning's. The 84-fm. at Bickford's Shaft extends for 46 fms. W. and 33 fms. E.; the 94-fm. for 30 fms. W. and 20 fms. E., and the 104-fm. for 25 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. At Engine Shaft the 80-fm. and 90-fm. levels are each driven for about 110 fms. W. and 105 fms. E. Stoping is patchy and widely distributed over the area between Rule's and Lane's shafts down to the 104-fm. Level at Bickford's Shaft and to the 70-fm. at Engine Shaft. The largest areas of stoping are from the 34-fm. to the 84-fm. about Pool's and Bickford's shafts, from 6 fms. above adit to the 46-fm. between Rule's (eastern) and Footway shafts and from adit to the 58-fm., east of Jenning's Shaft; about 20 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

The lode which carries tin, copper, zinc, lead and silver ores, as well as pyrite, sends off branches 4 to 6 in. wide in places and is crossed by two slides dipping 22° W., one penetrated by Engine Shaft 4 fms. below surface, by Footway Shaft between the 12-fm. and 22-fm. levels and by Lanyon's Shaft just below the 34-fm. and the other cut by Rule's (eastern) shaft at 3 fms. below surface and by Phillip's Shaft at 3 fms. below Adit Level. Some longitudinal sections of the western part of the workings in private possession show an elvan dyke near surface at Richard's Engine Shaft, between the 12-fm. and 22-fm. levels at Bickford's Shaft and at the 34-fm. Level at Pool's Shaft; this, however, does not agree with the elvans mapped at surface, one of which crosses the lode position between Phillip's and Rule's (eastern) shafts.

North Lode is followed at Adit Level for 170 fms. E.N.E. of its junction with South Lode at 20 fms. W. of Highburrow Shaft. There are two shafts to adit, Copper Bottom Shaft, 100 yds. N.N.E. of Highburrow Shaft and another 105 yds. E.N.E. of Copper Bottom Shaft; dumps farther east suggest that the lode has also been tried there.

From Highburrow Shaft drainage adit crosscut is shown on the plan as extending 460 fms. S. with six air shafts and other old shafts, shown on the Ordnance map, indicate that it extends farther south to an outlet possibly somewhere near Clowance Wood (6-in. Corn. 69 S.E.). A prospecting crosscut 30 fms. S. from the 34-fm. Level, 8 fms. W. of Pool's Shaft cuts no lodes, but another 100 fms. N.N.W. from the 12-fm. Level, 20 fms. W. of Bickford's Shaft intersects a lode at 48 fms. and another at 83 fms.; both course E. 25° N.; the more southerly has been followed for 73 fms. W. and 58 fms. E. and also opened up by a shaft on the crosscut (117 yds. N.W. of Bickford's) and another (Copper Ore Shaft) 50 yds. W. of the first; the northerly lode has been opened up for 25 fms. W. and 20 fms. E. of the crosscut.

At least two other lodes have been worked in the sett but their locations are not known. They are not shown on the plan, but of one, there is a longitudinal section and its chief shaft, Giesler's, is mentioned in the 1862 report; that report also refers to Blueburrow shaft on a copper lode called Lannack Lode. The longitudinal section shows Boundary Shaft, to the 50-fm. Level below adit (20 fms.); Giesler's Shaft, 122 yds. E. of Boundary Shaft, to below the 70-fm. Level; Pool's Shaft, 110 yds. E. of Giesler's, to Adit Level, and Hender's Shaft, 25 yds. E. of Pool's to the 20-fm. Level. Adit Level joins Giesler's Shaft to the bottom of Pool's and the 10-fm. Level connects Giesler's and Boundary shafts. The longest drive is the 20-fm. Level which extends from 12 fms. W. of Boundary Shaft to 8 fms. E. of Hender's, a distance of 150 fms. The 30-fm., 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels all extend from 12 fms. W. of Boundary Shaft to about 35 fms. E. of Giesler's. The 60-fm. is driven for 45 fms. W. and 33 fms. E. of Giesler's Shaft and the 70-fm. for 23 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. Stoping is in small patches, mainly from the 20-fm. to the 50-fm. levels for 12 fms. W. of Boundary Shaft, from the 10-fm. to the 40-fm. levels between Boundary and Giesler's shafts and on the 50-fm. and 60-fm. levels for 20 fms. E. of Giesler's; about 25 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

The lode of North Rosewarne Mine courses E. 20° N. and underlies steeply south; it is worked from two shafts, Western, 183 yds. N. by W. of Rosewarne House and Old Engine Shaft, 63 yds. E. by N. of the other. There are three drives, called respectively Shallow Adit (about 13 fms.), Deep Adit and 12-fm. Level on the longitudinal section (dated 1855) and adit, 10-fm. Level and 20-fm. Level on the plan (dated 1876). Western Shaft is to Deep Adit and Old Engine to the 12-fm. Level. Shallow Adit is driven from Western Shaft to 56 fms. E. of Old Engine Shaft, Deep Adit from Western Shaft to 43 fms. E. of Old Engine Shaft and the 12-fm. Level is short. There is a block of stoning from surface to Shallow Adit for 20 fms. W. and 20 fms. E. of Old Engine Shaft and from Shallow Adit to Deep Adit for 10 fms. W. and 20 fms. E.

Other shafts suggest two nearly parallel lodes respectively 60 and 150 yds. S. of North Rosewarne Lode; those on the more northerly lode are Footway Shaft 120 yds. N. of Rosewarne House, Ingram's Shaft 20 yds. E. of Footway and Eastern Shaft 210 yds. E. of Ingram's and, on the southerly lode, a shaft 20 yds. N.W. of Rosewarne House and another 100 yds. E.N.E.

Records of output of the Rosewarne group of mines are incomplete. Copper Bottom produced 1,701 tons of 8.25 per cent copper ore and some black tin between 1836 and 1860 and as New Hender, 155 tons of 7.75 per cent copper ore and 6 tons of black tin from 1861 to 1863. New Rosewarne raised 1,065 tons of 9 per cent copper ore and 50 tons of black tin between 1863 and 1875 and North Rosewarne 69 tons of 13.5 per cent copper ore and 80 tons of mispickel in 1873.

Official statistics for mines probably constituting this group include:- Rosewarne: 1853–55 and 1860, 130 tons of black tin and 1856, 10 tons of zinc ore; Hender: 1854–57, 226 tons of 72 per cent lead ore and 1855–56, 6 cwt. of black tin; New Rosewarne; 1863–77, 1,488 tons of 9 per cent copper ore and 1872–76, 160 tons of black tin; North Rosewarne: 1873, 6 tons of copper ore and 1872–74, tin to the value of £68; Rosewarne United: 1854–68, 15,386 tons of 8.25 per cent copper ore; 1857, 44 tons of zinc ore; 1858–63, tinstuff worth £2,053 and 1874, 32.5 tons of black tin; New Hender: 1861–62, 152 tons of 8 per cent copper ore and 1861, tinstuff worth £5. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Relistian

[SW 60475 36765] 0.75 mile S.E. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.; A.M. R 38 A. Also known as Relistian Consols and includes New West Rosewarne Mine (A.M. 1969 A) [SW 60685 36760] which was also called East Relistian and possibly also Gwinear Consols. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

The New West Rosewarne section was worked as Vyvyan Consols in 1853–54.

This mine, which lies between Rosewarne and Herland United, on the west and Rosewarne United, was active early in the 18th century and records are scanty. The plans are old and sketchy and only the two longitudinal sections (dated 1837 and 1840) show details of the underground workings though the shafts cannot be identified with certainty on the surface. The original Relistian workings are on either side of, but mainly west of, the road, 400 yds. W.N.W. of Wall hamlet. New West Rosewarne was a later mine (plans dated 1876) in the eastern part of the sett, the workings of which extend eastwards under the northern part of Wall.

Relistian worked North and South lodes, about 60 yds. apart, each coursing about E. 20° N. and underlying 30° to 40° N. South Lode intersects an elvan dyke, 11 ft. wide which is traversed by numerous cassiterite-bearing veinlets; values here were found to be patchy but in places so rich that the elvan was worked away in bulk. The lode was developed from Common's Shaft to the 25-fm. Level below Deep Adit (26 fms.); Engine Shaft, 160 yds. E. of Common's, to the 90-fm. Level ; Nobel's Shaft, 72 yds. E. of Engine to the 40-fm. Level and Carew's Shaft, 62 yds. E. of Nobel's, to below Deep Adit. Shallow Adit (12 fms.) and Deep Adit block out the lode for at least 30 fms. W. of Common's Shaft and 50 fms. E. of Carew's, a distance of 230 fms. The next level is the 25-fm. which extends from the bottom of Common's Shaft to at least 80 fms. E. of Nobel's, a total of 200 fms. The 40-fm. Level, from 45 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to at least 80 frns. E. of Nobel's is 160 fms. long. The 50-fm. and 55-fm. levels are short. The next drive is at the 70-fm. which extends 20 fms. W. and 38 fms. E. of Engine Shaft, and below it are the 76-fm., 80-fm. and 90-fm. levels, all of which are short. There was much surface excavation between Common's and Engine shafts, to a depth of 10 fms. and below that an extensive stope of 30 fms. horizontal measurement near surface but tapering downwards to about 6 frns. on the 50-fm. Level. This stope pitches steeply eastwards, its eastern margin crossing Engine Shaft at Deep Adit and the 40-fm. Level 10 fms. E. of Engine Shaft. Below the 50-fm. Level, down to the 90-fm. there is only a very narrow stope suggesting workings on a pipe-like deposit about 6 fms. across. These slopes are presumed to be all in elvan; beyond there is a stope 13 fms. high and 43 fms. long, commencing 18 fms. E. of Engine Shaft on the 25-fm. Level.

North Lode is 1.5 to 2 ft. wide and also passes through an elvan between 75 fms. and 105 fms. below surface, in which it splits into numerous small veins. It is said to consist of a conglomerate of rounded fragments of slate, elvan and granite cemented by veinstuff of quartz, chlorite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite and earthy brown iron ore (Henwood 1843, Table xxxvi; see also Carne 1828, p. 238). Other minerals present are mispickel, wolfram and native copper. There is an extensive adit, extending at least from about 100 yds. S. of Goneva farm for about 570 fms. W.S.W. on the lode; near the western end there is a crosscut about 300 fms. S.W. to the outlet near Drannack farm. Development on the lode is mainly from Davey's Shaft, to the 150-fm. Level below adit (25 fms.); Engine Shaft, 40 yds. E. of Davey's, to the 90-fm. Level ; New or Whear's Shaft 106 yds. E. of Engine, to the 130-fm. Level; Blight's Shaft, 160 yds. E. of New, to the 32-fm. Level; Old Engine or Goneva Shaft, 100 yds. E. of Blight's, to the 40-fm. Level; Thomas Shaft, 64 yds. E. of Old Engine, to the 32-fm. Level, and Vren's, 74 yds. E. of Thomas to the 10-fm. Level. All the shafts up to and including Old Engine Shaft are believed to lie west of the road and the remainder to the east; Old Engine Shaft is probably that just west of the road and about 50 yds. S. of the Bench Mark 267.8. The lode is intersected by a crosscourse underlying 8° E. just west of Blight's Shaft and the workings below adit on either side of the crosscourse are not connected. To the west the lode has been blocked out from about 130 fms. W. of Davey's Shaft to about 45 fms. E. of New Shaft, a distance of about 220 fms., down to the 120-fm. Level, with shorter drives on the 130-fm. and 140-fm.; the 150-fm. Level is only a few feet in length. Stoning in this area is patchy ; it extends 100 fms. W. of Davey's Shaft and about 20 fms. E. of New Shaft, between the 25-fm. and the 140-fm. levels; there is very little stoping above the 25-fm. and that mainly near New Shaft; in all about 35 per cent of this area has been removed. East of the crosscourse the lode is blocked out down to the 32-fm. Level from 10 fms. W. of Blight's Shaft to Thomas Shaft and there is a drive 20 frns. W. and 10 fms. E. of Old Engine Shaft at the 40-fm. Level. There are small stones above and below Adit Level from Blight's Shaft to Vren's, also on the 10-fm., 15-fm., 20-fm. and 25-fm. for 30 fms. W. of Old Engine Shaft and a fair sized stope between the 20-fm. and 32-fm. levels, for 10 fms. E. and W. of Blight's Shaft; about 30 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

New West Rosewarne worked a lode lying about 100 yds. S. of Relistian North Lode, coursing E. 5° N. and underlying steeply south, probably the westward extension of Rosewarne South Lode. It is, however, apparently similar in composition to Relistian North Lode, containing fragments of slate and elvan embedded in veinstuff and fluccan (see Rundell 1865). The shafts are Watson's, 240 yds. W. of Wall Methodist Chapel, vertical to the 20-fm. Level below Deep Adit (21 fms.) and Leed's or Duke's Shaft, 156 yds. E. by N. of Watson's, on the underlie to the 34-fm. Level. Shallow Adit (10 fms.) extends from Watson's Shaft to 86 fms. E. of Leed's Shaft, a distance of 165 fms. Deep Adit and the 10-fm. Level are each 35 fms. shorter than Shallow Adit. From the bottom of Watson's Shaft the 20-fm. Level is driven 40 fms. E. and at Leed's Shaft the 24-fm. is driven 25 fms. E.; the 34-fm. at Leed's Shaft is short. The section shows stoping from surface to Shallow Adit for 12 fms. W. and 75 fms. E. of Leed's Shaft, between Shallow and Deep adits for 12 fms. E. and 10 frns. E. and there are small stopes between Deep Adit and the 10-fm. Level east of Leed's Shaft but the full extent of the stoped ground is not clear.

There are no records of early output from the mines of this group which are known to have been active in part in 1715. Records for Relistian are 12,150 tons of 8.5 per cent copper ore from 1832 to 1842and, since 1851, 5 tons of black tin, 2.5 tons of copper ore and 5 tons of mispickel. New West Rosewarne or East Relistian, 100 tons of 7 per cent copper ore, 10 tons of black tin, 16 tons of mispickel, 14 tons of pyrite and a few tons of lead ore.

New West Rosewarne: 1873–74, 45 tons of black tin. Gwinear Consols: 1847–48, 511 tons of 4 per cent copper ore.

Part of Relistian was recorded as an ancient tin site in 1502 and there were further references to tin in 1696 and copper sales in 1706. The mine probably closed in 1719 not to be re-opened until 1802. It was again idle in 1811–30 and finally closed in 1842. Early output is only sketchily recorded (A. K. Hamilton Jenkin). (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Pendarves and St. Aubyn Consols

[SW 62510 37735] 2 miles E. by N. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 352; 6-in. Corn. 62 S.E., 69 N.E. Includes Crack Crowder [SW 62185 37715], Wheal Duffield (or West Bosprowal or Weeth) [SW 625 377] and East Rosewarne (or Bosprowal or Brook) (A.M. R 30 C) [SW 631 378]. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

The three mines adjoin one another. The position of Crack Crowder, on the west, is indicated by a line of old dumps and surface disturbances 600 yds. long from 300 yds. N.E. of Carnhell farm (6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.) to just south of Weeth farm (6-in. Corn. 62 S.E.); there are no records.

Wheal Duffield commences south of Weeth farm and extends 400 yds. E. by N. to just north-east of Bosprowal farm; it worked two lodes a few fathoms apart coursing E. 10° N. from Duffield Shaft, 130 yds. E. of Weeth farm and Redbarrow Shaft, 150 yds. E. of Duffield. The only underground working of this mine that has been recorded is an adit 100 fms. N. from the eastern end of Adit Level 60 fms. E. of Redbarrow Shaft to an old shaft 220 yds. N. by E. of Bosprowal farm; this is shown on the East Rosewarne plan.

East Rosewarne workings extend 600 yds. E. of Bosprowal farm. This section is traversed by two elvan dykes, 100 yds. apart and trending E. 40° N., the outcrop of the more northerly passing 30 yds. S.E. of Bosprowal farm. The elvans are crossed by two chief lodes, North and Engine, 10 fms. apart on the west and 23 fms. on the east, the former trending E. 10° N., vertical to the 6-fm. Level, underlying 20° S. to the 33-fm. and 8° N. below and the latter trending E. 5° N. and underlying 15° S.; a few other lodes have been tried.

According to the plan, North lode was worked from King's Shaft, 130 yds. E.N.E. of Bosprowal farm, vertical to adit (10 fms.) on Engine Lode and then inclined to meet North Lode at the 22-fm. Level whence it follows that lode to the 65-fm. Level, and Hallett's Shaft, 170 yds. N.E. by E. of King's, following the changing underlie to the 75-fm. Level; there are also shafts at 115 yds. and 366 yds. respectively E. by N. of Hallett's, but the extent of workings from them is not known. The plan and longitudinal section show no Adit Level; the 6-fm. is in two parts, one extending 43 fms. E. from King's Shaft and the other 13 fms. E. from Hallett's; the 12-fm. is driven 64 fms. E. from King's Shaft only, and the 22-fm. and 32-fm. levels open up the lode for about 50 fms. E. and 45 fms. W. of Hallett's Shaft. The only continuous drives between the two shafts are the 43-fm. and 53-fm. which extend from King's Shaft to 40 fms. E. of Hallett's, a distance of 120 fms. The 65-fm. Level is in two parts, one 30 fms. E. from King's Shaft and the other 15 fms. E. and 30 fms. W. of Hallett's Shaft and the 75-fm. is driven 16 fms. E. and 28 fms. W. of Hallett's Shaft. The stope pattern suggests an ore shoot pitching about 30° W. with a horizontal measurement of about 70 fms. which is stoped between the 12-fm. and 75-fm. levels, its western or upper margin passing Hallett's Shaft at the 6-fm. Level and King's at the 43-fm.; there is also a stope between the 6-fm. and 12-fm. levels extending 40 fms. E. from King's Shaft; nearly 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The lode passes through the southern elvan dyke, the trace of which in the plane of the lode, is about 30 ft. wide, dips 30° W., and passes more or less centrally down the main ore shoot; it crosses Hallett's Shaft between 1 fm. above and 4 fms. below the 43-fm. Level. The plans are dated 1863 and are probably not up-to-date for records of output are known up to 1873; moreover, it has been stated that this elvan crosses King's Shaft between the 80-fm. and 90-fm. levels, or 25 fms. deeper than the depth given to the shaft on the plans.

Engine Lode was worked from King's Shaft, which is close to this lode, to the 22-fm. Level; Matthew's or Middle Shaft, 83 yds. E. by N. of King's, on the underlie to the 33-fm. Level; Engine Shaft, 52 yds. E. by N. of Matthew's, on the underlie to the 55-fm. Level; Hanley's Shaft, 140 yds. E. by N. of Engine, vertical to the 22-fm. Level, and James', Wheal Brook and Sarah's adit shafts, respectively 50 yds., 98 yds. and 160 yds. E. of Hanley's. Adit Level extends from 40 fms. W. of King's Shaft to beyond Sarah's, a distance of about 260 fms.; the 12-fm. and 22-fm. levels join King's and Hanley's shafts; the 33-fm. Level extends 6 fms. E. and 40 fms. W. of Engine Shaft and the 43-fm. and 53-fm. levels are short. There is some stoping above Adit Level between King's and Engine shafts, a more or less continuous run between adit and the 12-fm. from 6 fms. W. of King Shaft, 60 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and some small scattered stopes on the 22-fm. and 32-fm. levels; about 40 per cent of the blocked-out ground between King's and Hanley's shafts has been removed. The trace of the southern elvan dyke, of similar dimensions and apparent dip to that on North Lode, crosses Engine Shaft about the 32-fm. Level.

A crosscut 30 fms. N. at the 53-fm. Level from Engine Shaft meets North Lode and another 38 fms. S. from the 43-fm. Level, 8 fms. W. of Hallett's Shaft on North Lode intersects Engine Lode at 26 fms. and meets another lode called South Lode; this has not been developed here but has a short drive from a crosscut 8 fms. S. from Engine Lode at the 12-fm. Level just east of Hanley's Shaft. A prospecting crosscut 47 fms. S. by E. from King's Shaft at Adit Level meets the southern elvan and another 72 fms. S. from Adit Level at James' Shaft proves no further lodes. There is a separate working consisting of an adit drive 65 fms. long with five air shafts, on a lode coursing E. 24° N.; the westernmost air shaft is 278 yds. N.N.E. of King's Shaft. No details concerning this lode are known; it may be the westerly extension of the lode in West Dolcoath Mine that was worked from Barripper Shaft (200 yds. E.N.E. of Barripper post office).

The only records of output for this group of mines are:—Wheal Duffield: 1815–24 and 1831–41, 7,805 tons of copper ore. Pendarves and St. Aubyn Consols: 1854, 125 tons of 8.25 per cent copper ore and 1856, tinstuff worth £128. East Rosewarne: 1857–73, 8,239 tons of 8.5 per cent copper ore; 1859–60, 1866 and 1870, tinstuff worth £77 and 1873, 26 tons of black tin. In 1858 and 1859 the mine produced 4 tons of arsenical silver ore.

North Parbola

[SW 61075 36585] The first workings here were in alluvial deposits on the west side of Shaft Downs, 350 yds. S.E. of Wall hamlet (1 mile E.S.E. of Gwinear. 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.) which consist largely of elvan fragments. An elvan 25 to 30 ft. wide, trending N.E. and dipping 45° N.W. in soft clayey killas, passes beneath the western edge of the alluvials. The rock is traversed by numerous joints here and there, chiefly within 6 ft. of the footwall of the dyke, filled with veinlets of quartz and cassiterite up to half an inch wide. The blocks between the joints are often barren or carry traces of cassiterite but where the joints are close together the blocks are sprinkled with spots of cassiterite up to pea size. In the richer parts the elvan is kaolinized and soft.

About 1905, Medlyn's Shaft was sunk in the alluvial tract about 330 yds. S.E. of Wall Methodist Chapel on the footwall of the elvan to a depth of 60 ft. and from its bottom a level driven 180 ft. N.E. mainly in elvan but partly in killas. It is stated that rich tin was met at a depth of 20 ft. on the west side of the shaft and followed downwards by a winze 50 ft. W. of the shaft, as far below the 60-ft. Level as water permitted; stoping was also carried out from the level but the work did not continue for long. About 1926 or 1927 some prospecting was carried out. A shaft entered elvan at 15 ft. and was stopped at 30 ft. on reaching water level. At this depth a crosscut was put through the elvan and a drive carried 30 ft. along the footwall side from which another crosscut was driven 15 ft. into the elvan. The results of this work are not recorded, nor the site, but it is believed to be 220 yds. S.E. of Wall Methodist Chapel and, if so, is on an elvan trending E. 10° S. and therefore not that worked in Medlyn's Shaft. Later a 60-ft. vertical shaft was sunk 283 yds. S.E. of the chapel and a crosscut driven to the footwall side where the eastern end of the 60-ft. Level from Medlyn's Shaft was entered and sampled for 50 ft. at 10-ft. intervals from the end, the remainder being inaccessible owing to falls near Medlyn's Shaft. Assays are said to have shown an average of 30 lb. of black tin per ton over the 3.5-ft. width of the drive, but no production resulted. Output is not known.

Parbola

[SW 61376 36297] 1.25 miles E.S.E. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.; A.M. R 42 A, 1597 and 6683. Also known as Wheal Jennings and later as South Parbola Mine. Country: killas traversed by an eivan dyke.

The ore occurs here as impregnations in an elvan dyke 40 to 80 ft. wide, coursing about E.-W. and underlying 40° to 60° S. According to Henwood (1843, p. 38) and Seymour (1878, pp. 185–90), the dyke consists of compact, fine-grained feldspar containing small rounded aggregations of quartz and small radiating clusters of tourmaline crystals, and includes angular fragments of granite; near the edges of the dyke there are chill margins of finer texture than the central parts. The colour is usually yellowish-white, but varies from white to red and occasionally violet-grey or blue. Decomposition of the feldspar has resulted, in places, in soft earthy rock, easily dug. The red or buff patches have proved most productive of tin while blue ones are barren.

Throughout the whole of the workings the elvan is traversed by nearly vertical joints crossing it with a bearing of N. 20^° E. and usually terminating abruptly at its walls. These vary from a mere crack up to 4 or even 8 in. wide and are reputed to increase in size with depth. They have well defined walls and some carry quartz and cassiterite; in places the elvan rock adjacent to the joints is stained due to impregnations of cassiterite (known locally as 'grey tin') and the finer veinlets are often close together, up to 16 or more to the inch being fairly common. Though the joints are generally parallel, intersections both in strike and dip are frequent and small bunches of ore occur at the crossings and also where the veins abut against killas country. The most productive veins are persistent across the width of the elvan and where veins occasionally pass into killas, that rock is tourmalinized and impregnated with cassiterite. A hard quartz-filled crosscourse, 4 to 5 ft. wide, trending N. 20° W., crosses the elvan just west of Engine Shaft; the ore is said to make in its vicinity.

The deposit was worked from Tregoning's Shaft, 520 yds. W. by S. of Gear farm, inclined about 45° E. to the 20-fm. Level below adit (5 fms.); Dock Shaft, 112 yds. E. of Tregoning's vertical to the 10-fm. Level; Engine Shaft, 40 yds. E. by S. of Dock, vertical to the 40-fm. Level; William's Shaft, 47 yds. E.N.E. of Engine, inclined south to the 20-fm. Level; Thomas's Shaft, 70 yds. E. by S. of William's, vertical to the 30-fm. Level; Blewett's Shaft, 90 yds. E. by N. of Thomas's, vertical to the 18-fm., and Eastern or Derry's Shaft, 117 yds. E. of Blewett's, vertical to the 10-fm. Level. Adit Level extends for 10 fms. E. and 130 fms. W. of Engine Shaft; the 10-fm. Level from 46 fms. W. of Tregoning's Shaft to 15 fms. E. of Eastern, a distance of about 250 fms.; the 20-fm. Level from the bottom of Tregoning's Shaft to Blewett's and thence (as the 18-fm. Level) to Eastern Shaft; the 30-fm. Level extends for 46 fms. W. and 70 fms. E. of Engine Shaft, and the 40-fm. Level for 45 fms. W. and 43 fms. E. The levels are driven in or near the hangingwall side of the elvan and from thence numerous drives N. 20° E. follow the ore veins; from these the ore bodies have been stoped for the 80-ft. width of the elvan from surface to the depth of the bottom levels. The stopes occur chiefly between Tregoning's and William's shafts and others continue eastwards to beyond Blewett's Shaft. A drive 50 fms. S. by E. from Engine Shaft at the 20-fm. Level intersects an E.-W. lode at 25 fms. on which there is a stope. Though the mine worked intermittently for over a hundred years there are no known large outputs. The records are incomplete but the following are published:-Parbola: 120 tons of black tin in 1838, 1874 and 1875. Wheal Jennings: 220 tons of black tin in 1875, 1877, 1882 and 1884. Later, under the name South Parbola, a little black tin was raised between 1906 and 1909. In 1926, 1928 and 1934 attempts to restart the mine proved fruitless. The average tin content of the deposit is not known and though said to have yielded some 10 lb ore it is probably a low-grade deposit similar to other stockworks.

A return of tin worth £616 in 1873 appears under the title of Carbola; this may be a misprint for Parbola (or for Cabilla, p.609). (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Official statistics give:—Parbola: 1874–75, 110 tons of black tin; 1906–10, 29 tons of black tin. Jennings: 1875–77 and 1882–84, 219 tons of black tin. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Rosewarne Consols

[SW 62035 36095] 1.75 miles E.S.E. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358 and 352; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.; A.M. R 60 A. Part also known as Bosparva. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

The workings of this mine are more extensive than shown on the plans (dated 1866). The Parbola elvan extends eastward through the northern part of the sett and there are shafts on or near its outcrop including Wilson's, 390 yds. W. of Halancoose Methodist Chapel, Hollow's, 100 yds. E. of Wilson's and two others 150 yds. and 200 yds. respectively east of Hollow's. Just south of the elvan are two lodes, 120 yds. apart, coursing about N.E. On the more easterly lode are Beaumont Shaft, 150 yds. S.W. of the chapel and another 100 yds. S.W. of Beaumont and on the other lode two shafts respectively at 50 yds. S. and 130 yds. S.W. of Hollow's Shaft. There are no records of the workings from any of the above shafts. The chief lodes are Engine Lode and Caunter Lode, the former trending E. 26° N. and underlying 18° S.S.E. and the latter coursing E. 30° S. and underlying south-west; they should intersect in the west of the sett but workings do not reach the point of crossing.

Engine Lode, from surface indications, seems to have been worked for 400 yds. W. and 300 yds. E. of the Halancoose-Carnhell Green road, which it crosses 200 yds. S. of the Methodist Chapel, but the plans show only the workings on the west side of the road from Engine Shaft, 320 yds. S.W. of the chapel, vertical to the 20-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 80-fm., Minton's Shaft, 110 yds. W.S.W. of Engine Shaft, vertical to the 20-fm. Level and Ellen's Shaft, 130 yds. E.N.E. of Engine Shaft, vertical to the 10-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 90-fm. There is no adit; the 10-fm. Level extends from Minton's Shaft to 30 fms. E. of Engine Shaft, a distance of 85 fms. ; the 20-fm. Level is in two parts, one extending for 85 fms. W. and 25 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and the other for 35 fms. E. from Ellen's Shaft; the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels block out the lode from 35 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to 60 fms. E. of Ellen's, a distance of 160 fms.; the 50-fm. Level is driven 25 fms. W. and 60 fms. E. of Ellen's Shaft, and the 60-fm. Level from Engine Shaft to 55 fms. E. of Ellen's; the 70-fm. Level is in two parts, one extending for 25 fms. W. from Engine Shaft and the other for 6 fms. W. and 60 fms. E. of Ellen's; the 80-fm. Level is driven from 12 fms. W. of Engine Shaft to 33 fms. E. of Ellen's, and the 90-fm. Level is short. The chief block of stoping is from the 20-fm. to the 70-fm. level, for 20 fms. W. and 60 fms. E. of Ellen's Shaft and no level shown on the longitudinal section extends beyond the eastern stope breasts, which are beneath the Halancoose-Carnhell Green road as though this were the eastern boundary of the sett, but there are dumps and surface indications farther east. There are also small stopes in the 10-fm. and 20-fm. levels east of Engine Shaft, on the 30-fm. Level west of Engine Shaft, on the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels about midway between Engine and Ellen's shafts and on the 80-fm. Level east of Ellen's Shaft; in all, about 35 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. A crosscut 18 fms. N.W. from the 10-fm. Level at Engine Shaft cuts no further lodes and another 30 fms. S. from the western end of the 20-fm. Level connects with Sarah's Shaft on Caunter Lode. Engine Lode is intersected by four crosscourses, trending west of north, one vertical and the others underlying about 15° W.; two of these crop out 80 and 96 yds. respectively east of Ellen's Shaft, the vertical one 10 yds. W. of Ellen's Shaft and the fourth is intersected by the 30-fm. Level 20 fms. E. of Engine Shaft; they do not appear to heave the lode.

Caunter Lode was worked from Sarah's Shaft, 500 yds. S.W. of the Methodist Chapel and 200 yds. W.S.W. of Engine Shaft on Engine Lode, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level and Flatrod Shaft, 150 yds. E.S.E. of Sarah's, vertical to adit (12 fms.) and on the underlie to the 30-fm. Adit Level is driven 53 fms. S.E. from Flatrod Shaft and the 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels connect the two shafts and extend beyond for 10 fms. N.W. and 15 fms. S.E. There are two small stopes above the 20-fm. Level and one above the 30-fm. about midway between the two shafts.

From Flatrod Shaft drainage adit is crosscut 60 fms. S. by W. to an air shaft and there encounters Thomas's Lode, coursing N.E., parallel to and south of an elvan; it follows this lode 330 fms. S.W. with seven air shafts. At 140 fms. from the end of the crosscut Thomas's Lode is crossed by a taunter trending E. 30° S., which is driven on for about 10 fms. The workings on Thomas's Lode are probably those referred to as Bosparva, that were being prospected in 1912, but developments are not known to have exceeded 10 fms. in depth.

There are no records of the nature of the lodes worked in Rosewarne Consols. The output was 2,943 tons of 9.25 per cent copper ore in 1858–69 and 56 tons of black tin in 1860–62.

North Unity

[SW 60685 35760] 1.25 miles S.E. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.; A.M. R 184 A. Part known as Wheal Lamin. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

Three lodes, North, Engine and South were worked here within 300 yds. S. of Lamin hamlet. North Lode courses N.E. and is• nearly vertical, Engine Lode, of similar strike but underlying N.W. crops out about 90 yds. S. of North Lode and South Lode trending E. 25° N. and underlying 22° S. is about 80 yds. S. of Engine Lode. An elvan dyke, with E.N.E. trend, passes between North Lode and Engine Lode in the west of the sett. Eastwards, and to the south-east of Lamin, Engine Lode passes through the elvan and continues north-eastwards on its north side, where it has also been exploited, in Wheal Unity Consols sett.

North Lode was worked from Park Pease Shaft, 250 yds. S.S.W. of Lamin, and Bottom's Shaft, 70 yds. N.E. of Park Pease, both to the 27-fm. Level and Stephen's Shaft, 45 yds. N.E. of Bottom's to the 17-fm. Level. There is no Adit Level and the only drives shown on the plan (dated 1855) are the 17-fm. and 27-fm. levels. The 17-fm. Level extends from 10 fms. S.W. of Park Pease Shaft to Stephen's Shaft, a distance of 70 fms. and the 27-fm. Level is in two parts, one extending 10 fms. each way from Park Pease Shaft and the other for 12 fms. S.W. and 20 fms. N.E. of Bottom's Shaft; the amount of stoping is not known; the western ends of the drives probably abut against the north side of the elvan. A crosscut south-east from the 17-fm. Level at Stephen's Shaft passes through Engine Lode just west of Engine Shaft at 48 fms. and continues a further 48 fms. to join the 17-fm. Level on South Lode just west of Cox's Shaft.

The workings on Engine Lode were from Croft Shaft, 300 yds. S. by W. of Lamin (and 90 yds. S.E. of Park Pease Shaft), vertical to adit (6 fms.); Hoppe's Shaft, 68 yds. N.E. of Croft, on the underlie to the 66-fm. Level; Engine Shaft, 70 yds. N.E. of Hoppe's, vertical to the 17-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 76-fm.; Old Engine Shaft, 70 yds. N.N.E. of Engine Shaft, sunk north of the lode vertically to the 17-fm. Level and an unnamed shaft 68 yds. E.N.E. of Old Engine, vertical to the 34-fm. Level; the last shaft is close to the south side of the elvan. Down to the 34-fm. Level the lode has been developed from about 25 fms. S.W. of Hoppe's Shaft to 70 fms. N.E. of Engine Shaft, a distance of 120 fms. From the 46-fm. to the 76-fm. the lode is blocked out for about 30 fms. S.W. of Hoppe's Shaft to 15 fms. N.E. of Engine Shaft. From above Adit Level to the 66-fm. the lode has been stoped more or less for 25 fms. S.W. of Hoppe's Shaft to about 20 fms. N.E. of Engine Shaft; about 30 per cent of the developed ground has been removed.

Engine Lode continues south-westward of the above workings for there are old shaft dumps on the line of strike for 600 yds. S.W. of Croft Shaft, passing into Wheal Hopes sett.

North-eastward, Adit Level continues through the elvan, with various turns, to an air shaft on the north side of the elvan, 113 yds. E.N.E. of the unnamed shaft in the western section. From the air shaft, a level follows a lode (not Engine Lode) 57 fms. N.N.E. and 12 fms. S.S.W., but this adit working does not connect with those on Engine Lode on the north side of the elvan in Wheal Unity Consols.

South Lode was worked from Pearce's Shaft, 68 yds. S.E. of Engine Shaft (on Engine Lode), vertical to the 8-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 17-fm. and Cox's Shaft, 45 yds. E.N.E. of Pearce's, vertical to the 8-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 23-fm. Level. Adit Level (4 fms.) extends from Pearce's Shaft to 23 fms. N.E. of Cox's, a distance of 48 fms.; the 8-fm. Level from 28 fms. S.W. of Pearce's Shaft to 30 fms. N.E. of Cox's; the 17-fm. Level from 25 fms. S.W. of Pearce's Shaft to 30 fms. N.E. of Cox's, and the 23-fm. from below Pearce's Shaft to 20 fms. N.E. of Cox's. Stoping is from above Adit Level to below the 23-fm. Level and extends from Pearce's Shaft to 22 fms. N.E. of Cox's Shaft; about 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. From the western end of Adit Level, just north of Pearce's Shaft, a crosscut 40 fms. S.W. connects with two air shafts, from the one at the southwest end of this drive, branch crosscuts extend 10 fms. S.W. and 43 fms. S.E.; each connects with an air shaft. The end of the S.E. crosscut and the eastern ends of the levels are against the boundary with Wheal Unity Consols.

The only record of output for North Wheal Unity is 162 tons of 6 per cent copper ore in 1859.

Official statistics give 161 tons of 5.25 per cent copper ore in 1856 as the only record for North Wheal Unity. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Unity Consols

[SW 60855 35480] 1.5 miles S.E. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.; A.M. R 26. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

The following four lodes were worked in this mine: the eastward extension of Engine Lode of North Wheal Unity coursing E. 35° N., Wheal Unity Lode, 300 yds. S. of Engine Lode, coursing E. 32° N., Wheal Lode, 350 yds. S. of Wheal Unity Lode, coursing E. 15° N. and Hampton's Lode, coursing E. 30° N. and intersecting Wheal Lode near the eastern end of the workings.

Engine Lode in North Wheal Unity is on the south side of an elvan dyke, which it penetrates at the boundary between the two setts. In Wheal Unity Consols the lode is on the north side of the elvan; it underlies 10° S. adjacent to the dyke but 50 fms. E. is vertical and, beyond, underlies about 10° N. Development was from Flat Rod Shaft, 120 yds. N.W. of Lower Bosparva, to the 50-fm. Level below adit (8 fms.); No. 1 Shaft, 40 yds. E. by N. of Flat Rod, vertical to adit and on the underlie (south) to the 75-fm. Level; No. 2 Shaft, 100 yds. E.N.E. of No. 11, vertical to adit and on the underlie (north) to the 59-fm. Level; Maria Engine Shaft, 110 yds. E.N.E. of No. 2, to the 59-fm. Level, and New Shaft, 88 yds. N.E. of Maria Engine, to Adit Level. The plan (dated 1852) and longitudinal section (dated 1859) do not agree, the former shows that the lode is heaved about 10 fms. right by a N. 30° W. crosscourse underlying 20° N.E., about 30 fms. W. of No. 1 Shaft (Flat Rod Shaft is not indicated on the plan). Adit Level extends from 10 fms. N.E. of New Shaft to the crosscourse, a distance of 192 fms. The next level shown is the 50-fm. which is driven from 10 fms. N.E. of Maria Engine Shaft to the crosscourse, which it follows 10 fms. N.N.W. and then continues on the heaved part of the lode for 30 fms. S.W. The 59-fm. (or 60-fm.) Level extends from 60 fms. N.E. of Maria Engine Shaft to 12 fms. S.W. of No. 1 Shaft, a distance of 180 fms. The 75-fm. Level is driven from No. 1 Shaft for 21 fms. S.W. to the crosscourse, follows it 10 fms. N.N.W. and then continues 43 fms. S.W.; the western ends of the 50-fm. and 75-fm. levels probably meet the north wall of the elvan. A crosscut 15 fms. N.W. from the western end of the 75-fm. Level seems to be in barren ground. A drive from the 50-fm. Level follows the crosscourse about 50 fms. S.S.E. and at 30 fms. from the lode there is a short drive south-west, probably on the south side of the elvan. From Adit Level about 20 fms. N.E. of No. 2 Shaft there is a crosscut, first for 48 fms. S.E. and then 35 fms. S.; at 4 fms. S. of the turn it enters the elvan, here about 8 fms. wide, and at 21 fms. and 35 fms. S. penetrates two lodes that have not been opened up.

The longitudinal section of this lode shows all the shafts mentioned above but the deepest level is the 50-fm. Adit Level is as shown on the plan; the 10-fm. and 19-fm. levels extend for 35 fms. N.E. of Maria Engine Shaft and 20 fms. S.W. of Flat Rod Shaft, a distance of 150 fms. ; the 30-fm. Level from 20 fms. N.E. of No. 2 Shaft to 25 fms. S.W. of Flat Rod Shaft, is 92 fms. long; the 40-fm. Level, from 22 fms. N.E. of No. 1 Shaft to 20 fms. S.W. of Flat Rod Shaft, is 65 fms. long, and the 50-fm. Level joins Flat Rod and No. 1 shafts and extends a short way beyond each. Stoping from Adit Level to the 19-fm. Level extends from the western ends of the drives to 40 fms. N.E. of No. 2 Shaft and below, to the 50-fm. Level, stopes cover most of the developed ground shown on the section; in all about 40 per cent of the blocked-out area has been removed.

Wheal Unity Lode, which underlies steeply north, was worked from Tucker's Shaft, 470 yds. S.W. of Lower Bosparva, to the 20-fm. Level ; Engine Shaft, 100 yds. E.N.E. of Tucker's, north of the Lode, vertical to the 82-fm. Level below adit (12 frn.) with short crosscuts south; Sunderland Shaft, 30 yds. E. by N. of Engine Shaft, to the 40-fm. Level; Buckley's Shaft, 60 yds. E. by N. of Sunderland, vertical to the 82-fm. Level, passing through the lode at the 30-fm.; Eastern No. 1 Shaft, 50 yds. E. by N. of Buckley's to the 70-fm. Level; Eastern No. 2 Shaft, 166 yds. E. by N. of Eastern No. 1, to the 50-fm. Level, and an air shaft 163 yds. N.E. of Eastern No. 2, to Adit Level. At Eastern No. 2 Shaft a crosscourse (that which heaves Engine Lode) heaves Wheal Unity Lode about 8 fms. Right.

As in the case of Engine Lode, Wheal Unity Lode longitudinal section (dated 1855) does not agree with the plan. It shows Adit Level extending from the air shaft on the north-east to 75 fms. S.W. of Tucker's Shaft, a distance of 360 fms. (this drive on the plan is shown connecting the air shaft and Eastern No. 2 Shaft only; also on the plan the deepest level is the 60-fm. while on the section the deepest is the 82-fm.). The ground is blocked out on the 10-fm. to the 50-fm. levels from 50 fms. N.E. of Eastern No. 2 Shaft to the position of Tucker's Shaft, a distance of 250 fms.; the 60-fm. Level extends from 80 fms. N.E. of Eastern No. 1 Shaft to 15 fms. S.W. of Engine Shaft; the 70-fm. Level from 60 fms. N.E. of Eastern No. 1 Shaft to 37 fms. S.W. of Engine Shaft, and the 80-fm. Level from 28 fms. N.E. of Buckley's Shaft to 10 fms. S.W. of Engine Shaft. From surface to the 40-fm. Level stoping extends from 40 fms. N.E. of Eastern No. 1 Shaft to Tucker's Shaft, and below, to the 82-fm. Level, from 40 fms. N.E. of Eastern No. 1. Shaft to 10 fms. S.W. of Engine Shaft. There are also small stopes near Eastern No. 2 Shaft at Adit Level, on the 30-fm. Level, 12 fms. E. of the shaft, and on the 50-fm. Level just west of and 25 fms. E. of the shaft. The section indicates stopes above the 10-fm. Level as ' copper ground ' and below as tin ground ' ; about 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. Old shafts indicate that the lode has been tried for about 300 yds. S.W. of Tucker's Shaft and 150 yds. N.E. of the air shaft.

Wheal Lode, with steep south underlie, was worked from Kenworthy's Shaft, 400 yds. S.W. of Drewollas, vertical to the 20-fn. Level and on the underlie to the 40-fm.; Tweedale's Shaft, 45 yds. E. by N. of Kenworthy's, vertical to the 40-fm. Level, and Wheal Kitty Shaft, 186 yds. E. by N. of Tweedale's, vertical to the 40-fm. Level, just south of the lode with short crosscuts to it; there is also Eastern Whim Shaft, 96 yds. E. by S. of Tweedale's, sunk about 20 yds. S. of the lode with a crosscut to it at the 30-fm. Level. The lode has been developed from Kenworthy's Shaft to about 30 fms. E.N.E. of Wheal Kitty Shaft, a distance of 150 fms. on the 20-fm., 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels. The 20-fm. Level is about 25 fms. below surface and no Adit Level is shown on the plans. Stoping from 10 fms. above the 20-fm. Level to the 40-fm. extends for the full length of the developed ground; about 55 per cent of the blocked-out area has been removed. A crosscut 27 fms. S. by W. from the 40-fm. Level just west of Tweedale's Shaft meets an E.-W. lode on which there is a drive 10 fms. E., and another crosscut 28 fms. S.S.E. from Eastern Whim Shaft meets the 30-fm. Level on Hampton's Lode at its eastern end.

Hampton's Lode has been followed at Adit (or the 20-fm.) Level from Boundary Shaft, 310 yds. S.W. of Kenworthy's Shaft, to an air shaft 770 yds. N.E. of Boundary Shaft. The drive is not shown on the plans but within this length there are ten shafts, one of which is Wheal Kitty Shaft, through which the lode passes. The only level shown is the 30-fm. which extends 40 fms. S.W. and 76 fms. N.E. from Hampton's Shaft (situated 125 yds. S.S.E. of Kenworthy's Shaft of Wheal Lode). The longitudinal section shows stoping from 6 fms. below surface to 5 fms. below the 30-fm. Level for the full length of the drive. Hampton's Lode continues north-eastwards into Rosewarne Consols sett where it is known as Thomas's Lode.

Records of output for Wheal Unity Consols are 2,830 tons of 6.5 per cent copper ore, 140 tons of black tin and 144 tons of mispickel for the years 1851–6.

Official returns were:-1851–65, 2,829 tons of 6 per cent copper ore; 1853–57, 177 tons of black tin; 1858–59, tinstuff worth £117; 1856, 6 cwt. of lead ore. With other mines it produced 47 tons of black tin in 1888 and 1889 under the title of St. Day Manor. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Clowance

[SW 61795 35375] This old mine, of which there are no known plans, is situated 2.25 miles S.E. of Gwinear (1-in. geol. 352; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.). There are shaft dumps about 500 yds. N. of Clowance Wood farm, aligned, for a length of 1,000 yds., on Clowance Caunter Lode, trending E. 30° S. From 1815 to 1823 the mine raised 7,580 tons of 8 per cent copper ore and a little tinstuff.

Treasury

[SW 61220 34645] 1.75 miles S. by E. of Gwinear 1-in-geol 351, 358 and 352; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E. ; A.M. R 141 and R 142. Also referred to as Wheal Treasure and includes Drewollas Mine [SW 608 347], also Wheals Maid [SW 60505 34640], Penny [SW 61420 34955] and West Treasury [SW 60255 34575]. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

The workings of this once important group of mines extend for an E.-W. distance of about 1.25 miles and to a maximum breadth of about half a mile, within which several lodes were exploited. Wheal Treasury Lode, coursing about E.-W. and underlying about 24° N., the master lode of the group, was worked from 200 yds. E.S.E. of Lambo to 300 yds. N.W. of Horsedown, a distance of over 1,800 yds., and to a maximum depth of 94 fms. below adit. At 70 yds. N. of Wheal Treasury Lode, and underlying steeply north, is a lode known as Engine Lode on the west and as Drewollas Lode on the east, it is parallel with Wheal Treasury Lode from 150 yds. E. of Lambo, for 900 yds. E. and there changes strike to E. 25° S. and intersects Wheal Treasury Lode under Burnt Downs. In the west, Moor Lode, coursing E. 28° N. and underlying steeply south, intersects Wheal Treasury Lode 300 yds. E. by S. of Lambo and Engine Lode 500 yds. E.; it is probably the south-westerly extension of Hampton's Lode of Unity Consols. In the east are White Cap, North and Wheal Penny Lodes cropping out respectively 40 yds., 80 yds. and 180 yds. N.E. of Drewollas Lode. The first two course about E. 20° S., underlie steeply north and cross Wheal Treasury Lode at 40 fms. E. and 80 fms. E. respectively of the intersection of that lode and Drewollas Lode; development on both of these is not extensive and only on the north side of Wheal Treasury Lode. Wheal Penny Lode courses E. 5° S., underlies 24° S. and crosses Wheal Treasury Lode about 235 fms. E. of the Drewollas intersection; it has been developed for 385 fms. About 100 yds. S. of Wheal Treasury Lode there is another, coursing approximately E.-W. and underlying steeply north, the workings on which commence 600 yds. E. by S. of Lambo and extend 1,500 yds. W. into West Wheal Treasury. In Wheal Treasury section, for about 450 yds. W. of the eastern end of the workings this is known as New Lode and in West Wheal Treasury section as Wheal Jane Lode. At 500 yds. E.S.E. of Lambo, New Lode is heaved about 40 fms. right by Hick's Lode that courses E. 32° S. and is nearly vertical ; it has been worked for about 25 fms. each way beyond the heaved parts of New Lode. The plans (undated) are incomplete and the sections (some dated 1834 and others 1845) do not agree in places with the plans.

Wheal Treasury Lode was worked, in the west or Wheal Maid section, from Wheal Maid Shaft, 90 yds. E.S.E. of Gwinear Downs Methodist Chapel (with Bench Mark 291.5) vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level; Emmon's Shaft, 220 yds. W. of Wheal Maid, and Edward's Shaft, 150 yds. W. of Emmon's, vertical to the 50-fm. Level. From 50 fms. S.W. of Edward's Shaft to Emmon's the lode is developed to the 60-fm. Level, but only the 20-fm. Level continues eastwards and ends at Wheal Maid Shaft; at the latter the lode is opened up for 33 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. at the 30-fm. Level; the amount of stoping is not known. From Edward's Shaft at the 20-fm. Level, a crosscut 10 fms. N. meets a section of Hick's Lode which is followed 15 fms. W.N.W. to Hasleton's Shaft, whence a crosscut 28 fms. N. meets Engine Lode and another 70 fms. S.W. is apparently all in barren ground beyond the westernmost workings on Wheal Treasury Lode. From the 20-fm. and 40-fm. levels, about 20 fms. E. of Emmon's Shaft, crosscuts south meet Hick's Lode at 40 fms. and New Lode at 50 fms. The above workings on Wheal Treasury Lode are not shown on the plan to be connected with those farther east, but the 54-fm. Level west from the latter extends to beneath Wheal Maid Shaft.

The next workings to the east on Wheal Treasury Lode were from Middle West Shaft, 430 yds. E. of the Methodist Chapel, vertical to the 20-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 74-fm.; Bull's Shaft, 145 yds. E. by N. of Middle West, vertical to the 47-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 84-fm.; Harvey's Shaft, 63 yds. E. of Bull's, vertical to the 30-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 47-fm.; Dunsford's Shaft, 80 yds. E. of Harvey's, vertical to the 40-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 74-fm., and Stonegate Shaft, 166 yds. E. by N. of Dunsford's, vertical to the 54-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 94-fm. on Wheal Treasury Lode and thence inclined north to the 104-fm. Level on North Lode. Another small section of Wheal Treasury Lode, in the east, was worked from Bates Shaft, 420 yds. E. of Stonegates and 480 yds. W.S.W. of Clowancc Wood farm, vertical to the 16-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 80-fm. A longitudinal section of that part of Wheal Treasury Lode between 100 fms. W. of Middle West Shaft and 80 rms. E. of Stonegate Shaft shows that Adit Level is about 20 fms. below surface. Above the 40-fm. Level the development drives are shown mainly in dotted lines as though in old workings not surveyed. From the 40-fm. Level to the 72-fm. the Lode is blocked out from 130 frns. W. of Middle West Shaft to 48 fms. E. of Stonegate Shaft, a distance of about 435 fms.; the longest drive west is the 54-fm. Level which ends beneath Wheal Maid Shaft of the western section of workings. Drives below the 72-fm. Level are comparatively short, and the eastern ends terminate at a N. 22° W. fluccan. Stopes shown on the longitudinal section are between the 72-fm. Level and 10 fms. above the 40-fm. and are patchy. The largest block extends 70 fms. W. from Middle West Shaft and there are several small detached patches for 60 fms. on either side of Stonegate Shaft. The extreme eastern part of the lode is developed mainly westwards from Bates' Shaft, for a length of 40 fms. down to the 40-fm. Level and for 55 fms. to the 80-fm. Level; the amount of stoping here is not known. There is a gap of undeveloped ground of about 50 fms. between the western end of these workings and the eastern end of those from Stonegate Shaft and drives east from Bates' Shaft are short, ending at a N.W. crosscourse. From Middle West Shaft at Adit Level a crosscut 12 fms. S. meets a lode called South Lode, on which there are short drives each way and from Bull's Shaft, at the 20-fm., 28-fm., and 40-fm. levels, crosscuts about 12 fms. S. meet a north-dipping lode, called Treloar's; there are short drives on it from the end of each crosscut.

Engine Lode was developed from Burges's Shaft, 325 yds. W. by N. of the Methodist Chapel, vertical to the 90-fm. Level where it meets the lode; Field's Shaft, 158 yds. E. of Burges's, vertical to the 80-fm. Level, passing through the lode at the 30-fm., and Coulson's Shaft, 177 yds. E. of Field's (and 70 yds. N. by E. of the chapel), vertical to the 70-fm. Level. From Adit Level (22 fms.) to the 70-fm. the lode is developed from 50 fms. W. of Burges's Shaft to 60 fms. E. of Coulson's, a distance of 297 fms.; the 80-fm. Level connects Burges's and Field's shafts, and the 90-fm. from the bottom of Burges's is short. Stoping is patchy but spread more or less evenly over the developed area between adit and the 80-fm. Level, from 30 fms. W. of Burges's Shaft to 60 fms. E. of Field's Shaft, but the longitudinal section showing the stoped areas does not show such lengthy drives as the plan. The lode was also worked from Lambo Shaft in Wheal Tremayne, 230 yds. W. of Burges's, and connected to it by Adit Level, but there are no plans. The above longitudinal section, however, shows Lambo Shaft to the 74-fm. Level below adit and drives east from it down to the 66-fm. Level blocking out the ground for about 40 fms. E. of the shaft; stoping is not indicated.

Drewollas Lode, the eastward extension of Engine Lode, was worked from Pressure (or Boundary) Shaft, 330 yds. E. by N. of the Methodist Chapel, vertical to the 20-fm. Level; Drewollas Shaft, 218 yds. E. of Pressure, vertical to the 64-fm. Level, passing through the lode at the 40-fm.; and Dunsford's Shaft on Wheal Treasury Lode, 242 yds. E.S.E. of Drewollas Shaft. The lode strike changes from E.-W. to E. 25° S. just east of Drewollas Shaft. From adit (18 fms.) to the 20-fm. Level the lode is blocked out from 45 fms. W. of Pressure Shaft to 10 fms. E. of Dunsford's (where it meets Wheal Treasury Lode), a distance of 275 fms.; the 30-fm. Level connects Drewollas and Dunsford's shafts, and the 40-fm. and 64-fm. levels are driven from 10 fms. W. of Pressure Shaft to Dunsford's. There is also a drive at the 74-fm. extending from beneath Pressure Shaft for 98 fms. E. This bottom level is not on the longitudinal section, which shows patchy stoping from 10 fms. below adit to the 64-fm. Level, between Pressure and Drewollas shafts only. A crosscut 4.0 fms. N.E. from Drewollas Shaft meets a lode coursing E. 40° S. on which there are short drives each way, and a crosscut 30 fms. S. from the 40-fm. level, 80 fms. E. of Drewollas Shaft meets Wheal Treasury Lode about 5 fms. E. of Harvey's Shaft. Drewollas Lode has not been developed on the south side of Wheal Treasury Lode.

White Cap Lode was opened up from drives branching from the levels on Wheal Treasury Lode about 50 fms. E. of Dunsford's Shaft. On the hangingwall side of Wheal Treasury Lode the 20-fm. Level on White Cap Lode extends 50 fms. W., the 40-fm. Level 30 fms. W. and the 62-fm. Level 10 fms. W.; drives from the footwall side are short; the amount of stoping is not known.

North Lode was similarly developed from Wheal Treasury Lode workings at Stonegate Shaft. The 54-fm., 60-fm., 82-fm, and 94-fm. levels develop the lode to about 55 fms. W. of the shaft and there is a drive for 60 fms. W. and 20 fms. E. of the shaft at the 104-fm. Level ; the amount of stoping is not known. A crosscut 27 fms. N. from the 72-fm. Level on Wheal Treasury Lode 8 fms. E. of Stonegate Shaft and another 23 fms. N. from the 82-fm. Level on North Lode just west of Stonegate Shaft both meet Wheal Penny Lode.

Wheal Penny Lode was developed in three parts. The western part is west of the N. 22° W. fluccan, the central part between it and the hangingwall of Wheal Treasury Lode and the eastern part on the footwall side of Wheal Treasury Lode south-east of Bates' Shaft. The western section was opened up from Thomas's Shaft, 117 yds. N.W. of Stonegate Shaft, vertical to the 60-fm. Level ; Penny Shaft, 143 yds. E. of Thomas's, vertical to the 40-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 60-fm., and Carne Shaft, 90 yds. E. by S. of Penny Shaft, vertical to the 40-fm. Level and on the underlie to below the 50-fm. The levels down to the 60-fm. block out the lode from Thomas's Shaft to Carne Shaft a distance of about 140 fms. The 72-fm. Level, from the end of a crosscut north from Wheal Treasury Lode. 8 fms. E. of Stonegate Shaft, extends 8 fms. E. and 43 fms. W. of the crosscut, ending westwards beneath Thomas's Shaft and the 82-fm. Level from the end of a crosscut north from North Lode, just west of Stonegate Shaft, extends 5 fms. E. and 25 fms. W. of the crosscut. The central part of the Penny Lode workings were from Pressure Shaft 80 yds. E. of Carne Shaft, vertical to about 30 fms. and on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level. The plan shows a drive 50 fms. E. at the 40-fm. Level, 25 fms. E. at the 60-fm. Level and 10 fms. E. at the 70-fm. Level, all connecting with levels on the easternmost part of Wheal Treasury Lode, respectively at 27 fms. W., 58 fms. W. and 68 fms. W. of Bates' Shaft. The only drive west is the 70-fm. which extends for 42 fms. In the eastern part of the Penny Lode workings, levels down to the 30-fm. are from short crosscuts south from Bates' Shaft, and the deeper levels from Whim Shaft, 110 yds. S.E. by E. of Bates', vertical to the 55-fm. Level and on the south underlie to the 90-fm. The N.W. crosscourse passes through Whim Shaft at the 80-fm. Level and just east of Bates' Shaft; it heaves the lodes about 8 fms. right. Adit, the 10-fm. and 16-fm. levels open up the lode for 75 fms. E. of Bates' Shaft and the 30-fm. for 140 fms. E. The 40-fm. Level extends 20 fms. W. and 70 fms. E. of a short crosscut north from the vertical part of Whim Shaft. The 55-fm. Level extends for 48 fms. W. and 52 fms. E. of Whim Shaft; the 63-fm. for 50 fms. W. and 45 fms. E.; the 70-fm. for 72 fms. W.; the 80-fm. for 53 fms. W. and 42 fms. E., and the 90-fm. for 18 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. Crosscuts from the 70-fm. and 80-fm. levels at Whim Shaft follow the crosscourse northwestward and connect with the eastern ends of the 70-fm. and 80-fm. levels on Wheal Treasury Lode just east of Bates' Shaft.

Moor Lode, coursing E. 28° N. and crossing Wheal Treasury Lode about 45 fms. E. of Edward's Shaft and Engine Lode about 20 fms. W. of Coulson's Shaft, was developed from workings on the two latter lodes at the 40-fm., 50-fm., 60-fm. and 70-fm. levels from just south of Edward's Shaft to 100 fms. E.N.E. of Coulson's Shaft, a distance of about 270 fms.; the amount of stoping is not known.

Hick's Lode, worked from Hick's Shaft, 150 yds. S. of the Methodist Chapel, was developed thence for 50 fms. N.W. down to the 40-fm. Level and for 45 fms. S.E. to the 30-fm. Level, with a short drive at the 50-fm.; there is no record of the stoping. The north-west ends of the 20-fm. and 40-fm. levels are connected, by crosscuts north, to the workings on Wheal Treasury Lode about 20 fms. E. of Emmon's Shaft. Hick's Lode with trend E. 30^° S., heaves New Lode, the eastern part of which abuts against the east or footwall side of Hick's Lode about 20 fms. S.E. of Hick's Shaft and the western part against the hangingwall about the same distance north-west of the shaft. The trace of Hick's Lode strikes Wheal Treasury Lode about midway between Edward's and Emmon's shafts but there is no sign of disturbance there, although Hick's Lode has been picked up for a short distance on the north side of Wheal Treasury Lode at the 20-fm. Level east of Hasleton's Shaft.

New Lode east of Hick's Lode was developed from Blewett's Shaft, 120 yds. E. of Hick's Shaft, on the underlie (north) to the 40-fm. Level. Drives down to this level open up the lode from Hick's Lode to 60 fms. E. by N. of Blewett's Shaft and stoping is extensive from adit to the 40-fm. Level for the full lengths of the drives; about 50 per cent of this area has been removed. West of Hick's Lode, development on New Lode was from Parry's Shaft, 130 yds. W. of Hick's Shaft and the lode was opened up from Hick's Lode to 55 fms. W. of Parry's Shaft down to the 50-fm. Level, with a short drive at the 60-fm. Stoping here is from Adit to the 50-fm. Level for 40 fms. E. and 35 fms. W. of Parry's Shaft; about 40 per cent of the area has been removed.

New Lode continues into West Wheal Treasury section as Wheal Jane Lode. The plans are incomplete and only show several drives at Adit Level trending generally E. 28° N., at intervals, as though the lode has been heaved to the right several times by crosscourses. A longitudinal section, however, gives details of the underground development. West of the workings from Parry's Shaft there is an undeveloped gap of about 25 fms. Then the lode is opened up to the 20-fm. Level from Proctor's Shaft, 125 yds. W.S.W. of Parry's; Painter's Shaft, 100 yds. W.N.W. of Proctor's and Paul's Shaft, 70 yds. W. by S. of Painter's; there is no stoping shown here. (From Painter's Shaft a drive connects with Proctor's and continues 130 fms. S.W. on a lode called Red Lode that passes north-westwards into Tremayne sett.) These workings are followed, westwards, by another short gap of undeveloped ground and then from Mackay's Shaft, 100 yds. W.S.W. of Paul's, to the 50-fm. Level, Vivian's Shaft, 80 yds. W. by S. of Mackay's, to the 70-fm. Level, and Swaine's Shaft, 50 yds. W. by N. of Vivian's, to the 30-fm. Level; the lode is developed for about 50 fms. E. and 60 fms. W. of Vivian's Shaft to the 40-fm. Level and for lesser distances on the 50-fm. and 60-fm. levels, with short drives at the 70-fm. For about 30 fms. E. and 45 fms. W. of Vivian's Shaft there is a solid block of stoping from surface to the 60-fm. Level. The next workings west are from William's Shaft, 200 yds. W. of Swaine's, where Adit Level extends 10 fms. W.S.W. and 40 fms. E.N.E. of the shaft but no other details are known. The most westerly workings are from Truthall Shaft, 180 yds. W. by N. of William's, vertical to the 20-fm. Level below adit (26 fms.), and Burgess Shaft, 85 yds. W.S.W. of Truthall, to the 30-fm. The longest drive is the 10-fm. Level which extends from 10 fms. S.W. of Burgess Shaft to 20 fms. N.E. of Truthall Shaft, a distance of 83 fms. The 20-fm. Level is driven 15 fms. S.W. and 30 fms. N.E. of Truthall Shaft and the 30-fm. for 10 fms. S.W. and 15 fms. N.E. of Burgess Shaft. The longitudinal section is incomplete and shows only a few small patches of stoping on the 10-fm. and 20-fm. levels. From Burgess Shaft a crosscut 108 fms. N.W. connects with Providence Shaft in Tremayne sett.

Records of output for the various mines of the Wheal Treasury group are:- Drewollas : 1821 and 1822, 4,270 tons of 94 per cent copper ore. Treasury: 1826–44, 6,787 tons of 64 per cent copper ore. West Treasury: 1845–54, 9,498 tons of 7.5 per cent copper ore.

Wheal Maid was part of St. Day Manor Mines in 1888–89 (cf. p.161). (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Tremayne

[SW 60075 34745] 1.5 miles S. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.; A.M. R 210. Includes Wheals Lambo [SW 598 348] and Providence [SW 59455 34785]. Part probably known as Fraddam Mine. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

There are three plans of this mine, which lies immediately west of Wheal Treasury. Wheal Lambo section is on the east, just west of Wheal Treasury workings on Engine and Wheal Treasury lodes, with Lambo Shaft 570 yds. W. of Gwinear Downs Methodist Chapel. The surface of the ground is disturbed by mining operations for over 1,500 yds. W. of Lambo Shaft and for a N.-S. width of about 500 yds.; Wheal Providence section is on the west.

One of the plans (dated 1844) shows North Lode, coursing about E. 16° S. and underlying 28° S., worked for a maximum length of 100 fms. and partially developed down to the 60-fm. Level; Grey Ore Lode, about 20 fms. S. of North Lode, coursing about E.-W. and underlying steeply north, worked for a maximum length of 150 fms. down to the 60-fm. Level; Middle Lode about 10 fms. S. of Grey Ore Lode, coursing a few degrees south of east and underlying south, partially developed for about 120 fms. down to the 50-fm. Level, and South Lode, 25 fms. S. of Middle Lode, coursing E.-W. with only short development to the 15-fm. Level. The second plan (undated and without scale), also shows North Lode and Middle Lode but the names of the shafts differ from those on the first plan and are differently placed. About 40 fms. S. of Middle Lode, this plan shows Wheal Providence Lode, trending about E. 15° N. and heaved about 40 fms. right by Lambo Lode, trending about E. 20° S.; the deepest drives on these lodes are the 30-fm. levels and shallower drives are shown in places; the length of workings on Wheal Providence Lode is over 370 fms. and on Lambo Lode about the same. A longitudinal section of North Lode shows three shafts, named as on this second plan. They are Western Shaft, to the 40-fm. Level below adit (11 fms.); Flat Rod Shaft, 72 yds. E. by S. of Western, to the 60-fm. Level, and Vincent Shaft, 100 yds. E. by S. of Flat Rod, to the 30-fm. Level. Down to the 40-fm. Level the lode is blocked out from Vincent Shaft to 25 fms. W. of Western Shaft, a distance of about 110 fms., the 50-fm. Level extends 40 fms. E. and 40 fms. W. of Flat Rod Shaft and the 60-fm. is short. Between 6 fms. above Adit Level and the 40-fm. Level much of the ground has been stoped for 40 fms. E. and 30 fms. W. of Flat Rod Shaft and there are small stopes west of Western Shaft and above the 50-fm. Level near Flat Rod Shaft; about 45 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. The third plan (also dated 1844) shows a lode called Allen's Branches, trending about E. 15° S. crossed by another called Wallis's Lode, trending E. 15° N., without much disturbance at the intersection. Drives at the 30-fm. Level open up each of the lodes about 150 fms. W. and 250 fms. E. of the intersection and there is a short drive on the 60-fm. Level near the eastern end of development on Wallis's Lode. About 140 yds. S. of the eastern workings on Allen's Branches is an adit drive about 70 fms. long on an E.-W. lode called Wheal Bonnet Lode.

The chief lode seems to have been Wheal Providence Lode of which there is a longitudinal section covering the full length of the workings on the plan and extending a further 500 fms. W.S.W. on what is called Tremayne South Lode. The workings shown are therefore nearly 900 fms. long and from 17 shafts; the lode (or lodes) are extensively developed throughout the whole length to the 70-fm. Level below adit (25 fms.) with drives at the 80-fm. and 90-fm. each extending about 40 fms. W. and 45 fms. E. of a shaft called New Engine Shaft, about at the middle of the workings. Stoping is extensive throughout the whole of the developed ground but confined to fairly definite areas, separated by gaps of about 50 fms. length. The stope patterns suggest nearly vertical ore shoots; about 25 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

Another longitudinal section shows development on Allen's Branches from Boundary Engine Shaft, to the 133-fm. Level below adit (17 fms.); Allen's Shaft, to the 113-fm. Level, and Michells New Engine Shaft, to the 153-fm. Level (only Allen's is shown on the third plan at the western end of the workings). Boundary Engine Shaft is close to the boundary with West Wheal Providence and all drives are eastwards from it, blocking out the ground for 150 fms. E. down to the 20-fm. Level, for 80 fms. E. from the 30-fm. to the 93-fm., for 160 fms. E. from the 100-fm. to the 123-fm., and for 60 fms. E. on the 133-fm. and 143-fm.; the 153-fm. Level is short. Stoping covers practically the whole of the developed ground, down to the 143-fm. Level, about 65 per cent of the area having been removed.

There is also a longitudinal section on Engine Lode, but this is not shown on the plan. These workings are also against the western boundary of the sett and levels down to the 113-fm. below adit (23 fms.', apparently enter the sett from West Wheal Providence. The only shaft shown is New Shaft, about 160 yds. E. of the western boundary, to the 53-fm. Level. The lode is developed from the western boundary to this shaft down to the 73-fm. Level, but there are only small scattered stopes, the largest being about 15 fms.wide from above alit to the 35-fm. Level.

Workings on Lambo Lode are not given in the plans of Tremayne Mine, but some work eastwards from Lambo Shaft is shown on a longitudinal section with the Wheal Treasury plans, and described above.

According to Henwood (1843, Table xxxviii) the lodes are of slate with quartz carrying pyrite and chalcopyrite. Argentiferous mispickel and uranite are also recorded from Wheal Providence and native silver and 'toad's-eye ' tin from Tremayne. Records of output are:Lambo: 1815–24, 9,000 tons of 9 per cent copper ore. Providence: 1820–47, 15,260 tons of 8.5 per cent copper ore and 4,750 tons of black tin; 1835–62, 9,700 tons of black tin. Tremayne: 1848–56 and 1863–68, 5,256 tons of 6 per cent copper ore; 1852–67, 1,529 tons of black tin; 1868–72, tinstuff worth £880.

West Providence

[SW 58715 34685] 1.75 miles S.S.W. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.W.; A.M. R 75 F. Country: killas.

Main Lode of this mine is the western extension of Wheal Providence (or South Tremayne) Lode that is believed to cross the eastern boundary of the sett about 200 yds. S. of No Man's Land, coursing about W. 30° S. Another lode, called The Branch, was worked from the same shafts as Main Lode and is presumably parallel.

There are no plans, but longitudinal sections show the workings on both lodes for a length of 350 fms. W. from the eastern boundary. The deepest shaft is Boundary Shaft, on the east, which reaches the 120-fm. Level below adit (23 fms.). Other shafts are Michell's, 36 yds. W. of Boundary, to the 110-fm. Level; St. Aubyn's, 110 yds. W. of Michell's, to the 100-fm. Level; Hawkin's, 90 yds. W. of St. Aubyn's, to the 90-fm. Level ; Praed's, 104 yds. W. of Hawkin's, to the 30-fm. Level; No. 3 Shaft, 120 yds. W. of Praed's, to adit; No. 2 Shaft, 80 yds. W. of No. 3, to the 30-fm. Level, and No. 1 Shaft, 120 yds. W. of No. 2, to adit.

On Main Lode, Nos. 1, 2 and 3 shafts are connected by Adit Level and there are short drives at the 10-fm., 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels from No. 2 Shaft, with a small stope above the 10-fm. These workings are not connected with those farther east, where development to the 50-fm. Level is from Boundary Shaft to St. Aubyn's Shaft, a distance of 74 fms., and from the 60-fm. to the 100-fm. from Boundary Shaft to 30 fms. W. of Hawkin's Shaft, a distance of 160 fms.; the 110-fm. level extends 25 fms. W. from Boundary Shaft and the 120-fm. Level is short. From below adit to the 80-fm. Level there is stoping between Boundary and St. Aubyn's Shaft for tin ore and from above the 60-fm. Level to the 100-fm. there is stoping from 15 fms. E. of St. Aubyn's Shaft to Hawkin's Shaft for copper ore; there are also small copper stopes at the western end of the 90-fm. Level. 15 fms. W. of Hawkin's Shaft and on the 110-fm. Level, west of Boundary Shaft; about 30 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

Main Lode is also known as Allen's Branches. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

On The Branch, development from Nos. 1, 2 and 3 shafts is the same as that on Main Lode, but there is considerable stoping above adit and a small stope on the 10-fm. Level.

In the eastern workings development at adit, the 10-fm. and 20-fm. levels extends from Boundary Shaft to 36 fms. W. of Praed's Shaft, a distance of about 210 fms.; the 30-fm. Level connects all the shafts and from the 40-fm. to the 90-fm. the lode is blocked out from Boundary Shaft to about 15 fms. W. of Hawkin's Shaft, a distance of about 140 fms.; the 100-fm. Level extends for 85 fms. W. of Boundary Shaft, the 110-fm. for 58 fms. W. and the 120-fm. for 15 fms. W. Stoping extends practically over the whole of the developed ground from 5 fms above adit to the 120-fm. Level; about 56 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

West Wheal Providence produced 1,535 tons of 10 per cent copper ore and 790 tons of black tin in the years 1851–62 and 1881–3. (These production figures do not refer to this mine. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Hope

[SW 59450 35205] There are no plans of this large mine situated 1.25 miles S. of Gwinear (6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.). Surface indications and old shaft dumps suggest an E.-W. lode was worked from 450 yds. S.E. of Trenerth to Deveral, a distance of nearly 1,200 yds. crossed by two E.N.E. lodes about 80 yds. apart, at 330 yds. S. and 400 yds. S.S.E. of Trenerth; these are probably south-westward continuations of North Lode and Engine Lode of North Wheal Unity. Engine Shaft on the E.-W. Lode is believed to be 350 yds. S. of Trenerth and there are several shafts south and south-east of Deveral. The only known output is 26 tons of 30 per cent copper ore in 1825.

Carpenter

[SW 58490 35257] 1.25 miles S.S.W. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.W.; A.M. R 314. Country: killas.

Engine Lode, coursing E. 8° N. and underlying 10° S. was worked from John Michael's Shaft, 280 yds. N. of the northern corner of No Man's Land, to adit; Engine Shaft, 165 yds. E. by N. of John Michael's, to the 45-fm. Level below adit (21 fms.), and Stephen's Shaft, 165 yds. E. by N. of Engine to adit. Adit Level extends from 10 fms. E. of Stephen's Shaft to 20 fms. W. of John Michael's Shaft, a distance of 188 fms. The 15-fm. Level is driven for 60 fms. E. and 70 fms. W. of Engine Shaft, the 25-fm. Level for 60 fms. E. and 38 fms. W., the 35-fm. Level for 48 fms. E. and 18 fms. W. and the 45-fm. Level for 15 fms. E. and 34 fms. W. A N. 23° W. crosscourse, underlying 20° E., cropping out 66 yds. W. of Engine Shaft, intersects the lode but does not heave it. There is some stoping for copper ore from the 15-fm. Level to the 35-fm. to 60 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and small copper stopes on the 25-fm., 35-fm. and 45-fm. levels west of Engine Shaft. Two small stopes, one on Adit Level just west of Stephen's Shaft and the other on the 15-fm. Level just west of Engine Shaft were for tin and a tiny stope for silver ore on the 25-fm. Level at 23 fms. W. of Engine Shaft; this is the only stope west of the crosscourse. In all about 12 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. A drive 35 fms. S.S.E. from the 25-fm. Level 33 fms. W. of Engine Shaft follows the crosscourse, and a crosscut 17 fms. S. from the 75-fm. Level 50 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and another 17 fms. S. from the 35-fm. Level 44 fms. E. of the shaft each meet South Lode, trending E. 30° N. and underlying south. There is a drive 27 fms. S.W. from the 25-fm. crosscut and short drives each way from the 35-fm.

The mine is said to have produced 1,230 tons of 6.5 per cent copper ore, 80 tons of blende and a little black tin and silver ore from 1853 to 1855.

Carpenter: According to A. K. Hamilton Jenkin the mine was active during 1792–98, from the early 1800's to 1818 and finally in 1850–55. In the first working it produced copper ores worth £16,760. Two lodes were worked. Mr Justin Brooke, however, provides production figures of:- 1793 and 1798, 280 and 33 tons of copper ore respectively and, 1856–57, 44 tons and 1859, 9 tons of copper ore. Phillips and Darlington (1857) record 700 tons of 3.5 per cent copper ore for 1854 and 1855. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Evelyn

There is an undated plan of this mine (A.M. R 314 A) but its site cannot be located; it may be near or part of Wheal Carpenter [SW 58490 35257]. The plan shows five shafts within a distance of 300 yds. on a lode trending E. 10° N. and underlying north on the west and south on the east. The most easterly shaft is called Michael's Engine Shaft and the next Bull's Shaft but others on the lode are not named. Adit Level extends from Michael's Engine Shaft to 30 fms. W. of the western shaft, a distance of 175 fms. From the bottom of the western shaft the 12-fm. Level is driven 65 fms. E. and 35 fms. W. and from the bottom of Michael's Engine Shaft the 20-fm. Level (there is no 12-fm. here) is driven 15 fms. E. and 12 fms. W. From the 12-fm. Level, 10 fms. E. of the western shaft, a crosscut 8 fms. N. connects with Carne Shaft from which a crosscut 40 fms. S.E. passes through the chief lode and meets another on which there are short drives. Another crosscut 90 fms. N. by W. from Carne Shaft meets a third lode at 48 fms. which has been followed 80 fms. W. From the western end of this drive a crosscut 30 fms. N. meets a fourth lode that has been followed thence 70 fms. W. There are three shafts on the last drive, the western one, 8 fms. from the end of the drive (or 350 yds. W.N.W. of Carne Shaft) is called Boyle's Shaft. There is no longitudinal section and, the output is not known.

These workings were probably Besore Mine on the Lead Lode of North Jane (p.432). (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Prospect

[SW 58440 36195] 0.75 mile S.W. of Gwinear. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 69 N.W.; A.M. R 396. Country: killas traversed by an elvan dyke.

Includes Wheal Smart which had been working separately in 1792–95. The mines combined in 1809 and were again revived in 1836. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Main Lode courses E. 10° N., underlies 28° N. and was worked from Engine Shaft, 37 yds. W. of the road on, and near the southern end of Treglistian Common, vertical to the 50-fm. Level, passing through the lode just above the 40-fm.; Higgin's Shaft, 132 yds. E. by 3. of Engine Shaft, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level, and an unnamed shaft 80 yds. S.W. of Engine Shaft, vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 10-fm. Level. The plan (dated 1837) shows Adit Level extending from 72 fms. E. of Higgin's Shaft to 50 fms. W. of the unnamed shaft, a distance of 223 fms. At 22 fms. from the eastern end of Adit Level the lode passes eastwards from killas to elvan country. The 10-fm. Level is in two parts, one driven for 55 fms. W. from Higgin's Shaft and the other for 10 fms. E. and 35 fms. W. of the unnamed shaft. The next level, the 30-fm., opens up the ground from 20 fms. E. of Higgin's Shaft fms. W. of the unnamed shaft, a distance of 160 fms. The 40-fm. Level extends for ims. E and 40 fms. W. of Engine Shaft and the 50-fm. for 10 fms. E. and 15 fms. W. From the 30-fm. Level, 20 fms. W. of Engine Shaft, a drive for 30 fms. E. 20° N. follows a branch lode but this has not been developed at other levels. From Adit Level at the unnamed shaft a crosscut 30 fms. S.W. proves no other lode but another crosscut 38 fms. N.W. from Adit Level 20 fms. W. of the unnamed shaft meets a lode coursing N.E. on which there are short drives each way.

Drainage adit commences by the stream 680 yds. N.N.E. of Engine Shaft and, with five adit shafts, passes just west of Engine Shaft to meet Main Lode at 25 fms. S. of the shaft and continues a further 20 fms. S. At 190 fms. N.N.E. of Engine Shaft drainage adit intersects a lode that has been opened up for 40 fms. W. and 20 fms. E. to a shaft. There is no longitudinal section of the mine and the output is not known.

Trungle

[SW 59190 37495] This mine, said to be just west of Gwinear (6-in. Corn. 69 N.E.) cannot be located with certainty. The plan (A.M. R 269 A, undated) shows two lodes coursing about E.-W. From No. 1 Shaft a crosscut 30 fms. N.N.W. intersects North Lode at 10 fms. Adit Level follows the lode from the crosscut for 55 fms. E. by N. and thence for 45 fms. E. by S. Within 15 fms. of the eastern end of the drive are an air shaft and also short crosscuts north and south which enter elvans. Engine Shaft (believed to be that 370 yds. N.N.W. of Gwinear church), 340 yds. E. by N. of No. 1 Shaft is on a detached working on North Lode and from it the 10-fm. Level is driven 32 fms. E. and 30 fms. W. From No. t Shaft the adit crosscut extends 32 fms. S.S.E. to South Lode, passing through an elvan between 20 and 28 fms. South.Lode has been followed for 90 fms. E. by N. from the crosscut, the drive passing No. 3 Shaft at 68 fms. From No. 3 Shaft a crosscut 15 fms. N. meets an elvan. The mine is said to have produced 45 tons of zinc ore, 1.5 tons of lead ore and some silver ore, but the date of activity is not known.

Trungle: Mr Justin Brooke suggests that the description in the final paragraph of p.145 refers to Wheal Trungle. The workings shown in plan A.M. R269A, however, cannot be reconciled with this location and the site N.W. of Gwinear is favoured, therefore. The mine was once a part of Hayle Consols. In 1861 it returned 45.5 tons of zinc ore, 1.5 tons of copper ore and 18 cwt. of 66 per cent lead ore with a little silver. In 1860 and 1861 it raised only 1.5 tons of 73 per cent lead ore. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988). (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

References

CARNE, J. 1818. On the Discovery of Silver in the Mines of Cornwall. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. i, pp. 118–26.

CARNE, J. 1828. On the Granite of the western part of Cornwall. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. iii, pp. 208–46.

COLLINS. J. H. 1897. Cornish Mines and Cornish Miners. Rep. Roy. Corn. Poly. Soc., pp. 64–96.

COLLINS. J. H. 1904. The precious metals in the West of England. Journ. Roy. Inst. Corn., vol. xvi, pp. 103–19.

COLLINS. J. H. 1912. Observations on the West of England Mining Region. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. xiv.

DEWEY, H. 1923. Copper Ores of Cornwall and Devon. Mem. Geol Surv., Min Resources, vol. xxvii.

FOSTER, C. LE NEVE. 1866. Notes on New Rosewarne Mine. Rep. Miners' Assocn. Corn. and Devon, p. 26.

HENWOOD, W. J. 1843. On the Metalliferous Deposits of Cornwall and Devon. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. v.

HILL, J. B., and D. A. MACALISTER. 1906. The Geology of Falmouth and Truro and of the Mining District of Camborne and Redruth (Sheet 352). Mem. Geol. Surv.

HITCHINS, M. 1801. Account of the Discovery of Silver at Herland Copper Mine. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., pp. 159–64.

MACALISTER, D. A. 1907. Mining Appendix in C. Reid, J. S. Flett and others. The Geology of the Land's End District (Sheets 351 and 358). Mem. Geol. Surv.

PHILLIPS, J. A., and J. DARLINGTON. 1857. Records of Mining and Metallurgy, or Facts and Memoranda for the use of the Mine Agent or Smelter. London.

PHILLIPS, W. 1814. On the Veins of Cornwall. Trans. Geol. Soc., First Series, vol. ii, pp. 110–60.

RUNDELL, W. W. 1865. Notice of certain peculiar circumstances in Gwinear Consols and Wheal Seton Mines. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. vii, pp. 37–9.

SEYMOUR, G., Jun. 1878. On the Occurrence of Tin in an Elvan Course at Wheat Jennings. Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Corn., vol. ix, pp. 185–95.

STEPHENS, F. J. 1896. Some Mining and Geological Notes on the Crowan and Gwinear District. Rep. Roy. Corn. Poly. Soc., pp. 44–55.

4. Mount's Bay district

Mount's Bay district (Map 4) is a strip of country about 5 miles wide extending around the bay and eastwards, past Helston, to include the Lizard Peninsula. The fault that crosses the peninsula from Pollurian to Porthallow marks the northern limit of the serpentine rocks of the Lizard Series. North of the fault the country consists mainly of killas of Devonian age, intruded by greenstones, granites and elvan dykes. The greenstones occupy irregularly shaped areas around Penzance and there are small occurrences along the coast between Marazion and Cudden Point. The granites include part of the Land's End mass on the west, around Penzance, part of the Carnmenellis mass on the east and the small boss known as the Godolphin Hill granite near the centre. The elvan dykes, which are not so frequent as in the Gwinear district to the north, course mainly N.E., though some are E. or S.E. in trend.

The lodes, like the elvan dykes, course mainly N.E., and the parallelism of some of them with adjacent elvans is a notable feature around St. Hilary, whereas, near Leedstown a number of caunter lodes of S.E. trend cross the elvans and lodes of this trend are scattered more or less throughout the district and, in many cases, heave those which course N.E.

The crosscourses are, as usual, nearly at right-angles to the lodes. The most important, known as Great or Valley Fluccan, courses N.30°W. and can be traced from Wheal Vor northwards past Leedstown and beyond into the Gwinear district and southwards along the Porthleven valley. Another cross-course, encountered at Woolf's Shaft in Wheal Vor, about 400 yds. E. of Great Fluccan and nearly parallel to it, is said to have carried lead ore in Wheal Metal. Southwards it may be represented by the lead lodes worked in Wheals Penrose and Rose, just east of Porthleven. The lodes are reputed, in some cases, to be enriched in the vicinity of crosscourses, but since the latter heave the lodes they intersect and are, therefore, later, it would seem that such a condition must be fortuitous; Great Fluccan heaves lodes 35 fms. to the right.

The killas around Wheal Vor frequently shows mineralization of the country rock alongside the lodes, partly as impregnations in tourmalinized slates and partly as veinlets following joints and cleavage planes. In granite country the lodes are narrow and confined between hard greisenized walls, beyond which the granite is kaolinized in irregular patches. Kaolin was first exploited in the west of England in the 18th century at Wheal Grey Works in the Godolphin Hill mass. Lodes crossing elvan dykes usually either widen out or split into a number of small veinlets. Impregnated elvans have been exploited at Trewidden Bal and at Wherry Mine.

The district, which flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries, contains a number of mines of which little or no information is now available; it yielded large quantities of tin and copper ores before the systematic recording of outputs had commenced. The tin has been obtained mainly from an area 5 miles long from east to west and 2 miles wide centred about Great Work, which includes all the mines in the Godolphin Hill granite north of the latitude of Breage, mines lying off the western margin of that mass and the mines of the Wheal Vor group, between the Godolphin Hill and Carnmenellis granites. Beyond it to the north, west and south the mines have been mainly for copper but yielded subsidiary amounts of tin. Arsenic and wolfram have been obtained as *by-products from copper and tin mines and zinc, lead and some silver ores have been raised in small amount around Perranuthnoe and Porthleven. According to Borlase (1758, p. 210) the Porthleven mines had been working for 200 years in his time, but apparently not with much profit. Zinc, lead and silver minerals are also recorded from several mines in other parts of the district, where they are not known to have been worked as ores. Pitchblende, cobalt and nickel ores were present in a complex ore in the mineralized elvan at Wherry Mine. The copper ores of the Lizard area occur only in serpentine country rock, generally as native metal; they are not related to the mineral deposits genetically connected with the granite intrusions.

Penzance–Ludgvan

This area is a coastal belt some 2 miles wide skirting Mount's Bay from just south of Newlyn to just east of Perranuthnoe. The western part covers the eastern margin of the Land's End granite mass, south of Madron, and the metamorphic slates and greenstones around Penzance and west of Ludgvan. The eastern part is killas of the Mylor Series with a few intrusions of greenstone along the coast from Marazion to Perranuthnoe. The area is marked by a number of elvan dykes that may intersect granite, killas and greenstone; those in the north course about E.N.E. but south-east of Ludgvan the trend changes to about E.S.E. As is usual in the west of England the lodes, in general, trend more or less parallel with adjacent elvans.

The western part of the area embraces a few mines west of Penzance. These latter are all small and insignificant as producers, though Wherry Mine, that worked a tin-impregnated elvan just off the foreshore at Penzance is well known owing to its romantic situation. All the important mines are in the eastern part of the area and were chiefly copper producers though a few have raised some tin, chiefly West Wheal Fortune and the Tregurtha Downs group, the latter having yielded no copper. Many of the mines are old and records are imperfect, but from the recorded outputs the chief copper mines were those of the Prosper United group, the Charlotte United group and Wheals Neptune and Tolvaddon. Other minerals are rare in the area; some mispickel was raised, chiefly at Prosper United and West Wheal Fortune and a small amount of iron ore at Wheal Trebarvah. A little lead ore was produced at Prosper United and some silver ore at Perran Silver Mine. The peak of activity was in the first half of the 19th century and the only mines that have been active during the present century are Wheal Hampton (of Tregurtha Downs group) and Perran Silver Mine.

West Tolvaddon

[SW 46965 27855] Situated on the coast half a mile N.N.E. of Paul (6-in. Corn. 74 S.W.), this mine worked a copper lode trending E. 20° N. in greenstone country. The shaft is beside the road at Carn Gwavas, nearly opposite the entrance to Penlee Quarry and a shallow level has been exposed in the quarry workings. Although the lode passes westward towards the quarry, it is not present in the quarry-face, but the greenstone there contains a few irregular quartz veins up to 1 ft. wide, some carrying pyrite and a little chalcopyrite, and narrower ones with mispickel, both massive and scattered through the quartz gangue. The 30-fm. Level of the mine is said to pass seawards beneath the foreshore. In 1862 and 1863, 40 tons of 5 per cent copper ore were produced.

West Tolvaddon started as Wheal Henry in 1828 when it produced 20 tons of copper ore. The lode at depth is said to be 1.5 to 2 ft. wide. A. K. Hamilton Jenkin records an output of 66 tons of copper ore for 1860–63, but official returns quote 37 tons of 4.33 per cent copper ore for 1862 and 1863. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Trewidden Bal

[SW 44220 29545] An old tin mine about 1.5 miles W. by S. of Penzance (6-in. Corn. 74 N.W.), with overgrown dumps 200 yds. W. of Trewidden farm. The deposit is said to consist of veinlets from 0.5 in. to 9 in. wide traversing country consisting of white, porphyritic elvan sills, 2 to 3 ft. wide, separated by about 3 ft. of metamorphosed killas. In depth the sills approach one another and some unite. The veinlets carried cassiterite with quartz and tourmaline, and in places ' floors ' or horizontal ore shoots of several intersecting veinlets, contained enriched ore; the workings in the deposit are irregular (Hawkins 1822, pp. 36–9). There are no records of output.

Avarack and Nancothan

A small working (A.M. M 1, dated 1858) also called Drift Moor Consols (A.M. R 185) at Lower Drift, 2 miles S.W. by W. of Penzance (6-in. Corn. 74 N.W.). The two plans are similar and the latter is probably earlier than the other. A river, locally called the Drift River, makes a sharp curve to the south at Lower Drift and the mine workings are partly in the bend of the river and mainly between it and the Lower Drift-Penzance road. There are six lodes; the most northerly, called Nancothan, coursing a few degrees north of east, was tried by a shaft about 270 yds. N.W. of Drift Mill and 35 yds. E. of the river. Spar Lode, coursing E.-W., has a shaft 100 yds. N. by E. of the mill and 35 yds. N.E. of the river. South Nancothan Lode, coursing N.E., intersects Spar Lode 150 yds. N.E. of the mill and on it is Engine Shafts, 190 yds. E.N.E. of the mill and 15 yds. N.W. of the river. North Lode, coursing a few degrees west of north crosses Spar Lode 40 yds. W. of its intersection with South Nancothan Lode; Avarack Lode, coursing N. 25^° E., crosses North Lode 170 yds. S. by E. of the mill and Spar Lode 90 yds. E. of its intersection with South Nancothan Lode, and Rodda's Lode, coursing E. 30° N., crosses North and Avarack lodes 45 yds. N. by E. of their intersection. The chief workings are on the last three lodes. Adit portal, 40 yds. S. of the river and 80 yds. E. of the mill is on North Lode and the drive follows the lode for 70 fms. S. to the intersection with Avarack Lode. Avarack and Rodda's lodes intersect a few yards north of the lane leading to the mill and 20 yds. W. of the Penzance road; the former has been worked for 63 fms. S. of the intersection and the latter for 60 fms. E. On Avarack Lode are Western Shaft, 173 yds. S. by E. of the mill, and Water Whim Shaft, 43 yds. N.N.E. of Western, while on Rodda's Lode are Middle Shaft, 150 yds. E. by S. of the mill and Avarack Shaft, 50 yds. E. of Middle. The plan (dated 1858) shows a proposed shaft at the intersection of the two lodes. The one section shows the workings on both Avarack and Rodda's lodes; Adit Level, 22 fms. below surface at Western Shaft and 12 fms. below at Avarack Shaft, is driven from 30 fms. S.W. of the former to the latter, a distance of 125 fms. The shafts all end 10 fms. below adit and the 10-fm. Level connects them all. Practically the whole of this blocked-out area on the two lodes has been worked away. The mine was probably for tin but there are no records of output.

Avarack and Nancothan:Drift Moor Consols includes Wheal Conqueror (or Conquer).(Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988)

Wherry

[SW 46985 29405] On Wherry Rocks, 0.5 mile S.W. of South Pier, Penzance. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 74 N.W. Country: an elvan dyke in metamorphosed killas.

The elvan, coursing N.E., underlying 15° to 20° N.W. and up to 18 ft. wide, lies 210 yds. from the shore opposite Wherry Town. The rock, of white and pink quartz porphyry is impregnated with cassiterite which, according to Hawkins (1818, p. 140), is in places so abundantly dispersed and regularly distributed as to appear one of the constituent minerals. Henwood (1843, p. 33), on the other hand, states that the cassiterite occurs in masses and 'veins distributed through the elvan without regularity and appears to occur near the intersection of the elvan by Black Lode; no records relating to the lode, however, are known. Other minerals recorded from the elvan are mispickel, pyrite, nickel and cobalt ores, pitchblende and uranochre in quartz and chlorite (see Davy 1818, p. 42); chalcopyrite, galena and stannite have also been noted.

The mine reached a depth of 25 fms. and in places the full width of the elvan was worked away, but longitudinal development was not great and probably does not extend much more than 30 or 40 fms. each way from the shaft, which is situated 230 yds. S.E. of the Coastguard Station in Wherry Town. The mine ore was calcined partly to remove sulphides and partly to render the hard elvan rock more amenable to crushing.

The outcrop of the elvan is submerged at high tides and the mine became noteworthy through the perseverance and enterprise of the men who worked it (see Hunt 1884, pp. 77–80). Work started early in the 18th century as surface excavation when tides permitted. Later, a wooden casing 2 ft. square and 20 ft. high was erected, through which a shaft was sunk. The casing was connected to the shore by a trestle bridge and the mine kept in fork by an engine on land, with flat rods along the bridge to the shaft. The bridge was destroyed by a ship adrift in 1798 and work ceased. The mine was revived in 1836 and abandoned in 1840, and a little ore was obtained in 1859. There are no records of output but the ore sold before 1818 is said to have been worth £70,000. A full account of the history and mineralogy of Wherry Mine is given by Russell (1949, pp. 517–33).

In 1847 it was added to leases around the Penzance Gasworks and was known as Royal Mount's Bay Consols. Lead lodes were reputedly discovered but no production is known. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Bolton

[SW 51355 32695] At and east of Ludgvan. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 S.E.; A.M. R 98 B and R 233. Country: metamorphosed killas traversed by elvan dykes.

Three lodes, North, Middle and South, were worked and a fourth tried. North Lode, coursing E. 5° S. and underlying north passes 120 yds. N. of Ludgvan church and has adit shafts at 140 yds. N.W. and 500 yds. E. by N. of the church. Middle Lode courses about E.-W., underlies south and crops out 350 yds. S. of North Lode. Between 320 yds. S.W. and 800 yds. E. by S. of the church there are five adit shafts. At the eastern adit shaft the lode splits and the two parts reunite 550 yds. farther east, continuing thence into Rospeath Mine. The north branch is called Middle Lode and the other South Lode; they reach a maximum distance apart of 45 fms. The plan shows only the lode outcrops (which are hidden beneath superficial deposits of head) and the positions of the shafts, but the mine is reputed to reach a depth of 87 fms. below surface. The chief workings were on Middle Lode and South Lode, the former from Water Engine Shaft, 270 yds. N.N.E. of the third milestone from Penzance on the Crowlas road; East Shaft, 60 yds. E. of Water Engine; Engine Shaft, 130 yds. E. of East Shaft, and New Shaft, 120 yds. E. of Engine Shaft, while on South Lode are Teague's Shaft, 300 yds. E.N.E. of the third milestone, Wills's Shaft, 125 yds. E. of Teague's and Jenning's Shaft, 80 yds. E. by N. of Wills's. The only drive shown on the plan is the drainage adit crosscut with portal 400 yds. E. by N. of Bowgyheere farm and extending 560 fms. W.N.W. with eight adit shafts, the last about 30 yds. S.W. of the smithy in Lower Quarter; the crosscut intersects South, Middle and North lodes respectively at 200 fms., 250 fms. and 430 fms. from its entrance. The fourth lode, coursing E. 8° S., is 150 yds. S. of the western part of Middle Lode; on it are only two adit shafts, respectively, at 400 yds. W.S.W. and 560 yds. E.S.E. of Ludgvan church.

According to Henwood (1843, Table xxvii; Pl. III), North and Middle lodes range from 1 ft. to 4 ft. in width and consist of slaty clay in which the ore shoots pitch eastwards. Minerals present include chalcopyrite, melaconite, pyrite, limonite and siderite. A taunter lode or crosscourse, trending N. 5° W., 2 to 12 ft. wide, consisting of quartz and contorted slate, heaves the other lodes.

The mine, after about 1838, was worked with West Wheal Fortune and Rospeath mines to the east. From 1824 to 1826 recorded production was 1,630 tons of 8.25 per cent copper ore. Collins, however (1912, p. 416), gives 2,959 tons of copper ore between 1821 and 1835.

Rospeath

[SW 52170 32760] This copper mine, situated 1 mile E. of Ludgvan (6-in. Corn. 68 S.E.) worked the eastward extensions of North and Middle lodes of Wheal Bolton. The plan (A.M. R 98 B) shows only the assumed outcrops of the lodes and some of the shafts. North Lode, coursing E. 5° S. and Middle Lode E. 8° N. are about 130 yds. apart in the sett and unite eastwards in the ground between Rospeath and West Wheal Fortune. North Lode was worked from Wheal Nancy Shaft, 200 yds. W.N.W. of Rospeath farm; Teague's Shaft, 200 yds. E. of Wheat Nancy; Engine Shaft, 100 yds. E. of Teague's; Macdonald's Shaft, 70 yds. E. by S. of Engine, and Old Flat Rod Shaft, 95 yds. E.S.E. of Macdonald's. Middle Lode was worked from Highbarrow Shaft, 100 yds. E. of Rospeath farm; Middle Shaft, 70 yds. E. of Highbarrow, and Old Engine Shaft, 70 yds. E. of Middle and 70 yds. S.W. of Old Flat Rod. Drainage adit is marked by a line of four air shafts extending south by east from Wheal Nancy Shaft towards the valley south of the farm; one of the air shafts is on Middle Lode 240 yds. W. of Highbarrow Shaft. The mine, said to be 57 fms. deep, was worked at one time with Wheals Bolton and West Fortune but there are no records of output.

West Fortune

[SW 52815 32555] 1.5 miles E. of Ludgvan. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 S.E.; A.M. R 98 B. Has also been referred to as Great Wheal Fortune but there is another mine that seems to have prior claim to that name near Breage. Country: killas traversed by an elvan dyke.

The chief lode, called North Lode, is the eastward continuation of the united North and Middle lodes of Rospeath Mine. Trending E. 10° S. and underlying south it is from 4 to 8 ft. wide and composed of brecciated slate and quartz with copper and iron sulphides. The workings extend about 650 yds. E. from the Marazion-St. Erth road just north of Truthall. About 300 yds. E. of the road the lode sends off South Branch, bearing W. 22° S. and, at a further 100 yds. E., North Branch, trending E. 30° N. An elvan, coursing N.E. and underlying N.W., crosses the lode near North Branch and in the dyke the lode consists of veins of quartz, melaconite and chalcopyrite running in all directions (see Henwood 1843, Table xxix, and P1. iii).

There are no plans but a longitudinal section (dated 1837) shows the workings on North Lode from Lane's Shaft, just east of the road to the 109-fm. Level below adit (6 fms.); Ballsound Shaft, 110 yds. E. by S. of Lane's, to the 20-fm. Level; Engine Shaft, 90 yds. E.S.E. of Ballsound, to the 137-fm. Level (adit here is at 12 fms.); Bawden's Shaft, 86 yds. E. by N. of Engine to the 126-fm. Level; Bamfield's Shaft, 100 yds. E. of Bawden's, to the 117-fm. Level and Damby Shaft, 60 yds. E. of Bamfield's, also to the 127-fm. Level. Adit Level is in two parts, Western Adit extending 200 fms. W. from Engine Shaft, to the valley north of Truthall Mill, and Damby Adit, extending eastward from Bamfield's Shaft into Trevarthian Down sett. From adit to the 56-fm. Level the lode is blocked out from 20 fms. E. of Damby Shaft to 10 fms. W. of Lane's, a distance of 200 fms. From the 65-fm. Level to the 100-fm., development is from 20 fms. E. of Damby Shaft to about 25 fms. W. of Lane's; the 65-fm. Level, however, extends for 80 fms. E. of Damby Shaft. The 109-fm. and 117-fm. levels block out the lode from Damby Shaft to 50 fms. W. of Engine Shaft; the 127-fm. Level extends for 65 fms. E. and 50 fms. W. of Engine Shaft, and the 137-fm. for 23 fms. E. and 12 fms. W. The lode passes through the elvan at Bamfield's Shaft and the trace of the dyke in the plane of the lode is 8 fms. wide pitching 25° W. and crossing Lane's Shaft below the 73-fm. Level. Stoping is extensive over the area blocked out from surface to the 117-fm. Level. The section differentiates between ' old ' and ' new' work; the old stopes from surface to the 73-fm. Level extend from Damby Shaft to 60 fms. W. of Engine Shaft and there are a few small old stopes down to the 100-fm. Level near Engine Shaft. ' New ' stopes are all small patches scattered over the remainder of the area; in all about 50 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed.

Recorded outputs are:—West Wheal Fortune: 6,220 tons of 9.5 per cent copper ore between 1815 and 1828. Wheal Fortune: 5,200 tons of 8.5 per cent copper ore and 3,055 tons of black tin in 1836, 1838 and 1855–91. From about 1837 onwards the mine was worked under one ownership with Bolton, Rospeath, Prosper, Owen Vean, Tregurtha Downs, Pemberthy Crofts and Friendship and according to Phillips and Darlington (1857, p. 259) Wheal Fortune and this group yielded 52,792 tons of 7 per cent copper ore between 1821 and 1852. In addition, Wheal Fortune raised 190 tons of mispickel.

West Fortune is a very old mine which was reported to have been one of the major copper producers in 1725. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Prosper United and Marazion Mines

[SW 53450 31950] 2 miles E. by S. of Ludgvan. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 S.E., 69 S.W. Prosper United (A.M. R 150) included Wheal Prosper, Trevarthian Downs (A.M. R 98 B). Prior to 1860, under the name Marazion Mines, the group also included Wheals Crab [SW 517 316] , Virgin (6-in. Corn. 74 N.E.; A.M. R 31 B) and Rodney (6-in. Corn. 74 N.E., 75 N.W.; A.M. R 41) [SW 53040 31360]. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

The Trevarthian Downs section worked an E.-W. lode, from 600 yds. E.N.E. of Trevarthian farm, for 550 yds. E. to the boundary with Penberthy Crofts Mine. There is a line of old shafts following the lode outcrop but no records of the underground workings. The mine is said to have yielded both tin and copper ores and to contain some mispickel that was left standing (Collins 1912, p. 599).

Wheal Prosper Lode passes through the northern part of Wheal Prosper section. Trending E.-W. on the west, it changes strike to E. 10° S. on the east, where it approaches Moor Lode but has not been worked beyond the latter; the underlie is 25° to 30^° S. At 350 yds. N.N.E. of Trevarthian farm, North Lode branches from the footwall of Wheal Prosper Lode coursing due east and underlying 50° S. At 400 yds. N.E. of Trevarthian farm, Wheal Prosper Lode is intersected by Moor Lode, coursing S.W. and underlying 10° to 30° S.E., which has been developed for 150 yds. N.E. and 970 yds. S.W. of the intersection. At 76 yds. S.W. of the intersection Moor Lode is heaved about 10 fms. right by Friendship Lode, coursing E. 30° S. and underlying 18° S.W.; this has been worked for a short distance on either side of Moor Lode. At 330 yds. S.W. of the Wheal Prosper Lode-Moor Lode intersection, a branch called Hoskin's Crosscut Lode leaves the hangingwall of Moor Lode coursing due east for 120 yds. to a fluccan trending N. 40° W. beyond which the lode courses north-east; the underlie ranges between 30° S. and vertical. At the change of strike, or near the fluccan, a branch called Prosper Crosscut Lode leaves the hangingwall of Hoskin's Crosscut Lode trending due east and underlying south. The effect of the fluccan on Moor Lode and Wheal Prosper Lode is a left-hand heave of about 5 fms. At the south-west end of the workings on Moor Lode, about 400 yds. N.E. of Tregurtha, is Hand's Lode, close to and parallel to Moor Lode but underlying more steeply south-east; it has been developed for about 400 yds. and at 200 yds. N. of Tregurtha is crossed by Trevabyn Lode (possibly the eastward extension of the lode worked in Gwallon Mine), coursing west-by-south in the west and east-by-south in the east, this has been worked for a short distance on either side of Hand's Lode. Two lead-bearing crosscourses, trending about N. 15° W. and underlying west, intersect Moor Lode without apparent heave. One, called Lead Lode, crosses 150 yds. S. of Trevarthian farm and the other, called Lead Branch, 240 yds. farther south-west.

Wheal Prosper Lode was worked from Thomas' Shaft, 225 yds. N.N.W. of Trevarthian farm, on the underlie to the 120-fm. Level below adit (12 fms.); West Engine Shaft, 80 yds. E. by N. of Thomas', on the underlie to the 120-fm. Level; Gilberts' Shaft, 40 yds. E.S.E. of West Engine, vertical to the 48-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 110-fm.; Flat Rod Shaft, 40 yds. E. of Gilbert's, vertical to the 48-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 77-fm.; Little Engine Shaft, 38 yds. E. of Flat Rod, vertical to the 48-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 77-fm.; Tregear's Shaft, 90 yds. E. by N. of Little Engine, vertical to the 48-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 55-fm.; Middle East or Quarry Shaft, 70 yds. E. of Tregear's, vertical to the 36-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 77-fm., and Roberts' Shaft, at the intersection of Wheal Prosper and Moor Lodes, 170 yds. E.S.E. of Middle East, vertical to the 20-fm. Level and on the underlie of Moor Lode to the 77-fm. From Adit to the 24-fm. Level the lod^-! is opened up from West Engine Shaft to Middle East Shaft, a distance of 180 fms., the 36-fm. Level extends from Thomas' Shaft to 65 fms. E. of Middle East Shaft and the 48-fm. from West Engine Shaft to 80 fms. E. of Middle East Shaft. The 55-fm., 66-fm. and 77-fm. levels open up the ground from 20 fms. W. of Thomas' Shaft to 20 fms. E of Roberts' Shaft, a distance of 330 fms.; these are not connected to Roberts' Shaft, however, but to winzes below it and the 77-fm. Level is not continuous. The 88-fm. Level is in two parts, one from 60 fms. W. to 45 fms. E. of Engine Shaft and the other extending 130 fms. W. from a winze below Roberts' Shaft. The 100-fm. Level extends for 95 fms. W. and 70 fms. E. of Engine Shaft; the 110-fm. Level for 75 fms. W. and 35 fms. E. and the 120-fm. Level for 60 fms. W.; all four bottom levels connect with Thomas' Shaft. There is a large block of stoping from adit to the 55-fm. Level between Thomas' and Tregear's shafts, a smaller one from the 48-fm. to the 77-fm. between Quarry and Roberts' shafts and some very small patches on the 36-fm. Level near Quarry Shaft and on the 66-fm., 77-fm. and 100-fm. levels between Thomas' and Flat Rod shafts; in all about 32 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. An elvan dyke, 8 fms. wide, crops out midway between Quarry and Roberts' shafts and, its trace in the plane of the lode, pitching 32° W., meets Gilbert's Shaft at the 110-fm. Level.

North Lode branches from Wheal Prosper Lode just west of Middle East Shaft and was developed from the Wheal Prosper Lode workings on the west and from Roache's Shaft, 130 yds. E. of Middle East Shaft. Roache's Shaft is vertical to the 34-fm. Level and from it the 18-fm. Level extends 80 fms. W. and 24 fms. E. but the 34-fm. Level is short. Below the western end of the 18-fm. Level there are drives of 40 fms. at the 24-fm. Level, of 26 fms. at the 36-fm. Level and of 20 fms. at the 48-fm. Level; the amount of stoping is not known.

Moor Lode was exploited for a distance of over 1,100 yds. The plan and section do not agree exactly. In the south-west, where Moor Lode is close to the north or footwall side of Hand's Lode it was worked from Hill's Shaft, 500 yds. S.W. of Trevarthian farm, and Louisa's Shaft, 95 yds. E. by N. of Hill's, both on Hand's Lode. Workings here are on the 40-fm. to the 70-fm. levels only and extend for about 110 fms. N.E. of Hill's Shaft; there are no drives to the south-west. These workings are connected with those of the north-eastern workings only at the 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels which join the 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels respectively through rises of about 6 fms. The north-eastern section was opened up from Boundary (or Kenneth's) Shaft, 300 yds. S.S.W. of Trevarthian farm, vertical to the 20-fm. Level; Henry's (or Caroline's) Shaft, 120 yds. N.E. of Boundary, vertical to the 40-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 50-fm.; Ann's Shaft, 115 yds. N.E. of Henry's, vertical to the 20-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 60-fm.; Hosking's Shaft, 135 yds. N.E. of Ann's, vertical to the 60-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 80-fm.; Richard's Shaft, 153 yds. N.E. by N. of Hosking's, vertical to the 30-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 40-fm.; Roberts' Shaft 180 yds. N.E. of Richard's, vertical to the 20-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 77-fm., and Moor Shaft, 98 yds. N.E. of Roberts ; vertical to the 30-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 40-fm. Adit is about 6 fms. below surface at Henry's and Ann's shafts but less elsewhere; according to the longitudinal section the drive connects these two shafts and extends 60 fms. S.W. of the former, to its portal, and 30 fms. N.E. of the latter. The first drive below adit is the 20-fm. Level which extends from 10 fms. S.W. of Boundary Shaft to 43 fms. N.E. of Moor Shaft, a distance of 450 fms. The 30-fm. Level is in three parts, the first extending from the winze connecting it with the 40-fm. Level of the south-western section, 30 fms. S.W. of Boundary Shaft to 20 fms. N.E. of Hosking's Shaft, the second driven 10 fms. each way from Richard's Shaft and the third extending from 45 fms. S.W. of Roberts' Shaft to 40 fms. N.E. of Moor Shaft. The 40-fm. Level connects by winze with the 50-fm. Level of the southwestern section at 10 fms. S.W. of Boundary Shaft and is driven thence to 46 fms. N.E. of Moor Shaft, a distance of 463 fms. The 50-fm. Level extends from 20 fms. S.W. of Henry's Shaft to 50 fms. N.E. of Hosking's and for 10 fms. each way from Roberts' Shaft. The 60-fm. Level extends from 25 fms. S.W. of Ann's Shaft to 60 fms. N.E. of Hosking's and for 15 fms. S.W. and 55 fms. N.E. of Roberts' Shaft. The 70-fm. and 80-fm. levels are each driven about 55 fms. N.E. from Hosking's Shaft and the 77-fm. Level about 70 fms. N.E. from the bottom of Roberts' Shaft. Throughout the development stoping is distributed in small patches so arranged as to suggest ore shoots pitching about 45° N.E. At Moor Shaft there are stopes from near surface to the 30-fm. Level, for 20 fms. S.W. and 30 fms. N.E. At Roberts' Shaft the lode is stoped for 40 fms. S.W. and 20 fms. N.E. on the 20-fm. Level, tapering downwards to a length of 20 fms. on the 60-fm. Level. A duplicate longitudinal section indicates the stopes around Roberts' and Moor shafts as tin ground and the rest as copper ground. There is a barren stretch of 100 fms. from 40 fms. S.W. of Roberts' Shaft to 20 fms. N.E. of Hosking's Shaft on the 20-fm. Level and from Roberts' Shaft to 60 fms. N.E. of Hosking's on the 60-fm. Level, but thence to just south-west of Boundary Shaft small stopes are scattered over the blocked-out ground down to the 80-fm. Level at Hosking's Shaft; about 24 per cent of the developed area has been removed. From Hosking's Shaft at the 80-fm. Level a crosscut 60 fms. S.W. intersects one E.-W. lode on which there is a short drive. An elvan about 10 fms. wide crops out at Boundary Shaft and its trace in the plane of the lode pitches 45° N.E., passing below the 50-fm. Level at Henry's Shaft.

Friendship Lode was developed from drives on Moor Lode and from Trounce's Shaft, 58 yds. S. of Roberts' Shaft, vertical to the 12-fm. Level and on the south-westerly underlie to the 66-fm. From adit (6 fms.) to the 25-fm. Level the lode is partially developed for 50 fms. N.W. and 50 fms. S.E. of the shaft and from the 40-fm. to the 60-fm. for 40 fms. S.W., but the 66-fm. extends 180 fms. N.W. and 60 fms. S.E. There are only a few tiny scattered stopes on the 25-fm., 40-fm. and 66-fm. levels.

Hosking's Crosscut Lode, which crosses Moor Lode at Hosking's Shaft, was developed from that shaft and also from Briar's Shaft, 80 yds. E.N.E. of Hosking's, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level and Darley's Shaft, 90 yds. E. by N. of Briar's, vertical to the 50-fm. Level. From Hosking's Shaft to 10 fms. E. of Briar's, the lode courses due east and underlies 30° S. but to the east the strike is E. 35° N. and the underlie nearly vertical. At 15 fms. W. of Darley's Shaft a fluccan trending N. 40° W. and underlying 8° S.W. heaves the lode about 5 fms. left. The lode is developed at the 20-fm., 30-fm. and 40-fm. levels from Hosking's Shaft to 45 fms. E. of Darley's, a distance of 130 fms.; the 50-fm. Level joins Hosking's and Darley's shafts and the 60-fm. and 70-fm. levels from Hosking's Shaft are short. From 10 fms. above the 20-fm. Level to 5 fms. above the 50-fm. there are patchy stopes for the full length of the development; about 35 per cent of the blocked-out ground has been removed. According to the longitudinal section (dated 1845) there are short drives at the 30-fm., 40-fm. and 50-fm. levels on the lode on the north-west side of Moor Lode, about 50 fms. W. of Hosking's Shaft. The fluccan has been followed at the 40-fm. Level from Hosking's Crosscut Lode, 15 fms. W. of Darley's Shaft for 35 fms. N.W. to join the level on Moor Lode at 68 fms. N.E. of Hosking's Shaft; the drive also follows the fluccan for 170 fms. S.W., connecting with Catherine's Shaft at 58 fms. and Clarke's Shaft at 150 fms. At Catherine's Shaft there is a drive 15 fms. each way on a lode coursing E. 35° N. that is heaved 5 fms. left by the fluccan.

Prosper Crosscut Lode leaves the hangingwall of Hosking's Crosscut Lode at the fluccan. Striking due east and underlying 28° S. at the junction and 45° S. on the east, it was worked from Gryll's Shaft, 30 yds. S.W. of Darley's vertical to the 40-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 60-fm.; Kendall's Shaft, 120 yds. E. by S. of Gryll's, sunk south of the lode, vertically to the 50-fm. Level with crosscuts north, that at the 30-fm. Level being 15 fms. long and that at the 50-fm. Level 10 fms.; Silvester's Shaft, 100 yds. N.E. of Kendall's, vertical to adit and on the underlie to the 60-fm. Level, and Tregoning's Shaft, 70 yds. S.E. of Silvester's, vertical to the 30-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 40-fm. Gryll's Shaft is about 10 fms. E. of the fluccan against which all westward drives end. The 20-fm. Level connects Gryll's Shaft and the crosscut from Kendall's; the 30-fm. Level is in two parts, one extending from the fluccan to 18 fms. E. of Kendall's Shaft and the other connecting Silvester's and Tregoning's shafts; the 40-fm. Level is also in two parts, one extending to 5 fms. E. of Silvester's Shaft and the other for 16 fms. E. of Tregoning's Shaft; the 50-fm. Level extends to Kendall's Shaft, and the 60-fm. to 20 fms. E. of Gryll's Shaft; drives at the 50-fm. and 60-fm. from Silvester's Shaft are short. There is a block of stoping from 5 fms. above the 20-fm. Level to the 50-fm. Level extending from the fluccan to 20 fms. E. of Kendall's Shaft and a tiny stope from the bottom of Tregoning's Shaft, below the 40-fm. Level.

Hand's Lode was worked from Western Shaft, 200 yds. N.N.E. of Tregurtha (and 773 yds. S.W. of Trevarthian farm), vertical to the 60-fm. Level; Hand's Shaft, 176 yds. N.E. of Western, vertical to the 25-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 100-fm.; Hill's Shaft, 83 yds. N.E. of Hand's, on the underlie to the 90-fm. Level, and Louisa's Shaft, 95 yds. E. by N. of Hill's, vertical to the 60-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 90-fm. Apart from the 60-fm. Level which extends 30 fms. S.W. from Western Shaft all development drives end at that shaft and, down to the 70-fm. Level, block out the lode to about 40 fms. E. of Louisa's Shaft, a distance of 230 fms. The 80-fm. Level is driven from Western Shaft to Louisa's and the 90-fm., from 70 fms. W. of Hand's Shaft to Louisa's; the 100-fm. Level is short. Stoping is spread over the developed area from the 20-fm. to the 90-fm. levels, between Western and Louisa's shafts and there is a little north-east of the latter; about 30 per cent of the ground has been removed.

Trevabyn Lode crosses Hand's Lode at Western Shaft. On the north-west of Hand's Lode it trends W. 15° S. and on the south-east, E. 20° S.; the underlie is about 10° S. Developed from Western Shaft, the drives west are the 40-fm., 50-fm., 60-fm. and 70-fm., the longest of which, the 50-fm., is 55 fms. in length; on the south-east there are drives at the 25-fm., 40-fm., 50-fm., 60-fm., 70-fm. and 80-fm., the longest of which, the 50-fm., is 45 fms. in length; the amount of stoping is not known. A crosscut 43 fms. N. from Western Shaft intersects two nearly E.-W. lodes on which there are short drives.

Lead Lode crosses Moor Lode 40 fms. S.W. of Ann's Shaft; it has been followed from the Moor Lode drives for 35 fms. N. and 75 fms. S. on the 23-fm. Level and for 38 fms. S. at the 30-fm. Lead Branch crosses Moor Lode 50 fms. S.W. of Boundary Shaft and has been opened up for 30 fms. N. from the 40-fm. Level; the amount of stoping on the lead lodes is not known.

Wheal Virgin lies about half a mile S.W. of the southernmost workings of Wheal Prosper and a similar distance north of Marazion : the sett includes Wheal Crab, a small mine west of Wheal Virgin. The chief lode of Wheal Virgin courses E. 10° S. and underlies 20° to 45° S. From 1 to 8 ft. wide it carried cassiterite, chalcopyrite, melaconite, pyrite and limonite; a vein of blende is also recorded. The plan (dated 1835) is incomplete and sketchy; it shows that the lode was worked from Beater's Shaft, 250 yds. E.S.E. of Cottle's Barn, to the 40-fm. Level; Gundry's Shaft, 115 yds. E. by S. of Beater's, probably vertical to the 104-fm. Level, passing through the lode below the 50-fm.; Maid Shaft, 130 yds. E. by S. of Gundry's, vertical to the 40-fm.; William's Shaft, 70 yds. E. by S. of Maid; Richard's Shaft, 120 yds. E. by S. of William's, vertical to the 40-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 80-fm.; Rodney Shaft, 153 yds. E. of Richard's, shown on the plan as on the underlie to the 70-fm. Level but there are levels below to the 110-fm.; Rowle's Shaft, 73 yds. E. by S. of Rodney, on the underlie to the 40-fm. Level, and King's Shaft, 125 yds. E. by S. of Rowles (and 70 yds. E. of the road from the eastern end of Marazion to Rosevidney) to the 40-fm. Level. The shallowest drive shown on the plan, and also the longest, is the 40-fm. which extends from 48 fms. W. of Beater's Shaft to 58 fms. E. of King's, a distance of 500 fms. The 50-fm. Level extends from below Beater's Shaft to William's, a distance of 175 fms. The 60-fm. Level from 40 fms. W. of Gundry's Shaft, to below Rowle's is 320 fms. long. Between Beater's and Gundry's shafts the 70-fm., 80-fm., 90-fm. and 104-fm. levels develop the lode for a length of about 40 fms. but are not shown to be connected with the shafts. From Richard's Shaft the 70-fm. Level extends for 110 fms. E. and the 80-fm. for 95 fms. E. Below Rodney Shaft the 90-fm. Level extends for 50 fms. W. and 40 firs. E. of the line of the shaft, the 100-fm. Level for 20 fms. E. and the 110-fm. for 15 fms. E. The amount of stoping is not known. A crosscut 12 fms. S. from the 40-fm. Level at Rowle's Shaft meets South Lode on which there is a drive of 30 fms. E. by S. and Cornish Shaft, 60 yds. S. by W. of King's Shaft may be on the eastward extension of South Lode.

In Wheal Crab (subsequently known as Wheal Chippendale) are Crab Lode and Wheal Virgin Lode. The former, coursing E. 22° S. crosses the road about 70 yds. S. of Cottle's Barn and was worked from Crab Shaft, 30 yds. E. of the road and Ferris Shaft, 50 yds. E. by S. of Crab Shaft. Wheal Virgin Lode, coursing E. 15° S., crosses the road 30 yds. N. of Cottle's Barn and there is a shaft on it close to the west side of the road; this lode is not in direct alignment with the main lode of Wheal Virgin. The extent of the underground workings in Wheal Crab are not known.

The Virgin lode is said to have been rich for tin down to 40 or 50 fms., below which it was predominantly copper bearing. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Wheal Rodney, which lies east of Wheal Virgin and south of Wheal Prosper worked a lode coursing about E. 25° S. It was later included with Tregurtha Downs and Wheal Hampton and is described with those mines.

Recorded outputs are difficult to sort out. They are as follows :—Wheal Rodney: 1824–48, 6,850 tons of 6.25 per cent. copper ore. Wheal Virgin: 1838–40, 7,090 tons of 11 per cent copper ore. Wheal Prosper: 1832–5, 1839, 1840 and 1845–9, 14,600 tons of 6.5 per cent copper ore. Prosper United: 1836–72, 22,500 tons of 4.5 per cent copper ore and 830 tons of black tin. Wheal Chippendale (Crab): 1842, 114 tons of copper ore. Marazion Mines: 1830–41, 30,000 tons of 7.5 per cent copper ore; 1838, 1839 and 1851, 326 tons of black tin. Wheal Friendship (St. Hilary area), to the south, was at one time worked with Wheal Prosper and there is a record for Prosper and Friendship, in 1852, of 125 tons of 4 per cent copper ore. According to Collins (1912, p. 527) the output of Wheal Virgin was 22,974 tons of copper ore between 1821 and 1847. In addition to the above, Prosper United has sold 1,165 tons of arsenic, 200 tons of pyrite and 60 tons of 60 per cent lead ore containing nearly 200 oz. of silver.

Official returns include:- Prosper: 1845–50, 13,425 tons of 7 per cent copper ore. Prosper United: 1862–72, 25,131 tons of 4.75 per cent copper ore; 1862–69, 979 tons of black tin; 1863–67, 77 tons of 69 per cent lead ore; 1864–65, 300 oz. of silver. Rodney: 1845–48, 1,565 tons of 5.5 per cent capper ore. Records for two other mines in Marazion parish may be attributable to this group; Prosper and Michell United: 1862–66, 74 tons of black tin; and Michell: 1848, 157 tons of 5.25 per cent copper ore and 1854, 11 tons of 73 per cent lead ore containing 45 oz. of silver. Some of the ore from Rodney contained significant gold but there are no weighted returns. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Gwallon

[SW 52795 31775] 0.75 mile N. by E. of Marazion. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 S.E. ; A.M. R 302 and R 98 B. Country: killas.

The mine is reputed to contain two lodes, North Lode, coursing due east and underlying south, and South Lode, 90 yds. S. of North Lode, coursing E. 5° S. and underlying 4^° to 12° S. Only South Lode has been worked ; it was 4 to 12 ft. wide and carried chalcocite and melaconite with some cassiterite. The plan (R 203, dated 1838) shows only part of the workings on South Lode including the 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels and a row of shafts, one of which, called Engine Shaft, is 300 yds. E.S.E. of Gwallon farm. The longitudinal section, which is more complete than the plan, shows Highbarrow Shaft on the west, Ladder Shaft 56 yds. E. of Highbarrow; Engine Shaft 34 yds. E. of Ladder; Jeffrey's Shaft 32 yds. E. of Engine; Roskilly's Shaft 112 yds. E. of Jeffrey's, and Provis's Shaft 76 yds. E. of Roskilly's; all are to the 30-fm. Level except Ladder Shaft, which is to the 20-fm. and Engine Shaft which is to the 60-fm. Adit Level commences about 129 fms. W. of Highbarrow Shaft and extends to 83 fms. E. of Provis's, a distance of about 370 fms.; its depth below surface increases gradually eastwards to 15 fms. at and east of Engine Shaft. The 14-fm., 20-fm. and 30-fm. levels block out the lode from 20 fms. W. of Highbarrow Shaft to 15 fms. E. of Provis's, a distance of 190 fms. The 40-fm. Level extends for 45 fms. W. and 70 fms. E. of Engine Shaft, the 50-fm. for 16 fms. W. and 30 fms. E. and the 60-fm. for 10 fms. each way. The largest block of stoping is from 20 fms. W. of Highbarrow Shaft to Jeffrey's, between 10 fms. above adit and the 20-fm. Level and there is a smaller block, 20 fms. long and 6 fms. high commencing just west of Engine Shaft on the 40-fm. Level. For 40 fms. W. and 20 fms. E. of Jeffrey's Shaft there are several small stopes down to the 30-fm. Level; in all about 25 per cent of the developed ground has been removed.

The only record of output from Gwallon Mine is 6 tons of black tin in 1837. A few small parcels of black tin are said to have been produced in 1911 when the mine was being prospected.

Darlington

[SW 51285 31845] 0.75 mile N.W. of Marazion. 1-in. geol. 351, 358; 6-in. Corn. 68 S.E., 74 N.E.; A.M. R 208 D. Includes East Wheal Darlington and West Wheal Darlington [SW 511 317] and was known as Bog Mine. Country: killas traversed by elvan dykes.

This mine worked lodes cropping out beneath the alluvial deposits of Marazion Marsh, between the railway (on the east) and the road from Penzance to Hayle. South Lode was most extensively developed; coursing E. 10° N. and underlying 32° S., it has been opened up for about 600 yds. on each side of Newtown. North Lode, coursing E.-W. and underlying 30° S., branches westwards from the footwall of South Lode just east of Newtown. At 500 yds. E. and 580 yds. E. of Newtown, South Lode is crossed by two caunter lodes, the more westerly trending S.E. and underlying 30^° S.W. and the other S. 30^° E. and underlying about 28° S.W.; development on these is not extensive and only on the south side of South Lode. The plan (dated 1851) and section are incomplete and do not agree in all details.

On South Lode the chief shafts are Young's, 500 yds. W.N.W. of Cottle's Barn, shown on the plan as on the underlie to the 40-fm. Level and on the section, as a broken line, to the 100-fm.; Treweek's North Shaft, 190 yds. W.S.W. of Young's, vertical to the 30-fm. Level and on the underlie to the 80-fm.; Treweek's South Shaft, 80 yds. S. by W. of Treweek's North, shown on the section as a broken line to the 90-fm. Level ; Ellis's Shaft, 100 yds. W. of Treweek's North, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level; Bond's Shaft, 65 yds. W. of Ellis's, on the underlie to the 50-fm. Level; Letcher's Shaft, 225 yds. W. by S. of Bond's, on the underlie to the 30-fm. Level; Hendra Shaft, 65 yds. W. of Letcher's; John's Shaft, 50 yds. W. of Hendra; Bonfield's Shaft, 90 yds. W.S.W. of John's, and Warren's Shaft, 140 yds. W. of Bonfield's. The last four shafts all seem to connect with the 18-fm. (shallowest) Level and, within a distance of 230 yds. W. of Warren's, there are three unnamed shafts also to the 18-fm. Level. The 18-fm. Level, with some breaks, extends from 130 fms. W. of Warren's Shaft to 50 fms. E. of Young's, a distance of about 640 fms., but below, the lode is blocked out down to the 80-fm. Level from just east of Letcher's Shaft to 60 fms. E. of Young's, a distance of 300 fms. The 90-fm. Level at Young's Shaft extends for 45 fms. W. and 70 fms. E. and the 100-fm. Level for 75 fms. E. Below Bond's Shaft the lode is developed to the 100-fm. Level for a length of 60 fms. The amount of stoping on South Lode is not shown on the section.

North Lode was worked from Bond's Shaft; Murley's Shaft, 150 yds. W. of Bond's to the 50-fm. Level; Jellis's Shaft, 50 yds. W. of Murley's, and Pooley's Shaft, 75 yds. W. of Jellis's both to the 18-fm. Level. Development down to the 50-fm. Level extends from the junction with South Lode as far as Pooley's Shaft, a distance of about 120 fms. and, down to the 90-fm., for a distance of about 60 fms. The section shows, by broken line, Halse's Shaft about 20 yds. W. of Bond's, to the 130-fm. Level, and from it development for 20 fms. W. and 15 fms. E. at levels from the 100-fm. to the 130-fm.; this shaft is not shown on the plan.

The western taunter lode was worked from Floor Shaft, 110 yds. S.E. of Young's and on the south-westerly underlie to the 100-fm. Level; drives down to that level develop the lode for about 75 fms. S.E. from the intersection with South Lode. The eastern taunter lode was worked from Vivian's, Shaft, 50 yds. E. by S. of Floor Shaft, on the underlie to the 30 fm. Level and the lode is developed from the intersection with South Lode for about 40 fms. S.E. down to the 50-fm. Level.

From the 18-fm. Level, 130 fms. W. of Warren's Shaft there is a crosscut 60 fms. S. to a lode trending E. 15° N. which has been followed 5 fms. E. and 70 fms. W. from the end of the crosscut.

The lodes of Wheal Darlington are said to range from 2 to 8 ft. wide and to carry chalcopyrite, pyrite, cassiterite, stannite, mispickel and blende, with tourmaline and quartz. Argentiferous galena and argentite also occur and native silver was encountered on the 40-fm. Level in West Darlington.

Records of output are 18,900 tons of 7 per cent copper ore and 416 tons of black tin from 1833 to 1845. West Darlington yielded 350 tons of silver ore from 1852 to 1855 (Collins 1904b, p. 117).

According to A. K. Hamilton Jenkin the mine was working in 1792–98 as Bog Mine, when it raised copper ores worth £8,400, and in 1833–46 as Wheal Darlington. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Tregurtha Downs or Hampton

[SW 53710 31195] 1 mile E.N.E. of Marazion. 1-in. geol. 351,358; 6-in. Corn. 68 S.E., 74 N.E., 75 N.W.; A.M. R 305 and 2924. The sett includes Wheal Rodney (A.M. R 41) [SW 53040 31360] and Owen Vean Mine (A.M. R 310 B) [SW 54415 30920] and probably also The Gears (A.M. R 83 A). Country: killas traversed by an elvan dyke.

In 1891–92 the operations were entitled Wheal Helena. (Beer, K.E. Addenda and corrigenda. 1988).

Wheal Rodney, Tregurtha Downs Mine and Owen Vean Mine lie in order, west to east, along a group of lodes; the last two mines are adjacent to each other but there is a gap of about 500 yds. between the first two. In 1903, Wheal Rodney, the western part of Tregurtha Downs and the intervening ground was taken up under the name Wheal Hampton, though this property has been variously referred to as Rodney and Hampton and as Hampton and Tregurtha Downs.

In Tregurtha Downs section there are three lodes North (or Quarry or Elvan), Middle and South, coursing about E.S.E. and underlying steeply southwards. Towards the east North and South lodes unite and one only, presumably North Lode continues through Owen Vean section. Middle Lode has only been opened up for a short distance in Tregurtha Downs, but North and South lodes appear to pass into Wheal Rodney. There are no records of the nature of the lodes except that North Lode follows the hangingwall of an elvan which is in places impregnated and veined with cassiterite. Within a radius of two miles around this group of mines and the adjacent Prosper United group there is a number of copper mines that have yielded over 100,000 tons of comparatively high-grade ore against less than 50 tons of black tin. The Wheal Hampton group, on the other hand, has yielded about 1,650 tons of black tin over active periods of about 18 years in all, representing an average annual yield of over 90 tons, while Prosper United has produced some 1,160 tons of black tin. These facts suggest the presence of a small emanative centre here, nearly three miles from the nearest granite outcrop.

Wheal Rodney

[SW 53040 31360] Wheal Rodney, also called East Wheal Rodney, has several